Superluminal Helical Models for the Electron and Photon

2023

The electrodynamic basis of gravity requires that the explanation of the deflection of a light ray by a gravitational field be based on the extension to the photon of a property of matter, i.e. its content of electric charges, even if globally neutral. In the case of matter, electric charges are recognized in the content of quarks, antiquarks and electrons that make up the atomic nucleus and the electronic shell of an atom. An article of the same author dedicated to the aforementioned theory shows how, by associating also the photon with a pair of charges with a net zero value, but globally proportional to its energy, exactly the measured value is obtained for the light deflected by the solar gravitational field. In this document a definition of the photon's model is given which is coherent and compatible with what has been said and, in our opinion, with the QED. The main assumption on which the model is based is that the splitting phenomenon of a photon into a pair of virtual particles, for example an electron and a positron, also occurs when the photon is in free flight. The gravitational force responsible for the deflection of the light thus acts on the pair of particles in the short time preceding their recombination into the original photon.

A photon is modeled by an uncharged superluminal quantum moving at 1.414c along an open 45-degree helical trajectory with radius / 2 R λ π =

By an etherono-quantonic theory of the author [1], which deduces that the magnetic field of a magnetic moment is generated by an etherono-quantonic vortex ΓM = ΓA + ΓB of etherons and of quantons with mass mh = h/c 2 , giving the magnetic induction B, a revised model of pseudoscalar photon derived from the Munera's model and the Hunter-Wadlinger model is proposed, formed by two vectorial photons with diameter λ/π, deformed to the speed direction to the value: λ/2 proportional with the speed. The revised model of photon is compatible with the ondulatory and the corpuscular properties of the particles and allows a phenomenological microphysical explanation for the Kerr and the Cotton-Mouton effects and other similar effects. It is explained also microphysically the magnetic rotating polarization (the Faraday effect). The model indicates the variation of the quantum vacuum refraction index in the presence of a strong electric E-field or magnetic B-field.

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

September 19, 2023

The Wave-Particle duality of Light should be considered as an unresolved mystery. Indeed, Light manifests these two very different phenomena simultaneously. On one hand Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles. Einstein initially introduced the understanding that Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles (named Photons), to explain the Photoelectric effect. On the other hand, Light clearly exhibits a Wave facet, dating back to Newton's days, who measured the wavelength of Light with his Newton's rings interference observations. However, these two very different facets of Light, its Particle facet, and its Wave facet, are so significantly different, which implies that the Wave-Particle duality of Light still awaits additional clarification and additional explanation, which was not yet provided by mainstream Physics. Instead, nowadays mainstream Physics just accepts the fact that Light embed these two very different facets simultaneously, and exhibits each facet in different experiments or situations. This paper proposes a new angle for explaining the Wave-Particle duality of Light, based on the famous Mutual Annihilation process, in which an Electron and a Positron annihilate each other to create Photons, and on the famous inverse Pair Production process, in which a Photon, in certain conditions, converts back into a pair of an Electron and a Positron. Actually, the connection between the nature of Photons and the Electron and the Positron is already presented in another paper, namely, the Electron Positron-Photon idea. The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in his paper titled: "Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons" [4], proposed a model of the Photon as an Electric Dipole Photon which might be an Electron-Positron pair separated by a distance L. There are two reasons why the Electron Positron-Photon idea, as presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, cannot be considered a viable concept: • The science of Physics recognizes Photons as being composed of pure Energy, without any Mass or Electric Charges associated to Photons. However, the Electron and the Positron do embed Mass and Electric Charges, and thus, Photons cannot be composed of pairs of Electrons and Positrons as the Electron Positron-Photon idea presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, states. • Photons travel at the velocity of Light, and thus, according to Einstein's Special Relativity Theory, if Photons are composed of pairs of Electrons and Positrons as Prof. J. P. Wesley's Electron Positron-Photon idea states, then, their Masses must increase to virtually an infinite Mass magnitude. This paper proposes another aspect of the Photon nature, which is also based on the Electron and the Positron, which does not have the limitations which were already presented above, in Prof. J. P. Wesley's Electron Positron-Photon idea.

