Applying Multimodal Transcription to Persian Subtitling
2018, Studies about Languages
https://doi.org/10.5755/J01.SAL.32.0.19212Abstract
Subtitling reduction is a way of tackling subtitling constraints that can facilitate the watching experience of the viewers. Recently, multimodal transcription has been employed by Taylor (2003, 2013) to investigate the audiovisual requirements of films as well as to investigate the possibility of editing and shortening the subtitles based on the nonverbally informed content. Since this approach has rarely been empirically examined, the current study attempted to investigate the possibility of reducing the subtitles of the French language film ‘Amelie’ (Jeunet, 2001), and the impact of so doing on the comprehension achievement and the reception of the Iranian viewers. To this aim, in an experiment, the full Persian subtitles of the film were reduced based on the said framework. Then, the comprehension achievement of the control group who watched the full subtitles was compared with that of the experimental group who were shown the reduced subtitles. Moreover, the reception of the reduced subtitles was qualitatively investigated using retrospective interviews with selected participants of the treatment group. The results of the experiment revealed no significant difference between the comprehension achievements of the two groups, indicating the adequacy of the reduced version of the subtitles. The interviews revealed mixed results, indicating that the reduced subtitles were well-received by some for their brevity, but they were also criticized by some others for their fairly negative interference with the watching flow.
References (47)
- Baldry, A. P. (ed), 2000. Multimodality and Multimodality in the Distance Learning Age. Campobasso: Palladino. https://doi. org/10.1177/147035720200100208
- Baldry, A. P., Taylor, C., 2002. Multimodal Corpus Authoring System: Multimodal Corpora, Subtitling and Phasal Analysis. Multimodal Resources and Multimodal Systems Evaluation Workshop Program. Palacio de Congreso de Canarias: MITRE, pp.55-61.
- Baldry, A. P., 2004. Phase and Transition, Type and Instance: Patterns in Media Texts as seen through a Multimodal Concordancer. In: Multimodal Discourse Analysis: Systematic Functional Perspective, O'Holloran, K. L. (ed.), London & New York: Continuum, pp.83-108.
- Baldry, A. P., Thibault, P. J., 2006. Multimodal Transcription and Text Analysis: A Multimodal Toolkit and Coursebook. London & Oakville: Equinox.
- Bezemer, J., Mavers, D., 2011. Mutimodal Transcriptions as Academic Practice: A Social Semiotic Perspective. In: International Journal of Social Research Methodology, no 14, London and New York: Routledge, pp.191-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/136455 79.2011.563616
- d'Ydewalle, G., Praet, C., Verfaillie, K., Van Rensbergen, J., 1991. Watching Subtitled Television: Automatic Reading Behavior. In: Communication Research, no 18, pp.650-666. https://doi. org/10.1177/009365091018005005
- d'Ydewalle, G., Gielen, I., 1992. Attention Allocation with Overlapping Sound, Image, and Text. In: Eye Movements and Visual Cognition, Ballard, D. (ed.). New York: Springer, pp.415-427. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_25
- de Linde, Z., 1995. Read My Lips Subtitling Principles, Practices and Problems. In: Perspectives/ Studies in Translatology, no 3, pp.9-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/090767 6X.1995.9961245
- de Linde, Z., Kay, N., 2014. The Semiotics of Subtitling. London & New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315538686
- Deckert, M., 2013. Meaning in Subtitling: Toward a Contrastive Cognitive Semantic Model. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-02868-3
- Delabastita, D., 1989. Translation and Mass Communication: Film and TV Translation as Evidence of Cultural Dynamics. In: Babel, no 35, pp.193-218. https://doi.org/10.1075/ babel.35.4.02del
- Delabastita, D., 1990. Translation and the Mass Media. In: Bassnett, S., Lefevere, A. (eds.). Translation, History and Culture. London & New York: The Printer Press, pp.97-103. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203417607
- Di Giovanni, E., 2016. Reception Studies in Audiovisual Translation Research: The Case of Subtitling at Film Festivals. In: Trans-Kom, no 9, pp.58-78.
- Díaz-Cintas, J., 2001. Striving for Quality in Subtitles: The Role of a Good Dialogue List. In: Gambier, Y., Gottlieb, H. (eds.) (Multi) Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp.199-213. https://doi. org/10.1075/btl.34.25dia
- Díaz-Cintas, J., 2008. Audivisual Translation comes of Age. In: Chiaro, D., Heiss, C., Bucaria, C. (eds.) Between Text and Image: Updating Research in Screen Translation. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamines, pp.1-9. https://doi. org/10.1075/btl.78.02dia
- Díaz-Cintas, J., Remael, A., 2014. Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling. London & New York: Routledge. https://doi. org/10.4324/9781315759678
- Downey, G. J., 2008. Closed Captioning: Subtitling, Stenography, and the Digital Convergence of Text with Television. Baltymore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press.
- Duranti, A., 2007. Transcripts, like Shadows on a Wall. In: Mind, Culture and Activity, no 13, pp.301-310. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327884mca1304_3
- Dwyer, T., 2017. Speaking in Subtitles: Revaluing Screen Translation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Gambier, Y., Suomela-Salmi, E., 1994. Subtitling: A Type of Transfer. In: Eguiluz, F., Merino, R., Olsen, V., Pajares, E. (eds.). Transvases culturales: literatura, cine, traduccion. Facultad de Filologia, Dpto. Filologia Inglesa y Alemana.
