The Blackwell Guide to Feminist Philosophy

References (959)

1. Le Doeuff, Hipparchia's Choice, p. 29.
2. Immanuel Kant, Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime, tr. John T. Goldthwait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), p. 78. An electronic edition of her complete works based on the text of Adolfo Méndez Plan- carte and Alberto G. Salceda can be located at http://www.dartmouth.edu/ sorjuana/ Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory, Trumansburg NY: The Crossing Press, 1983.
3. Aristotle, The Nichomachean Ethics, tr. A.K. Thomson (London: Penguin Books, 1976), p. 114. Aristotle writes: "For the slave has no deliberative faculty at all; the woman has, but it is without authority, and the child has, but it is immature." Aristotle, Politics, trans- lated by Benjamin Jowett, New York: Dover Publications, 2000, Book 1 Part XIII 1260a12-14.
4. See Kant, Observations, p. 76ff.
5. Rousseau, Emile or On Education, tr. Alan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1979).
6. Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family (New York: Basic Books, 1989).
7. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, 1999). Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989);
8. Annette Baier, A Progress of Sentiments: Refl exions on Hume's Treatise (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991);
9. Robin May Schott, Cogni- tion and Eros: A Critique of the Kantian Paradigm (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1988);
10. and Barbara Herman, The Practice of Moral Judgment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1993).
11. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientifi c Revolution (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980); and Evelyn Fox Keller, Refl ections on Gender and Science (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1985);
12. Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, MA/ London: Harvard University Press, 1989).
13. Susan Moller Okin, Women in Western Political Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979);
14. and Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).
15. The Sexism of Social and Political Theory, eds. L. Clark and L. Lange (Toronto/Buffalo/ London: University of Toronto Press, 1979); Feminist Challenges: Social and Political Theory, eds. C. Pateman and E. Gross (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1986);
16. and Women in Western Political Philosophy, eds. E. Kennedy and S. Mendus (New York: St Martin's Press, 1987).
17. A History of Women Philosophers, ed. M.E. Waithe, 4 vols. (Dordrecht/Boston/ London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987-95). For references to additional women philosophers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, see Eileen O'Neill, "Dis- appearing Ink: Early Modern Women Philosophers and Their Fate in History," in Philosophy in a Feminist Voice: Critiques and Reconstructions, ed. J. Kourany (Prince ton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).
18. See for example, Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 4 (1) (1989), Special Issue: The History of Women in Philosophy; Hypatia's Daughters: Fifteen Hundred Years of Women Philosophers, ed. L.L. McAlister (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996);
19. Presenting Women Philosophers, ed. C. Tougas and S. Ebenreck (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2000);
20. A Princely Brave Woman: Essays on Margaret Cav- endish, Duchess of Newcastle, ed. S. Clucas (Aldershot/Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003);
21. Choosing the Better Part: Anna Maria van Schurman (1607-1678), ed. M. de Baar et al. (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996);
22. Mary Astell: Gender, Reason, Faith, ed. W. Kohlbrener and M. Michelson (Aldershot/Burlington, VT: Ashgate Press, forthcoming 2006). Women Philosophers of the Early Modern Period, ed. M. Atherton (Indianapolis/Cam- bridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1994);
23. Women Philosophers, ed. M. Warnock (London: J.M. Dent and North Clarendon, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1996). See also The Neglected Canon: Nine Women Philosophers: First to the Twentieth Century, ed.
24. T.B. Dykeman (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999).
25. Jacqueline Broad, Women Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 2002).
26. Erica Harth, Cartesian Women: Versions and Subversions of Rational Discourse in the Old Regime (Ithaca, NY/London: Cornell University Press, 1992).
27. Andrea Nye, The Princess and the Philosopher: Letters of Elisabeth of the Palatine to René Descartes (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 1999).
28. Susanna Åkerman, Queen Christina of Sweden and Her Circle: The Transformation of a Seventeenth-Century Philosophical Libertine (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991).
29. Penelope Deutscher, "A Matter of Affect, Passion and Heart: Our Taste for New Nar- ratives of the History of Philosophy," introduction to Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 15 (4) (Fall 2000), Special Issue: Contemporary French Women Philophers, ed. Penelope Deutscher: 1-17.
30. Le Doeuff, Hipparchia's Choice, p. 139.
31. Le Doeuff, "Women and Philosophy," pp. 193, 209.
32. See for example Michèle Le Doeuff, The Philosophical Imaginary, tr. Colin Gordon (London: Athlone Press, 1989);
33. Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason; "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984);
34. Susan R. Bordo, The Flight to Objectivity; Essays on Cartesianism and Culture (Albany: SUNY Press, 1987), and Susan Bordo, ed., Feminist Interpretations of René Descartes (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999): See also Eva Feder Kit- tay's essay, "Womb Envy as an Explanatory Concept," in Mothering, Essays in Feminist Theory, ed. Joyce Trebilcot (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 1984), pp. 94-128.
35. See Charlotte Witt, "How Feminism is Re-writing the Philosophical Canon," The Alfred P. Stiernotte Memorial Lecture in Philosophy at Quinnipac College, October 2, 1996, reprinted on SWIP-Web, p. 11. http.//www.uh.edu/ cfreelan/SWIP Philosophy in History, eds. Richard Rorty, J.B. Schneewind, and Quentin Skinner (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 7, cited in Witt, p. 1; my italics. Witt, "How Feminism is Re-writing the Philosophical Canon,"p. 3. See also Cynthia Freeland's "Feminism, Ideology, and Interpretation in Ancient Philosophy," Apeiron, 33 (4) December 2000, pp. 365-406.
36. Elizabeth V. Spelman, Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1988).
37. Witt, "How Feminism is Re-writing the Philosophical Canon,"p. 7. See Mary Ellen Waithe, A History of Women Philosophers (Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989) and Nancy Tuana, General editor, Re-Reading the Canon series (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994-).
38. Deutscher, "A Matter of Affect," p. 5. Quoted in ibid., p. 6.
39. Witt, "How Feminism is Re-writing the Philosophical Canon," p. 9. Martha Nussbaum, Love's Knowledge; Essays on Philosophy and Literature (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1990);
40. Susan James interviews Genevieve Lloyd and Moira Gatens, "The Power of Spinoza: Feminist Conjunctions," in Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Phil- osophy15 (2) Spring 2000, Special Issue, Going Australian: Reconfi guring Feminism and Philosophy, eds. Christine Battersby, Catherine Constable, Rachel Jones, and Judy Purdom, pp. 40-58; Annette Baier, Postures of the Mind; Essays on Mind and Morals (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985); Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Pragmatism and Feminism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). I will discuss the turn towards a positive orientation to the history of philosophy at the end of this chapter. See Mahowald, The Philosophy of Woman. There are signifi cant resources for this discussion. I have already mentioned Genevieve Lloyd's The Man of Reason and the series Re-Reading the Canon. I can also recom- mend the following texts: Vigdis Songe-Møller, Den graeske drømmen om kvinnens overfl ødighet. Essays om myter og fi losofi i antikkens Hellas (Oslo: Cappelon Akademisk Forlag, 1999: English translation: Philosophy without Women, London: Continuum, forthcoming);
41. Mary Wollestonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1989) for her comments on Rousseau; Penelope Deutscher, Yield- ing Gender; Feminism, Deconstruction and the History of Philosophy (London and New York: Routledge, 1997) with sections on St Augustine and Rousseau; Christine Bat- tersby's The Phenomenal Women; Feminist Metaphysics and the Patterns of Identity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), with sections on Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Adorno; Nancy Tuana's The Less Noble Sex: Scientifi c, Religious and Philosophical Con- ceptions of Women's Nature (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), as well as Irigaray's provocative interpretations in Speculum of the Other Woman, tr. Gillian C. Gill (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985) and An Ethics of Sexual Difference, tr. Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill (London: Athlone Press, 1993).