A model of the electron is proposed in which it is composed of a known and detectable particle. This model clearly defines what is mass, what is energy and why E = mc 2 . It shows that the special relativity corrections of mass, length and time with velocity are automatically a function of the structure of an electron as it moves. It also proposes the origin of electric charge and uses that origin to derive the equation for the Bohr magnetron. It shows that the electron's spin of ½ħ is simply angular momentum, further explaining why the electron has only two states of spin. This model gives an expression for the radius of an electron, at the same time pointing out why it has been detected as a point particle, yet still has angular momentum of ½ħ. It explains why the mass of an electron increases with velocity while its spin and charge remain the same and its magnetic moment decreases, as well as why its charge spirals when it travels through space. This model gives a physical reason for the existence of the de Broglie wavelength and derives the expression for it. As well as matching the known properties of an electron it also makes predictions of previously unknown properties, pointing out that they may have been detected but not recognized as such.

The article shows that in a rotating frame of reference the magnetic dipole has an electric charge with the value depending on the dipole magnetic moment and rotational velocity. A hypothesis was stated that the electric charge of elementary particles, and in particular the electron charge, is caused by rotation of their magnetic field. It was shown that the electron is the system composed of bound negative and positive charges whose net charge is equal to the charge of a classical single point electron, and that in external uniform electric fields the electron behaves like a single point charge. It is noticed that all charged leptons – electrons, muons and tau-leptons – are described by similar equations. Difference of leptons from each other is caused by distinction in magnitudes of their magnetic moments and the magnetic field angular velocity, being inversely proportional to the magnetic moment of a corresponding particle. There was stated an assumption that particles differ from their antiparticles only by direction of the magnetic field rotation. The electron - positron annihilation process is explained by the fact that all fields become fully zero provided particles with opposite magnetic moments are superposed.

2018

An Heuristic Model for the Photon to Explain all its Properties and its Equation E=hν : The Electric Dipolar Double-Helicoidal Dynamic Model of the Photon. The Interpretation of the Physics Origin of the Planck Constant In Italian: "Il Modello Doppio Elicoidale del Fotone di Oreste Caroppo - 2005" For more details and developments refer to my website with many paragraphs in Italian but also with salient paragraphs translated into English, link: http://fiatlux.altervista.org/ Where you can also read about the related and very important discovery I made in 2014 of what I have called "the greatest original sin of Modern Physics", (or even "Maxwell's Error"), link: http://fiatlux.altervista.org/abstract-maxwell-s-error-the-great-original-sin-of-modern-physics-with-a-new-unification-the-model-explains-photon-.html

Through investigating the history and evolution of the concept and the development of the theories of electrons, I am convinced that what was missing in our understanding of the electron is a structure into which all attributes of the electron could be incorporated in a self-consistent way. It is hereby postulated that the topological structure of the electron is a closed two-turn helix (a so-called Hubius helix) that is generated by circulatory motion of a massless particle at the speed of light. A formulation is presented to describe an isolated electron at rest and at high speed. It is shown that the formulation is capable of incorporating most (if not all) attributes of the electron, including spin, magnetic moment, fine-structure constant α, anomalous magnetic moment (α/π)/2, and charge quantization, into one concrete description of the Hubius helix. The equations for the description emerge accordingly. Implications elicited by the postulate are elaborated. Inadequacies of the formulation are discussed.

2022

The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in his article titled: “Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons” [4], proposed a model of the Photon as an Electric Dipole Photon which might be an Electron-Positron pair separated by a distance L. However, since Photons propagate at the speed of light, and Electrons and Positrons have rest Mass values which are not zero, then, if Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory conclusion, relating to Mass gain with velocity, is accepted as valid, then, if Photons are Electron-Positron pairs, their Mass must increase to be virtually an infinite value. Thus, if Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory is accepted as a valid theory, Photons cannot be pairs of Electrons and Positrons. J.P. Wesley did not accept the relativistic Mass gain with velocity as concluded from Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory, and as such, proposed this Photon model, which provides a possible resolution to the Wave-Particle prob...