- Georgakopouloue, P., 2009. Subtitling for the DVD Industry. In: Díaz-Cintas, J., Anderman, G. (eds.). Audiovisual Translation: Language Transfer on Screen. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan, pp.21-35. https://doi. org/10.1057/9780230234581_2
- Gottlieb, H., 1994. Subtitling: Diagonal Translation. Perspectives/ Studies in Translatology, no 2, pp.101-121. https://doi. org/10.1080/0907676X.1994.9961227
- Gottlieb, H., 2005. Text, Translation and Subtitling-In theory, and in Denmark. In: Gottlieb, H. (ed.). Screen Translation: Eight Studies in Subtitling, Dubbing and Voice-over. Center for Translation Studies: University of Copenhagen, pp.1-40.
- Guardini, P., 1998. Decision-making in Subtitling. In: Perspectives/ Studies in Translatology, no 6, pp.91-112. https://doi.or g/10.1080/0907676X.1998.9961326
- Matamala, A., Perego, E., Bottiroli, S., 2017. Dubbing versus Subtitling yet again? An Empirical Study on User Comprehension and Preferences in Spain. In: Babel, no 63, ??:??, pp.423-441. https://doi.org/10.1075/ babel.63.3.07mat
- Kruger, J. L., 2012. Ideology and Subtitling: South African Soap Opera. In: Meta: Translators' Journal, no 57, ??:??, pp.496- 509. https://doi.org/10.7202/1013958ar
- Luque, A. F., 2003. An Empirical Approach to the Reception of AV Translated Humour. In: The Translator, no 9, pp.293-306.
- Mayoral, R., Kelly, D., Gallardo, N., 1988. Concept of Constrained Translation: Non- Linguistic Perspectives of Translation. In: Meta, no 33, pp.356-367. https://doi. org/10.7202/003608ar
- Nedergaard-Larsen, B., 1993. Culture-bound Problems in Subtitling. In: Perspectives/ Studies in Translatology, no 1, pp.207- 240. https://doi.org/10.1080/090767 6X.1993.9961214
- Nornes, A. M., 1999. For an Abusive Subtitling. In: Film Quarterly, no 52, pp.17- 34. https://doi.org/10.2307/1213822
- O'Halloran, K., 2002. Book Review: Multimodality and Multimediality in the Distance Learning Age. In: Visual Communication, no 1, pp.255-258. https:// doi.org/10.1177/147035720200100208
- Orrego-Carmona, D., 2015. The Reception of (non) Professional Subtitling. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
- Orrego-Carmona, D., 2016. A Reception Study on Non-professional Subtitling: Do Audiences Notice any Difference? In: Across Languages and Cultures, no 17, pp.163-181. https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2016.17.2.2
- Ortega, E. S., 2011. Subtitling and the Relevance of Non-verbal Information in Polyglot Films. New Voices in Translation Studies, no 7, pp.19-34.
- Perego, E., 2003. Evidence of Explicitation in Subtitling: Towards a Categorization. In: Across Languages and Cultures, no 4, pp.63-88. https://doi.org/10.1556/ Acr.4.2003.1.4
- Remael, A., 2004. A Place for Film Dialogue Analysis in Subtitling Courses. In: Orero, P. (ed.), Topics in Audiovisual Translation. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp.103-127. https://doi.org/10.1075/ btl.56.13rem
- Stöckl, H., 2004. In between Modes: Language and Image in Printed Media. In: Ventola, E., Charles, C., Kaltenbacher, M. (eds.). Perspectives on Multimodality. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp.9-30. https://doi.org/10.1075/ ddcs.6.03sto
- Taylor, C., 2003. Multimodal Transcription in the Analysis, Translation and Subtitling of Italian Films. In: The Translator, no 9, pp.191- 205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2003 .10799153
- Taylor, C., 2013. Multimodality and Audiovisual Translation. In: Gambier, Y., Doorslaer, L. V. (eds.). Handbook of Translation Studies. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp.98-105. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.4.mul2
- Vignozzi, G., 2016. How Idiomatic are Disney Animated Films? The Multimodal Meaning- Making of Idioms. In: Bonsignori, V., Crawford Camiciottoli, B. (eds.). Multimodality across Communicative Settings, Discourse Domains and Genres. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, pp.236-264.
- Wildfeuer, J., 2015. Bridging the Gap between here and there: Combining Multimodal Analysis from International Perspectives. In: Wildfeuer, J. (ed.). Building Bridges for Multimodal Research: International Perspectives on Theoretical Practices of Multimodal Analysis. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp.13-33. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3- 653-05431-6/11
- Zabalbeascoa, P., 2008. The Nature of the Audiovisual Text and its Parameters. In: Díaz-Cintas, J. (ed.). The Didactics of Audiovisual Translation. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp.21-37. https:// doi.org/10.1075/btl.77.05zab
- Benigni, R., 1997. Life Is Beautiful. Miramax Films, Italy.
- Brooks, J. L., 2004. Spanglish. Gracie Films, United States.
- Hanna, W., Barbera, J., 1960. The Flintstones. Screen Gems, Columbia Pictures Television, The Program Exchange, Turner Program Services, Warner Bros Television Distribution.
- Jeunet, J. P., 2001. Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain (Amelie). UGC-Fox Distribution, France.
- Stevens, G., 1996. Un Posto al sole. RAI Radiotelevisione Italiana.