42. In the following discussion, I will draw on my own work in Cognition and Eros; A Cri- tique of the Kantian Paradigm (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1983), especially chapters 1, 3, 4, and 8.
43. Plato, The Collected Dialogues of Plato including the Letters, eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961). Spelman, Inessential Woman, pp. 25-6.
44. Irigaray, An Ethics of Sexual Difference, p. 20. For an alternative interpretation of Dioti- ma's role, see for example Andrea Nye in "Irigaray and Diotima at Plato's Symposium," in Nancy Tuana, ed. Feminist Interpretations of Plato (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press). See also Martha Nussbaum's reading of the dialogue, which emphasizes the importance of Alcibiades' speech in "The Speech of Alcibiades: A Reading of Plato's Symposium," Philosophy and Literature 3 (Fall 1979): 131-72.
45. Aristotle, The Generation of Animals, tr. A.L. Peck, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942). The citations to other texts refer to The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941).
46. Cynthia Freeland, "Nourishing Speculation: A Feminist Reading of Aristotelian Science," in Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle, ed. Bat-Ami Bar On (Albany: SUNY Press, 1994), pp. 145-6.
47. For this discussion, see Witt, "How Feminism is Re-writing the Philosophical Canon," pp. 4-5.
48. See Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Aristotle and the Politicization of the Soul," in Discovering Reality; Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka (Dordrecht/Boston/Lancas- ter: D. Reidel, 1983), pp. 17-30.
49. Witt, "How Feminism is Re-writing the Philosophical Canon," p. 5.
50. Soliloquia I.10.17, quoted in Kari Elisabeth Børresen, Subordination and Equivalence: The Nature and Role of Woman in Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, tr. Charles H. Tal- bot (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981), p. 7. Ibid., p. 27.
51. Lloyd, The Man of Reason, p. 29. Quoted in Rosemary Radford Ruether, "Misogynism and Virginal Feminism in the Fathers of the Church," in Religion and Sexism, ed. Rosemary Radford Ruether (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), p. 161.
52. St Augustine, The City of God, tr. Marcus Dods (New York: Random House, 1950), 22.17.839. Deutscher, Yielding Gender, p. 145.
53. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, tr. the Fathers of the English Dominican Prov- ince (New York: Benzinger Bros., 1947), vol. 1, part 1, question 92. Ibid. vol. 3.
54. Lloyd, The Man of Reason, pp. 36-7.
55. Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, p. 219. Ibid., p. 221. Ibid., pp. 132-3.
56. Barbara Herman, "Could It Be Worth Thinking about Kant on Sex and Marriage?" in A Mind of Her Own, eds. Louise Antony and Charlotte Witt (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), p. 50. For examples of some of these competing views, see my article,"Kant," in A Companion tion is "what practices preclude women from being identifi ed as original and innovative philosophers?" (p. 165)
57. Deutscher, "A Matter of Affect," pp. 7-8.
58. Cited in ibid., p. 60. Deutscher notes, however, that there is a second strain in Le Doeuff's analysis, which leans towards a causal or motivational approach, e. g., in an effort to explain why certain contradictions and imagery emerge as central. Cited in ibid., p. 77.
59. Freeland, Feminism and Ideology, p. 385. For example, Lucien Goldmann's The Hidden God: A Study of Tragic Vision in the Pensées of Pascal and the Tragedies of Racine, tr. Philip Thody (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964). I raise these issues in my review of Deutscher's book in Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 14 (3) Summer 1999, pp. 157-62.
60. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, tr. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 159, 158, cited in Deutscher, Yielding Gender, pp. 86-7.
61. Irigaray, An Ethics of Sexual Difference, p. 5. Note that Irigaray's more recent work explicitly seeks to live up to the injunction for ethical and political intervention, through her discussion of civil codes and her argument for sexed civil rights. (See Le Temps de la difference: pour une révolution pacifi que (1989) and Je, tu, nous (1990).)
62. Cynthia Freeland's article discusses these two approaches laid out in Michael Frede's paper, "The History of Philosophy as a Discipline" (1988). He names the fi rst approach as exegetical history of philosophy and the second approach as doxography (Freeland, Feminism and Ideology, p. 371ff.)
63. Susan James interviews Genevieve Lloyd and Moira Gatens, p. 45. Deutscher, "A Matter of Affect," p. 15. Ibid., p. 10. References
64. Addams, Jane (1893) "The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements," in Philanthropy and Social Progress, eds. Jane Addams, Robert A. Woods, J.O.S. Huntington, Franklin H. Giddings, and Bernard Bosanquet, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
65. --(1930) The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House, New York: Macmillan.
66. --(2002) Democracy and Social Ethics, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
67. Allen, Polly Wynn (1988) Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architec- tural Feminism, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
68. Clough, Sharyn (2003) Beyond Epistemology: A Pragmatist Approach to Feminist Science Studies, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld.
69. Dewey, John (1988a) "Philosophy and Democracy," in vol. 11 of The Middle Works, 1899-1924, ed. Jo Ann Boydston, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
70. --(1988b) Experience and Nature, vol. 1 of The Later Works, 1925-1953, ed. Jo Ann Boydston, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
71. Du Bois, W.E.B. (1999) Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil, New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
72. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1966) Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Condition, New York: Harper and Row.
73. --(1973) The Yellow Wallpaper, Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.
74. Grosz, Elizabeth (2001) Architecture from the Outside: Essays on Virtual and Real Space, Foreword by Peter Eisenman, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
75. Haraway, Donna J. (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York: Routledge.
76. --(1997) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse TM : Fem- inism and Technoscience, New York: Routledge.
77. Heldke, Lisa (1987) "John Dewey and Evelyn Fox Keller: A Shared Epistemological Tradi- tion," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 2 (3): 129-40.
78. --(1988) "Recipes for Theory Making," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 3 (2): 15-29.
79. --(1998) "On Being a Responsible Traitor: A Primer," in Daring to Be Good: Essays in Feminist Ethico-Politics, eds. Bat-Ami Bar On and Ann Ferguson, New York: Routledge.
