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Abstract
Introduction
Review of Related Works
Materials and Method
Description of Methods
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Results
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Conclusion and Recommendations
References

Determination of GSM Signal Loss in Multi-Partitioned Buildings

Profile image of Promise ElechiPromise Elechi
https://doi.org/10.24018/EJECE.2017.1.3.8
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Abstract

Radio frequency radiations from GSM base transceiver stations (BTS) experience certain amount of loss. These losses can be attributed to two principal factors, the height of the building and the penetrating material of buildings which was revealed in the literature. In this work, measurements were carried out to determine the signal loss in multi-partitioned buildings in Port Harcourt city. The study was carried out using radio frequency (RF) signal tracker application software installed in a Samsung smart phone. The measurements were carried out on four different buildings made with different partitioning materials namely glass, wood, concrete and bricks on GSM networks (MTN, GLO, AIRTEL and ETISALAT). The results showed that the concrete material had the highest signal penetration loss with an average value of 4.29dB seconded by bricks, then glass and wood with an average signal loss of 3.47dB, 3.15dB and 2.06dB respectively. The path loss prediction for each of the buildings and materials considered was also studied and calculated using Log-normal model with concrete partition having the highest predicted path loss of 103.89(dB), followed by bricks with 83.90(dB), glass with 67.35(dB) and wood with 53.15(dB). Comparing the average signal loss over the building distances and the path loss, it was observed that there was a significant relationship.

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ANALYSIS OF A DEVELOPED BUILDING PENETRATION PATH LOSS MODEL FOR GSM WIRELESS ACCESS
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In this paper a building penetration path loss model was developed. The model involved the combination of three mechanisms of signal propagation; refraction, reflection and diffraction. The penetration through the building walls was modelled as refraction using Fresnel Refraction Coefficient and the propagation through the roof was modelled as diffraction using the principle of knife-edge diffraction. The total losses from the transmitter to the receiver was modelled as a combination of three different effects; losses due to free-space propagation from transmitter to building; the penetration loss as a combination of the wall penetration loss and the diffraction loss. To confirm the viability of this model, measurements were conducted in four different locations in Rivers State, Nigeria on buildings made with different material using MTN, Etisalat, Airtel and Globacom networks. The model simulation result showed that a total loss in GSM transmission as 124.07dB of which penetration loss as 37.95dB which accounted for 30.59%, the freespace loss as 86.12dB which accounts for 69.41% of the total losses. The results corresponded with the measurement results. Secondly, the developed building penetration path loss model was also compared with some existing path loss models namely, Log distance path loss, Okumura, HATA and COST-231 models and the results showed that the models compared accurately with the Okumura model and other existing path loss models. Hence, it can be stated that the developed building penetration path loss model can be used to accurately predict signal attenuation in buildings located in an urban environment.

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DETERMINATION OF GSM SIGNAL PENETRATION LOSS IN SOME SELECTED BUILDINGS IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA
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The qualities of indoor signal reception are governed by the mechanism of reflection, refraction, diffraction and The qualities of indoor signal reception are governed by the mechanism of reflection, refraction, diffraction and The qualities of indoor signal reception are governed by the mechanism of reflection, refraction, diffraction and scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcretebuilding/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration signal loss.

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References (27)

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  19. P. Elechi, and P.O. Otasowie, "Determination of GSM Signal Penetration Loss in Some Selected Buildings in Rivers State, Nigeria," Nigeria Journal of Technology, vol. 34, no. 3, 2015, pp. 609-615.
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  23. P. Elechi and P.O. Otasowie, "Determination of Path Loss Exponent for GSM Wireless Access in Rivers State using Building Penetration Loss", The Mediterranean journal of Electronic and Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 822-830, 2015.
  24. P. Elechi and P.O. Otasowie, "Path Loss Prediction Model for GSM Fixed Wireless Access", European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7-11, 2016.
  25. S. Orike, P. Elechi, and I.A. Ekanem, "Assessment and Modeling of GSM Signal Propagation in Uyo, Nigeria", European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, vol. 2, no. 11, 2017, pp. 49-58.
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  27. Elechi Promise received his B.Eng and M.Eng degrees in Electrical/Electronic Engineering from University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria in 2006 and 2011 respectively. He is currently a Ph.D Student in Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering of University of Benin. He is a corporate member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE), International Association of Engineers (IAEng), Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET), and Nigerian Institution of Electrical/Electronic Engineers (NIEEE). He is also a registered practicing Engineer with the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). His current research interest is on Radio Propagation for Mobile Communications, GSM Technology, Microwave Propagation, Signal Analysis, NanoTechnology and ICT. He is currently a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Elechi can be reached on: elechi.promise@ust.edu.ng, and +2348035476478 Orike Sunny received his B. Tech. in Computer Engineering from Rivers State University of Science and Technology in 1998, M. Sc. in Computing (Software Technology) from Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, M. Phil in Computational Intelligence from Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom in 2008 and Ph.D in Artificial Intelligence from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom in 2015. He is an active member of several professional bodies, including Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN), Nigeria Institution of Electrical Electronic Engineers (NIEEE) and International Association of Engineers (IAENG). Dr. Sunny Orike is a Lecturer and currently the Head, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Dr. Orike acts as a reviewer to the journals: Journal of Applied Soft Computing, Journal of Control and Intelligent Systems, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Journal of Computer Science and its Applications, and African Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science; a Facilitator with the National Open University of Nigeria, and External Assessor for Port Harcourt Polytechnic. Dr. Orike is married with three children, and can be reached on: orike.sunny@ust.edu.ng, and +2348033988451. Musah Sufuyan Elvis, holds National Diploma in Science Lab Technology from Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, B.sc (Hons) in Electrical/Electronic Engineering from Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma and an M.Tech student in Electrical Engineering (Electronic/Telecommunication option) in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. He worked as an ICT Officer in Hydrocarbon Pollution Restoration Project (HYREP) (2013 -2016) and presently, Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi. Author's formal photo

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Building Penetration Loss for GSM Signals into Selected Building Structures in Jigawa State, Nigeria
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Global system for mobile communication (GSM) became the most active industry in our country Nigeria, since its inception in 2004. The number of service providers keeps on increasing, but the quality of services (QoS), provided is still low. This research work, studied by way of extensive measurements, the received signal strength inside buildings constructed using different types of building materials for both the structure and the roof. This is with a view to finding a signal attenuation margin that will improve the indoor propagation model. The degree of attenuation on the received signal may be used to provide a margin in GSM radio link planning so as to compensate for such loss. The measurements were conducted in selected areas in Jigawa metropolis where these types of buildings are common. Four geographical locations were used as case study within Jigawa metropolis namely, Dutse, Kazaure, Hadejia, Gumel and Ringim. Signals radiated from four GSM service providers (namely, MTN, ...

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INVESTIGATION OF GSM SIGNAL LOSS IN MULTISTOREY BUILDING
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