Intelligence, Artificial and Otherwise

Metafísica y Persona, 2023

In this article I carry a study of some comparative terms that aim to help narrowing down the meaning of "intelligence". I proceed by looking back to the tradition that actually produced the term "intelligence" itself, acknowledging that it is a term that has been suitable for integrating the acts of a kind of agent, a mind that interprets and knows itself while knowing, and as the operations and functions of intelligent beings. With such a battery of meanings, a more integrated view of intelligence emerges, and hence sheds light about what kind of intelligence is the artificial one. This view is a cornerstone to understanding the problems of purely functional and psychological conceptions of intelligence, and hence we have been able to interpret to what extend we can properly use "artificial intelligence" in a proper sense.

This paper begins by focusing on the recent work of David Gelernter on artificial intelligence (AI), in which he argues against ‘computationalism’ – that conception of the mind which restricts it to functions of abstract reasoning and calculation. Such a notion of the human mind, he argues, is overly narrow, because the ‘tides of mind’ cover a larger and more variegated ‘spectrum’ than computationalism allows. The argument of Hubert Dreyfus is examined, that the AI research community concentrate its efforts on replacing its cognitivist approach with a Heideggerian one, a recognition that AI research cannot ignore the ‘embeddedness’ of human intelligence in a world, nor its ‘embodiment’. However, Gelernter and Dreyfus do not go far enough in their critique of AI research: what is truly human is not just a certain kind of intelligence; it is the capacity for ‘care’ and desire in the face of mortality, which no machine can simulate.

2018

This paper presents an intriguing debate on artificial intelligence and the human person. Science has grown into an unpredictable parlance to the extent that its breakthroughs now re-make creation to reflect man’s desires. This has led, for example, to the attempt to create machines that could work like more competent persons, such that these machines could be equated with human persons or considered as the human counterpart. By implication, the project of artificial intelligence seeks but one thing, that is, to make a ‘prototype man’ or an ‘artificial man’. For, to grant the concept of artificial intelligence is to affirm, without any prejudice, the concept of artificial man. For this reason, this paper argues that there is nothing like artificial intelligence because it is too much of an exaggeration to think of machines that can do things men can do. It maintains that intelligence cannot be assigned to machines and machines do not possess intelligence. Rather, machines merely per...

Justin Nnaemeka Onyeukaziri, 2022

This paper argues that to negate the ontological difference between the natural and the artificial, is not plausible; nor is the reduction of the natural to the artificial or vice versa possible. Except if one intends to empty the semantic content of the terms and notions: "natural" and "artificial." Most philosophical discussions on Artificial Intelligence (AI) have always been in relation to the human person, especially as it relates to human intelligence, consciousness and/or mind in general. This paper, intends to broaden the conversation, by discussing AI in relation to the notions of "nature" and the "artificial." This intention is to more critically understand the artificiality in and of artificial intelligence. To achieve this, the notion of "nature" in Aristotle's Philosophy of Nature, has been employed as an epistemological tool in interrogating the notion of the artificial and the objectives of the science and technology of Artificial Intelligence.

2021

Terms Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Human-Level Artificial Intelligence (HLAI) have been used interchangeably to refer to the Holy Grail of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, creation of a machine capable of achieving goals in a wide range of environments. However, widespread implicit assumption of equivalence between capabilities of AGI and HLAI appears to be unjustified, as humans are not general intelligences. In this paper, we will prove this distinction.

MultiMedia Publishing, 2024

The parallel history of the evolution of human intelligence and artificial intelligence is a fascinating journey, highlighting the distinct but interconnected paths of biological evolution and technological innovation. This history can be seen as a series of interconnected developments, each advance in human intelligence paving the way for the next leap in artificial intelligence. Human intelligence and artificial intelligence have long been intertwined, evolving in parallel trajectories throughout history. As humans have sought to understand and reproduce intelligence, AI has emerged as a field dedicated to creating systems capable of tasks that traditionally require human intellect. This book examines the evolutionary roots of intelligence, explores the emergence of artificial intelligence, examines the parallel history of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, tracing their development, interactions, and profound impact they have had on each other, and envisions future landscapes where intelligence converges human and artificial. Let's explore this history, comparing key milestones and developments in both realms.

Land Forces Academy Review

Every other aspect of intelligence and every structure of the learning process can be described very precisely in a way that teaches a machine how to simulate it, at which point Artificial Intelligence (AI) was established as a new field of study and research and generated expectations extraordinary. AI is the ability of a machine to imitate human functions such as reasoning, learning, planning and creativity. AI systems are able to adapt their behavior to some extent by analyzing the effects of previous actions and operating autonomously. Some AI technologies have been around for over 50 years, but increased computing power, the availability of enormous amounts of data, and new algorithms have led to major advances in AI in recent years. Artificial intelligence is considered a central element of the digital transformation of society and has become a priority for the EU. Future applications are expected to bring enormous changes, but AI is already present in our daily lives. Like an...

Alternation Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of the Aarts and Humanities in Southern Africa, 2021

This paper thematises the difference(s) between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and being-human, with a view to answering the question, whether it is enough to compare AI and human beings in terms of (a very narrow conception of) intelligence. First the question of human distinctiveness is raised, and a number of human attributes are enumerated, such as the singularity of every human being, the individual's capacity for rebellion or revoltas elaborated upon by Albert Camus and Julia Kristeva, and with historical as well as fictional examples of this. The significance of Kristeva's insight into the link between revolt and pleasure is also noted, before turning to David Gelernter's investigation into the true compass of the human mind, as compared to the 'computationalist' conception of mind, as it is used by AI research to measure the success of creating AI commensurate with human 'intelligence'. Finally, the issue of the capacity, on the part of AI such as robots, of mimicking human behaviour, for example deceiving, is examined with a view to demonstrating what AI research has to equal if it hopes to be successful in constructing a true android. This is explored through an interpretive analysis of the science fiction film, Ex Machina (Garland), which is carried out to demonstrate the true challenge to AI research, to produce a convincing human simulacrum.

Artificial intelligence and human person

Focusing on the controversy about the so-called artificial intelligence, this study examines its medical, biomedical, and industrial applications. It seeks to offer a moral and theological perspective rooted in western epistemology, while distinguishing carefully between consciousness and conscience. Guided by Prof. Schinella's analysis of moral action as a dialogue between charity and law-and by the Christian view of conscience as the person's ultimate practical judgment, "that inviolable sanctuary" invoked by St John Paul II-the inquiry investigates how conscience should shape technological development. Although faster, more accurate diagnoses testify to AI's clinical promise, even former enthusiasts now raise serious concerns. Synthesizing insights from the Christian tradition and contemporary neuroscience, the study concludes that artificial intelligence not only multiplies existing ethical questions, but also introduces new ones that demand rigorous moral scrutiny.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been rapidly spreading over the human world like the spread of any virus. Artificial intelligence plays its game from making a simple web search - to driving a car - to making a machine acting like a human (robot) - to launching a shuttle into the space. In such scenario, the question arises that whether artificial intelligence is completely duplication of human intelligence. To answer this question, philosophy highlights an important aspect of ‘consciousness’, which artificial intelligence is deprived of. Also, artificial intelligence and pre-programmed machines somewhere neglect the virtues and morals that are imbibed within the humans. To fill up such voids in the working conditions, human intervention becomes undeniable. Various philosophical arguments, ethical problem theories and scientific, technological and fictional experiments blend in as evidences to draw the superiority among the human intelligence and artificial intelligence.