80. Heldke, Lisa M. and Kellert, Stephen H. (1995) "Objectivity as Responsibility," Meta- philosophy 26 (4): 360-78.
81. Keith, Heather (2001) "Pornography Contextualized: A Test Case for a Feminist- Pragmatist Ethics" Journal of Speculative Philosophy 15 (2): 122-36.
82. Livingston, James (2001) Pragmatism, Feminism, and Democracy: Rethinking the Politics of American History, New York: Routledge.
83. McDonald, Dana Noelle (2003) "Achieving Unity through Uniqueness: Mary Whiton Calkins' Proof of Immortality," Transactions of the C.S. Peirce Society 39 (1): 113-25.
84. McKenna, Erin (2001) The Task of Utopia: Pragmatist and Feminist Perspectives, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld.
85. Pappas, Gregory Fernando (2001) "Dewey and Latina Lesbians on the Quest for Purity," Journal of Speculative Philosophy 15 (2): 152-61.
86. Rorty, Richard (1979) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni- versity Press.
87. Seigfreid, Charlene Haddock (1985) "Second Sex: Second Thoughts," Hypatia: Women's Studies International Forum 8 (3): 219-29.
88. --(1996) Pragmatism and Feminism: Reweaving the Social Fabric, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
89. --ed. (1993) Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 8 (2), Special Issue: Feminism and Pragmatism.
90. --(2002) "Introduction" to Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics, Chicago: Uni- versity of Illinois Press.
91. Sullivan, Shannon (2001a) "Guest Editor's Introduction," Journal of Speculative Philosophy 15 (2): 69-73.
92. --(2001b) Living Across and Through Skins: Transactional Bodies, Pragmatism, and Fem- inism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
93. --(2002) "Feminist Approaches to Intersection of Pragmatism and Continental Philoso- phy," in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002 edn), ed. Edward N. Zalta, <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2002/entries/femapproach-prag-cont/>.
94. West, Cornel (1989) The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Suggested Further Reading
95. Bederman, Gail (1995) Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
96. Clark, Ann (1993) "The Quest for Certainty in Feminist Thought," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 8 (3): 84-93.
97. Fraser, Nancy (1990a) "Solidarity or Singularity? Richard Rorty between Romanticism and Technocracy," in Reading Rorty, ed. Alan Malachowski, Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
98. --(1990b) "From Irony to Prophecy to Politics: A Response to Richard Rorty," Michi- gan Quarterly Review 30 (2): 259-66.
99. Gatens-Robinson, Eugenie (1991) "Dewey and the Feminist Successor Science Project," Transactions of the C.S. Peirce Society 27 (4): 417-33.
100. Green, Judith M. (1999) Deep Democracy: Community, Diversity, and Transformation, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld.
101. Heldke, Lisa (2001) "How to Be Really Responsible," in Engendering Rationalities, eds. Nancy Tuana and Sandra Morgen, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
102. Kruse, Felicia (1991) "Luce Irigaray's Parler Femme and American Metaphysics," Trans- actions of the C.S. Peirce Society 27 (4): 451-64.
103. Lawson, Bill E. and Koch, Donald F., eds. (forthcoming) Pragmatism and the Problem of Race, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
104. McKenna, Erin (2003) "Pragmatism and Feminism: Engaged Philosophy," American Journal of Theology and Philosophy, 24 (1): 3-21.
105. Miller, Marjorie C. (1992) "Feminism and Pragmatism: On the Arrival of a 'Ministry of Disturbance, A Regulated Source of Annoyance: A Destroyer of Routine; An Under- miner of Complacency,'" Monist 75 (4): 445-57.
106. --(1994) "Essence and Identity: Santayana and the Category 'Women,'" Transactions of the C.S. Peirce Society 30 (1): 33-50. and oppression that were at least as fundamental as that of gender. Thus, radical femi- nism in its original sense has given way to "multicultural feminism." However, in light of the independent sources of concern for multiculturalism, this is yet another feminist "ism" that is largely not "indigenous" to feminist thought or the experiences of (any group of) women.
107. Claudia Card, The Unnatural Lottery: Character and Moral Luck (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1996), chapter 2; see also Friedman, What are Friends For? Part II.
108. See, for example, Michele Moody-Adams, "Gender and the Complexity of Moral Voices," in Feminist Ethics, ed. Claudia Card (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991). Joan Tronto, "Care as the Work of Citizens: A Modest Proposal," in Women and Citizenship, ed. Marilyn Friedman (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 131-47.
109. Margaret McLaren, "Feminist Ethics: Care as a Virtue," in Feminists Doing Ethics, eds. Peggy DesAutels and Joanne Waugh (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2001), pp. 101-17.
110. Virginia Held, "Care and Justice in the Global Context," Associations: Journal for Legal and Social Theory, 7 (1) 2003, p. 160.
111. Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989).
112. Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
113. Virginia Held, Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
114. See, for example, Selma Sevenhuijsen, Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality, and Politics, tr. Liz Savage (New York: Routledge, 1998; original publication 1996).
115. Eva Feder Kittay, Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (New York: Routledge, 1999). These issues are variously addressed by the papers collected in Eva Feder Kittay and Ellen K. Feder, eds., The Subject of Care: Feminist Perspectives on Dependency (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2002);
116. Nancy J. Hirschmann and Ulrike Liebert, eds., Women and Welfare: Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe (New Bruns- wick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001); and by Fiona Robertson, Globalizing Care: Ethics, Feminist Theory, and International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999). Susan Sherwin, "Abortion through a Feminist Ethics Lens," Dialogue 30 (1991), pp. 327-42.
117. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodifi ed: Discourses on Life and Law (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 93-102.
118. Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family (New York: Basic Books, 1989), esp. chapter 7. See also: Barrie Thorne with Marilyn Yalom, eds., Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions (New York: Longman, 1982); and Hilde Lindemann Nelson, ed., Feminism and Families (New York: Routledge, 1997).
119. Iris Young, "Refl ections on Families in the Age of Murphy Brown: On Gender, Justice, and Sexuality," in Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy, and Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 95-113.
120. Angela Bolte, "Do Wedding Dresses Come in Lavender? The Prospects and Implica- tions of Same-Sex Marriage," Social Theory and Practice 24 (1998), pp. 111-31. It should be noted that Card considers it wrong for the state to ban same-sex marriage; her view is about what lesbians and gays should themselves choose to do. Cf., Claudia Card, "Against Marriage and Motherhood" Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 11 (1996), pp. 1-23.
121. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975). See also MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodifi ed, and Susan Brison, "Sur- viving Sexual Violence," Journal of Social Philosophy 24 (Spring 1993), pp. 5-22.
122. See Marilyn Friedman, Autonomy, Gender, Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), chapter 7.
123. Linda J. Krieger, "Through a Glass Darkly: Paradigms of Equality and the Search for a Woman's Jurisprudence," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 2 (1987), pp. 45-61, p. 57.
124. Marjorie Weinzweig, "Pregnancy Leave, Comparable Worth, and Concepts of Equal- ity," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 2 (1987), pp. 71-101.
125. Catharine MacKinnon, Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Discrimina- tion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979).
126. S. Gayle Baugh, "On the Persistence of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace," Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1997), pp. 899-908, p. 903.
127. Jean L. Cohen, "Personal Autonomy and the Law: Sexual Harassment and the Dilemma of Regulating 'Intimacy'," Constellations 6 (1999), pp. 443-72, p. 463. Ibid., p. 464. Employment "at will" allows an employer to terminate or discipline an employee without cause at any time.
128. Luke Charles Harris and Uma Narayan, "Affi rmative Action and the Myth of Prefer- ential Treatment: A Transformative Critique of the Terms of the Affi rmative Action Debate," Harvard Blackletter Journal 11 (1994): 1-35.
129. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1990), p. 193.
130. Kimberlé W. Crenshaw, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex," Univer- sity of Chicago Legal Forum (1989), pp. 139-67.
131. Joan Tronto, "The 'Nanny' Question in Feminism," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 17 (2002), pp. 34-51, p. 37.
132. Gabrielle Meagher, "Is it Wrong to Pay for Housework?" Hypatia: A Journal of Femi- nist Philosophy 17 (2002), pp. 52-66, pp. 60-3.
133. See Judith Plant, Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism (Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1989). See also Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman Orenstein, eds., Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1989).
134. Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993).
135. Karen J. Warren, "The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism," Environmental Ethics 12 (1990), pp. 25-146.
136. See Carol J. Adams, The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (New York: Continuum, 1990). See also Chris J. Cuomo, Feminism and Ecological Communities: An Ethic of Flourishing (London: Routledge, 1998).
137. See Carol J. Adams, "Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 6 (1991), pp. 125-45;
138. Deane W. Curtin and Lisa W. Heldke, eds., Fricker, Miranda and Hornsby, Jennifer (2000) The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
139. Gibson, Mary (1983) Worker's Rights, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.
140. Gould, Carol C., ed. (1984) Beyond Domination, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld. Griffi ths, Morwenna and Whitford, Margaret, eds. (1989) Feminist Perspectives in Philoso- phy, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
141. Heilman, Madeline E. (1997) "Sex Discrimination and the Affi rmative Action Remedy: The Role of Sex Stereotypes," Journal of Business Ethics 16: 877-89.
142. Hepburn, Elizabeth R. (1997) "The Situated but Directionless Self: The Postmetaphysical World of Benhabib's Discourse Ethics," Journal of Applied Philosophy 14 (1): 59-68.
143. Moulton, Janice (1984) "Women's Work and Sex Roles," in Beyond Domination, ed. Carol C. Gould, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.
144. Rhode, Deborah (1988) "Occupational Inequality," Duke Law Journal December: 1207-41.
145. Wasserstrom, Richard A. (1985) Today's Moral Problems, 3rd edn, New York: Macmillan.
146. Weiss, Penny A. and Friedman, Marilyn (1995) Feminism and Community, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
147. Williams, Christine L. (2002) "Sexual Harassment and Sadomasochism," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 17 (2): 99-117.
148. Wolgast, Elizabeth (1987) "Wrong Rights," Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 2 (1): 25-43.
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367. Emberley, J. (1993) Thresholds of Difference: Feminist Critique, Native Women's Writings, Postcolonial Theory, Toronto, Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
368. Fanon, F. (1967) Black Skins, White Masks, tr. C.L. Markmann, New York: Grove. --(1979) The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove.
369. Fernández Retamar, R. (1989) Caliban and Other Essays, tr. E. Baker, Minneapolis: Univer- sity of Minnesota Press (original "Caliban" essay published 1971).
370. Loomba, A. (1998) Colonialism/Postcolonialism: The New Critical Idiom, New York: Routledge.
371. McClintock, A. (1994) "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Postcolonialism,'" in Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, eds. F. Barker, P. Hulme, and M. Iversen, New York: Manchester University Press, pp. 253-66.
372. McClintock, A., Mufti, A., and Shohat, E., eds. (1997) Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
373. Mignolo, W. (2000) "Human Understanding and (Latin) American Interests -The Politics and Sensibilities of Geohistorical Locations," in A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, eds. H. Schwarz, and S. Ray, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 180-202.
374. Moore-Gilbert, B. (1997) Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London: Verso.
375. Rodríguez, Ileana (1994) House/Garden/Nation: Space, Gender, and Ethnicity in Postcolo- nial Latin American Literatures by Women (Postcontemporary Interventions), Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
376. Schutte, O. (1998) "Cultural Alterity: Cross-cultural Communication and Feminist Thought in North-South Dialogue", Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 13: 53-72.
377. --(2000) "Continental Philosophy and Postcolonial Subjects," Philosophy Today 44 SPEP supplement: 8-17.
378. --(2002c) "Feminism and Globalization Processes in Latin America," in Latin Ameri- can Perspectives on Globalization: Ethics, Politics, and Alternative Visions, ed. M. Saenz, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefi eld, pp. 185-99.
379. Schwarz, H. and Ray, S. (2000) A Companion to Postcolonial Studies, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
380. Shohat, E., and Stam, R. (1994) Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media, London: Routledge.
381. Spivak, G. (1987) In Other Worlds, New York: Methuen.
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667. Massumi, B. (1992) A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Deviations from Deleuze and Guattari, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
668. Nicholson, L.J., ed. (1990) Feminism/Postmodernism, New York: Routledge.
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672. Weedon, C. (1987) Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory, New York: Basil Blackwell. Addams, Jane, 64, 65, 66-8, 72, 75
673. Addelson, Kathy, 237
674. Addison, Joseph, 257
675. Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, 21-2
676. Ahmed, Leila, 157
677. Alcoff, Linda Martín, 197, 223, 224
678. Alexander, Jacqui, 165
679. Amundson, Ron, 136
680. Anderson, Elizabeth, 245-51
681. Antoni, Janine, 261
682. Anzaldúa, Gloria, 173
683. Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 166, 168, 169
684. Arendt, Hannah, 46, 159-60
685. Aquinas, St Thomas, 30, 31, 50-1
686. Aristotle, 6, 13n, 24, 32, 33, 43, 44, 47, 48-9, 198, 262
687. Arnault, Lynne, 94
688. Astell, Mary, 18, 19, 20, 149, 159
689. Augustine, St, 28-9, 49-50, 55
690. Austin, John L., 5
691. Baier, Annette, 17, 47, 128n, 139
692. Bakhurst, David, 238
693. Ball, Carlos A., 190
694. Barad, Karen, 224
695. Barenbaum, Nicole, 248-50
696. Barron, Karin, 133
697. Bartky, Sandra, 105-6
698. Basil, St, 29, 30, 33
699. Battersby, Christine, 256
700. Baugh, S. Gayle, 87
701. Beauvoir, Simone de, 1, 3, 18, 46, 56, 64, 193, 222, 224, 261
702. Benhabib, Seyla, 91-2, 150, 219, 267, 268
703. Benson, Paul, 128n, 163n
704. Bergson, Henri, 73, 274
705. Beverley, John, 171
706. Bhabha, Homi, 170
707. Bijvoet, Maya, 23, 24
708. Boccaccio, Giovanni, 21
709. Bolte, Angela, 12, 85
710. Bovenschen, Sylvia, 256, 258
711. Brand, Peg, 258, 261, 262
712. Brison, Susan, 159
713. Broude, Norma, 256, 259
714. Brown, Wendy, 152
715. Browne, Irene, 194-5
716. Brownmiller, Susan, 86
717. Burke, Edmund, 257-8
718. Burnyeat, Myles, 24, 39n
719. Butler, Judith, 65, 161n, 184, 202, 205, 218, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270
720. Cox, Renée, 261
721. Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 88, 195-6
722. Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la, 3, 18
723. Curie, Marie, 215
724. Daly, Mary, 169
725. Damasio, Antonio, 111-12
726. Darwin, Charles, 65, 73, 74
727. Dastur, Françoise, 59
728. Davis, Angela, 199
729. Davis, Ann, 134
730. Deleuze, Gilles, 73, 266, 271-80
731. Derrida, Jacques, 57, 266, 267, 271
732. Descartes, René, 19, 57
733. Deutscher, Penelope, 17, 50, 54, 58, 62-3n
734. Devereaux, Mary, 262
735. Dewey, John, 64, 65, 68, 71, 75
736. Dillon, Robin, 117-18
737. Donchin, Anne, 117
738. Doris, John M., 100n
739. Dresser, Rebecca, 117
740. Du Bois, W.E.B., 64, 75
741. Duggan, Lisa, 183
742. Ellis, Havelock, 186
743. Emanuel, Ezekiel, 120
744. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 64, 75
745. Engels, Friedrich, 47, 146
746. Feder, Ellen K., 139
747. Felski, Rita, 256
748. Ferguson, Kathy, 218
749. Fineman, Martha, 155
750. Firestone, Shulamith, 146
751. Florence, Penny, 257
752. Foster, Nicola, 257
753. Foucault, Michel, 134, 167, 169, 187, 218, 266
754. Frede, Michael, 63n
755. Freeland, Cynthia, 57-8, 261
756. Fricker, Miranda, 215
757. Friedman, Marilyn, 12, 89-90, 150, 151-2
758. Frueh, Joanna, 261
759. Frye, Marilyn, 5, 10, 179, 181, 183
760. Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 218
761. Galison, Peter, 241
762. Garrard, Mary, 256, 259
763. Gatens, Moira, 17, 47
764. Gedik, Simon, 31
765. Gilbert, Katherine, 262
766. Gilligan, Carol, 81-2, 149, 150
767. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 3, 64, 65, 68-71, 73, 74, 75
768. Godard, Jean-Luc, 275
769. Goldie, Peter, 105
770. Gournay, Marie de, 18, 19-36
771. Gramsci, Antonio, 166
772. Greer, Germaine, 256
773. Grewal, Inderpal, 172
774. Grosz, Elizabeth, 73-5
775. Guattari, Félix, 271, 276-8, 279
776. Guerilla Girls, 259-60
777. Habermas, Jürgen, 91-2, 93-4
778. Haberstam, Judith, 184, 187
779. Hacking, Ian, 187
780. Halperin, David M., 187
781. Haraway, Donna J., 72-3, 224, 226, 228
782. Harding, Sandra, 71, 122, 147, 217, 218, 236, 238, 239-40, 241, 242-3
783. Hare, R.M., 94
784. Harris, Luke Charles, 87
785. Hartmann, Heidi, 156, 196
786. Hartsock, Nancy, 146, 236
787. Hayles, N. Katherine, 240-1
788. Heartney, Eleanor, 261
789. Hegel, G.W.F., 217, 238
790. Hegeman, Elizabeth, 105
791. Heidegger, Martin, 59
792. Hein, Hilda, 258
793. Held, Virginia, 83
794. Heldke, Lisa, 71-3, 74
795. Herman, Barbara, 17
796. Herman, Judith, 273, 275
797. Heyes, Cressida, 202
798. Hine, Darlene Clark, 195
799. Hippel, Theodor von, 52
800. Hirschmann, Nancy J., 10
801. Hoagland, Sarah, 183
802. Holmes, Helen Bequaert, 116 hooks, bell, 195, 266
803. Horowitz, Maryanne Cline, 40n
804. Houston, Barbara, 112
805. Hume, David, 47, 258
806. Hungerland, Isabel Creed, 262
807. Hunter, Nan, 183
808. Hutcheson, Francis, 257
809. Irigaray, Luce, 48, 55, 56, 57, 63n, 256, 266, 267, 269, 271
810. Mills, Charles, 214
811. Minh-ha, Trihn T., 168, 224
812. Misra, Joya, 194-5
813. Mitchell, Lucy Sprague, 64-5
814. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, 165, 166, 167-8, 171-2 Moi, Toril, 203
815. Montaigne, Michel de, 20, 24, 29, 33, 34, 38n, 39n, 40n, 41n
816. Morris, Jenny, 140
817. Mothersill, Mary, 262
818. Mouffe, Chantel, 268, 269
819. Murdoch, Iris, 262
820. Myers, Diana, 151, 152, 157
821. Nagl-Docekal, Herta, 62n
822. Narayan, Uma, 87, 108, 158, 168, 169, 170
823. Nedelsky, Jennifer, 152
824. Neiman, Susan, 62n
825. Nelson, Hilde Lindemann, 124-5
826. Nelson, James Lindemann, 124-5
827. Nelson, Lynn Hankinson, 245
828. Nicholson, Linda, 198-9, 201
829. Nicki, Andrea, 136-7
830. Nietzsche, Friedrich, 56, 73, 218
831. Nisbett, Richard, 110-11
832. Nochlin, Linda, 18, 256, 257
833. Noddings, Nel, 95
834. Nussbaum, Martha, 47, 61n, 99n, 139, 140, 151, 158, 190, 267
835. O'Keeffe, Georgia, 260
836. Okin, Susan Moller, 6, 17, 85, 150
837. Oliver, Kelly, 271, 278-9
838. O'Neill, Eileen, 3
839. Pacteau, Francette, 261
840. Park, You-me, 167
841. Parker, Rozsika, 256
842. Pateman, Carol, 17, 18, 138, 149
843. Paul, St, 24, 31, 33
844. Peirce, George Sanders, 64, 73
845. Pierce, Christine, 202
846. Piper, Adrian, 53, 255, 261
847. Pisan, Christine de, 3, 21, 22, 27
848. Plato, 5, 40n, 43, 47-8, 57, 198, 211, 254, 262
849. Pollock, Griselda, 256
850. Popkin, Richard H., 40n
851. Popper, Karl, 240
852. Potter, Elizabeth, 11, 237
853. Purdy, Laura M., 116, 117
854. Quine, W.V.O., 225-6, 245
855. Rajan, Rajeswari Sunder, 167
856. Rawls, John, 6, 139, 150, 190
857. Raymond, Janice G., 183
858. Rich, Adrienne, 177, 181, 182
859. Richard, Nelly, 173-4
860. Riley, Denise, 218
861. Roberts, Dorothy, 117
862. Rooks, Noliwe, 261
863. Rorty, Mary V., 117
864. Rorty, Richard, 46, 64, 73
865. Ross, Lee, 110-11
866. Rossiter, Margaret, 215
867. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 3, 6, 43, 55, 56
868. Rowan, Mary, 23, 24, 33
869. Royce, Josiah, 64
870. Rubin, Gayle, 177, 187
871. Ruddick, Sara, 83
872. Said, Edward, 167-9, 170, 171
873. Santayana, George, 64
874. Saville, Jenny, 261
875. Schaper, Eva, 262
876. Scheman, Naomi, 106
877. Schneeman, Carolee, 255
878. Schor, Naomi, 256
879. Schott, Robin May, 3, 17
880. Schutte, Ofelia, 8, 173, 227
881. Schwartz, Henry, 173
882. Scott, Joan, 218
883. Sedgewick, Eve Kosofsky, 177
884. Seidel, Kathleen, 141n
885. Seigfried, Charlene Haddock, 47, 64, 65, 66
886. Seville, Jenny, 261
887. Shay, Jonathon, 273, 276
888. Sherwin, Susan, 85, 116, 134
889. Shiva, Vandana, 89
890. Shustermann, Richard, 261
891. Shweder, Richard, 105
892. Sidgwick, Henry, 219, 220, 230
893. Silvers, Anita, 8, 133, 138, 139-40
894. Socrates, 25, 48
895. Sontag, Susan, 262
896. Spelman, Elizabeth, 17, 46, 109-10, 196, 197-9, 201, 238
897. Spinoza, Benedict de, 47
898. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170-1, 173
899. Springborg, Patricia, 20
900. Stanley, Thomas, 19
901. Starr, Ellen Gates, 66
902. Stein, Michael, 138, 186
903. Steiner, Wendy, 261
904. Sterba, James, 92
905. Stewart, Abigail, 248-50
906. Stich, Stephen P., 100n
907. Stocker, Michael, 105
908. Strossen, Nadine, 159
909. Sullivan, Shannon, 65, 66, 74
910. Tarabotti, Arcangela, 22, 31
911. Thoreau, Henry David, 64
912. Tlali, Miriam, 107
913. Tong, Rosemarie, 117
914. Tronto, Joan, 83, 139
915. Trousset, Alexis, 22
916. Viswanathan, Gauri, 170
917. Waithe, Mary Ellen, 18, 46
918. Walker, Margaret Urban, 10, 12, 92, 106, 112, 118, 123, 219-20
919. Walzer, Michael, 150
920. Warren, Karen J., 88
921. Wasserman, David, 138
922. Weinzweig, Marjorie, 86
923. Wendell, Susan, 136
924. West, Cornel, 75
925. Whitehead, Alfred North, 64, 72-3, 74
926. Williams, Patricia, 214, 223
927. Williams, Raymond, 168
928. Wilson, Robin, 194
929. Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 214-15
930. Wolf, Susan M., 117, 118
931. Wolff, J.U., 31
932. Wolgast, Elizabeth, 86
933. Wollstonecraft, Mary, 3, 46, 159, 193
934. Wylie, Alison, 217-18, 239, 243-5
935. Xenophon, 25
936. Young, Iris, 85, 87, 106, 150, 203, 205
937. Zack, Naomi, 8, 194, 200, 204, 205
938. Ziarek, Ewa, 269-70, 271, 279
939. Zita, Jacquelyne N., 189 ableness, 82, 94, 194 abortion, 7, 81, 84-5, 118, 121, 148, 153, 160, 181 absolutism, 71 academic feminism, 75, 81, 93, 95, 134, 145, 166, 172, 190, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 205 activism, 153, 167, 172, 195, 205 aesthetic(s), 6, 18, 52, 53, 54; of disgust, 261; feminine, 256, 258, 261; feminism and, 256-63; Philosophy of Art, 254-5; vaginal, 261; see also art/artworks affect, 54, 108, 221, 239, 250, 269, 273; see also emotion affi rmative action, 87-8
940. Afghanistan, 157
941. Africa, 70, 107, 151, 159, 167, 200
942. African-American feminism, 147-8 agency, 75, 90, 103, 109, 153-4, 197, 203, 215, 224, 236, 261, 268; agentic skills, 90-1; epistemic, 215, 218, 228, 237, 239, 240, 243-4, 269; moral/ethical, 102-4, 123, 127, 216, 219, 220, 276 alterity, 222, 227
943. American philosophy, 64-8, 75, 211, 257
944. Ancient Greece, 3, 200 androcentrism, 6, 117, 215-16, 217 anthropology, 224, 242; anti-discrimination, 87; gender, 193; gender as anthropological interest, 36; law, 184, 196; lesbian, 187-8; marriage, 180-1, 184; see also discrimination anti-miscegenation laws, 185 anti-Semitism, 180 art/artworks: cinema, 275; critique of the canon, 259; female body in, 255, 260-1; feminist critique, 256-61; male viewers, 258; performance, 255, 260; responses to, 254-5; see also aesthetics art history, 18, 256, 259 autonomy, 6, 11, 81, 89-91, 103, 121, 137, 151-9, 163n, 215, 218, 221; care ethics and, 11, 81, 89, 103, 117, 152; epistemic, 218, 221, 224, 237 beauty: aesthetics, 6, 198, 254, 257, 258, 262; ideals/standards, 255, 259; women as object, 260-1
945. Bible, 31, 41n; interpretation, 21, 24, 29-34, 50 bioethics, 10, 116-28 biology: biological determinism, 131, 186, 197, 201; biological essentialism, 93, 197, 203; biological separatism, 138; disability and, 132, 134-5, 138; gendered, 48-9, 50-1, 135, 197
946. black feminism, 217, 242; see also African- American feminism black women, 75, 118, 195-6, 197, 199, 242; see also women of color bluestocking, 212 the body, 47, 49, 52, 65, 135, 148, 159, 260-1, 269, 276 capital, 145, 171 capitalism, 146-7, 217, 23; global/ international, 119-20, 165-6, 170-2; neo- liberal, 170-2 care, 71, 92, 118, 124-5, 139-40, 146, 149, 150, 152, 155, 163n; dependency and, 155; duty to, 52 care ethics, 10-12, 69, 81-4, 85, 89, 92, 95n, 117, 118, 119, 132, 140, 150; see also ethics care work, 87, 110, 117, 149, 155-6, 173 caregiver(s), 75, 117, 125, 126, 133, 139-40, 150, 156, 163n
947. Catholicism, 24, 30-1, 40n; fi deism, 25, 35, 42n childcare, 70, 88, 146, 147, 149, 153, 154, 156 Subject Index children, 10, 70, 85, 88, 121, 133, 138, 149, 155-6, 172, 182, 184, 249
948. Christianity, 24, 75 citizenship, 83, 93, 99n, 138, 185, 266 civil rights, 52, 63n, 193 class, 67-8, 71, 75, 87-8, 89, 193-4, 195, 196-7, 199, 219, 238-9, 242; see also intersectionality cognition: gendered, 53, 132, 133; moral psychology and, 102-3 cognitive authority, 122; see also epistemic authority cognitive science, 7, 225-6, 263 colonialism, 157, 165-6, 168, 169-70, 172, 173; colonialist discourse, 166; colonialist representation, 170; colonialist stance, 169; colonized subjects, 169; decolonization, 166, 171, 172; neocolonialism, 165, 173; recolonization, 165, 166, 172 communicative ethics, 91-2, 93-4 community: emotions and, 104, 106, 108, 261; epistemology and, 12, 71-2, 122, 127, 215, 221, 237, 242; feminist theory and, 158, 268, 273, 278-9; moral understanding and, 92; pragmatism and, 66-8; women's, 146, 170, 183 Continental philosophy, 4, 7, 65 contractarianism, 99n, 117; contractual relations, 20, 85, 88, 99n, 117, 139; Racial Contract, 214; state and, 20, 93; see also social contract theory critical theory, 93-4, 203 culture: aesthetics and, 259; cultural critique, 157, 173-4; cultural essentialism, 158, 185, 187-8, 203-4; cultural hegemony, 166, 173; cultural identity/roles, 150, 157, 197; cultural stereotypes, 171; cultural violence, 154; emotions and, 104-10, 111; feminist theory and, 148, 156-8; gender and, 203-4, 212; the individual, 89, 270-80; knowledge and, 219; lesbianism and, 181-5; queer theory and, 180-1 deconstruction, 54-5, 57; Derridean, 57, 166, 218 deconstructive feminism, 55, 170 democracy, 66, 75, 159; democratic deliberation/knowing, 226-8, 240, 242, 245 dependency, 84, 121, 132, 136, 139, 150, 155 desire: cognition and, 250; discourse and, 267; sexual orientation and, 189; social construction of, 152; value and, 250
949. difference feminism, 149 disability: autonomy and, 137; care and, 139-40; embodiment and, 134-8; identity, 132-4; illness contra, 136-7; medical model, 134-6; social contract and, 139, 150; sports and, 137-8; studies, 132, 136; technology and, 137-8 discourse ethics: see communicative ethics discrimination, 87, 190; affi rmative action and, 87; anti-discrimination, 87, 180-1, 184, 193, 196; employment, 87, 146, 153, 184, 190; intersectional, 87; marriage, 180-1; racial, 87, 194; sex, 87, 146, 153, 184, 185 division of labor: see sexual division of labor divorce, 247-50 domestic labor, 87-8, 182; see also sexual division of labor domestic violence, 82, 85, 86, 148, 153-4; see also violence against women domination, 54, 56, 150, 197-8, 269; colonial, 168; male, 81, 88-9, 91, 196, 205 dualism(s), 52-3, 73, 140, 213-14; mind-body, 134; sexual, 73, 135, 203; value, 88 ecofeminism, 88-9, 140 education, 6, 21, 25-7, 64-5, 87, 156, 168, 169-70 egalitarian reciprocity, 91, 268 egalitarianism, 11, 48 emancipation, 74, 169; economics and, 68-70, 75; emancipatory struggle, 44; knowledge and, 217, 22, 229; racism and, 195 embodiment, 8, 269-71; disability and, 134-8, 140; emotions and, 278; ethics/ morals and, 92, 268-9; subjectivity and, 229, 269-70, 277; women's, 6, 7, 268 emotion(s), 58; communicative value of, 111-12; cultural shaping, 104-6; epistemology and, 12, 213-14, 216, 250-1; ethics and, 47-8, 52-3, 111; gender and, 5, 47-8, 52, 88, 94, 132, 213-14, 216, 269; interactive, 107-8; medicine and, 134-3; moral psychology and, 102, 103-12; normative, 107; outlaw, 106; rationality/reason and, 5, 12, 52-3, 88, 94, 103, 213-14, 220, 269; recognition, 108-9 empathy, 11, 82 empiricism, 64, 216, 217-19, 220, 226, 235-7, 239, 243, 245-51
950. Enlightenment, 51, 147, 152, 215, 218 epistemic agency, 215, 218, 228, 237, 239, 240, 243-4, 269 epistemic authority/privilege, 11, 12, 108, 123, 199, 211-12, 215, 223, 225, 229, 238-45 epistemic autonomy, 218, 221, 224, 237 epistemic imaginary, 215-16, 222, 226, 227, 228 epistemic interest, 225 epistemic justifi cation, 235, 236-45, 245-7 epistemic outsiders, 108-9 epistemic subjectivity, 5, 211, 217, 218, 221, 228, 229 epistemic subjects, 215, 217, 220 epistemic violence, 168, 171, 227, 229 epistemology, 8-9, 10, 11; community and, 12, 71-2, 122, 127, 215, 221, 237, 242; contextual values in, 11, 235, 237-6, 245-51; ecological naturalism, 228-31; emotions and, 213-14, 250; feminist, 121-3, 216-31; feminist empiricism, 217, 218-19, 236, 243; individualism in, 20, 53, 215, 216, 227-8, 237; naturalistic, 225-6; orthodox/traditional, 211, 215-17, 223; postmodern, 218, 236; postmodernist critique of, 218, 223; pragmatist, 71-2; situated knowledge, 226-8, 230; social location and, 244; socialized, 215; standpoint, 91, 93, 123, 147, 185, 217-19, 236, 238-40, 242, 243, 244-5; strong objectivity, 242, 243; weak objectivity, 241; see also knowledge equality: see gender equality equity feminism, 149 essentialism, 168, 185, 193, 197-8, 201, 203-4, 238-9, 259; anti-essentialism, 185, 197, 203, 218; categorical, 188-9; cross- cultural/temporal, 187-8; cultural, 158; naturalistic, 186-7; perspectival, 185-6 ethical autonomy, 89-91 ethics, 9, 10; applied, 81, 84-9; bioethics, 116-27; care, 10-12, 69, 81-4, 85, 89, 92, 95n, 117, 118, 119, 132, 140, 150; communicative/discourse, 81, 91-2, 93-4; environmental, 88-9; expressive- collaborative model, 92, 118; individualism in, 93-4;
951. Kantian, 52, 83, 117; lesbian, 182-5; neuroethics, 120-1; pragmatist, 65, 67; utilitarian, 83, 117, 118; virtue ethics/ theory, 83, 118 ethnicity, 75, 120, 148, 170, 179, 186, 194, 197, 200, 238, 263, 266 ethnocentrism, 157 family, 156; disability and, 133; gender equality, 86; justice, 150; marriage, 85; as private sphere, 93, 150; traditional, 156, 249 feminist epistemology: see epistemology feminist historiography, 2-3, 20 feminist philosophy: in the academy, 2, 95, 145, 167, 172, 173, 190, 193, 194, 195, 198, 205; as research program, 8-10; women's experiences and, 5-12, 23, 26-7, 50, 53, 65-7, 72, 74, 75, 84-5, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96n, 104, 105-9, 111, 122-3, 131, 134-6, 137, 139, 140, 147, 150, 152-3, 159, 166, 185-6, 193, 194, 197-201, 218-23, 225, 231, 239, 241, 245-6, 249-51, 255-7, 261-3, 266, 267-3, 275-80 feminist political philosophy: boundaries, 145-6; equality, 148-52; justice and dependency, 150; methodology, 147-8 feminist pragmatism: see pragmatist feminism feminist voice theory, 90-1 freedom, 6, 68, 126, 145, 148, 151-2, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 163n, 224, 270; reproductive, 138, 216; see also autonomy friendship, 183, 188 gender: intersectionality, 87-8, 148, 152, 179-80, 193-205; justice and, 2, 5, 9-10, 81-4, 148, 150-1, 152, 154; performative nature, 184; in philosophical canon, 2-3, 46-53 gender equality, 4, 11, 145, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160; under capitalism, 145-7, 150; care work and, 139; dependency and, 150; epistemology and, 11, 215-16; equity feminism, 149; family and, 85-6, 145, 147, 150; in the history of philosophy, 3, 20, 22-5, 33-4, 47-51; as political struggle, 148-9 gendered reason, 5, 46, 52, 54-5, 82, 94, 211-15 global capitalism, 165, 170-1, 172 global emancipatory projects, 229 global feminist discourse, 92 global subaltern groups, 200 the good, 6, 9 good life, 92, 157
952. Guerilla Girls, 260 habit, 273-8 health care, 85, 118-20, 122, 128 hermeneutics, 218, 224, 227 heterosexualism, 183 heterosexuality, 181-2, 183, 188, 189; feigning, 178, 184; heterosexist oppression, 179; heterosexual marriage, 85; postmodern approach, 189; public identity, 178; rape and, 159; social construction, 187 history of philosophy, 2-3, 43-59 homophobia, 178, 182 homosexuality: as artifi cial category, 183, 187; biological understanding, 186; see also heterosexuality Hull House, 66-8 human nature, 147, 148, 201, 218, 221, 228, 258 humanism, 169
953. Hypatia, 18, 64, 116, 257, 260-1 identity, 157; Deleuzean theory, 271-80; disability, 132-4; discursively constituted, 267; in epistemic hierarchy, 223; FMP (Females, Mothers, Primary sexual choices), 203-5; gender identity disorder, 184; intersected, 196, 199; intersubjective, 91; lesbian, 185-9; sexual, 189, 203; social, 12, 223
954. Subject Index patriarchy: capitalism and, 146-7, 170; heterosexuality and, 178-84; patriarchal imaginary, 261; pornography and, 159; socialization and, 151, 152, 154 performativity, 268 phallocentrism, 56 philosophical imaginary, 44-6, 47, 55, 212, 214, 215, 221-3, 226-8, 230 philosophy of art: aesthetics versus, 254-5; feminist, 259; see also aesthetics philosophy of science: contextual values, 245-51; empiricism, 236-51; feminist histories, 17; positivistic, 217; situated knowledge, 237
955. Platonism, 21 political philosophy: see feminist political philosophy pornography, 153n, 159, 183 positivism: epistemological, 215-17, 219, 231, 237; liberal, 147 postcolonial critique, 168, 169-72 postcolonial feminism: defi nition, 165-7; in the US academy, 166; versus postmodernism, 168-9; versus Third World Feminism, 166 postcolonialism: Latin American, 172-4; postcoloniality, 165; recolonization, 165
956. postmodern feminism, 82, 147, 236 postmodernism, 198, 218-19, 223, 236; critique of, 202-3; cultural difference, 157; identity and, 189, 203; versus postcolonialism, 168-9 poststructural critique, 173 poststructuralism: colonialist discourse and, 166; epistemic authority and, 269; Foucauldian subjects, 268-9; subjectivity, 270-8 poststructuralist feminism, 267-72; critique of, 267-8 poverty, 67, 89, 156 pragmatist feminism, 58, 64-6, 71-5; class and, 67; concrete practice, 66-7; dependency and, 67-9; ethics, 67; experience and, 65-6; race and, 68-70, 75 praxis, 270 pregnancy, 7, 85, 86 private sphere: emotions, 112, 182; gender inequality, 156; gendered, 214; justice and family, 150; private/public moral distinction, 93; state intervention, 147; see also public sphere prophetic pragmatism, 75 psychoanalysis, 58, 276-7 psychoanalytic theory: Lacanian, 269; sexual orientation, 186, 187; subjectivity and, 218, 223 public sphere: gender inequality, 156; gendered, 10, 214; heterosexuality, 178, 179, 184, 189; justice and, 150; reason in, 190; sexual self-identifi cation, 178, 179, 189 Pyrrhonean skepticism/doubt, 24-35 Pythagorean opposites, 212 queer theory, 177, 180, 183; see also lesbian feminism race, 69-70, 75, 82, 87, 94, 95n, 104, 138, 148, 150, 167, 170, 179; intersectionality and, 193-205
957. Racial Contract, 214 racism, 65-6; anti-racism, 75, 197, 212, 224; feminism and, 147-8, 155, 157-8, 167, 195-8, 214, 215; lesbian philosophy and, 179-80; pragmatism and, 68, 70-1, 73, 75 radical lesbian femininsm, 178-9, 180, 182-3, 184 rape, 85-6, 151, 158-9, 273; see also sexual assault rationalism, 53, 93, 94 rationality: emotions versus, 5, 12, 52-3, 88, 94, 103, 213-14, 220, 269; Enlightenment, 152; gendered, 5; impartiality and, 150; Kantian, 62n; moral authority and, 94; social privilege and, 221 reason: see gendered reason relativism: cultural, 157; epistemic, 71, 216, 237, 243; judgmental, 240, 242, 245
958. Renaissance, 21-3, 35-6 reproductive ethics, 118 reproductive freedom, 85, 138, 216 reproductive health, 118-19 reproductive labor, 147, 182 reproductive politics, 85
959. Second Wave Feminism, 81, 116, 148, 193, 198, 216 self: autonomy and, 89, 117, 121, 152, 155, 215, 218; awareness, 106; boundaries of, 224; in care ethics, 11, 89; deconstructed, 218; disability and, 134, 136; discursively constituted, 267, 268; interest, 103, 117, 267; intersubjective, 91; Kantian, 53; lesbian, 188; narrative account, 12, 273; poststructuralist account, 270-9; relational, 89; relations with others, 227; representation, 260, 273; xenophobia and, 53 September 11, 2001, 157 sexual division of labor, 69-70, 85-8, 148-50, 155-6, 179, 182, 194-6, 239; emotions, 110, 239; epistemology and, 147; see also care work sexual orientation: as choice, 181; cross- cultural, 187-8; as natural, 181, 186-7; as social construction, 187 sexual violence, 85-6, 151, 158-9, 273 sexuality: as cultural construct, 180, 181-2, 187, 189, 197; sexual assault, 158-9, 216, 223; sexual dualism, 135, 189; sexual harassment, 86-7