Arabia and the Arabs. From the Bronze Age to Coming of Islam

References (1,125)

1. 3 Silver coin from east Arabia, modelled on the Alexandrian tetradrachm: head of Heracles wearing the pelt of the Nemean lion on the obverse and modified Zeus figure on the reverse (see chapter 7 below);
2. 'Abi'el daughter of . . . ' is written in Aramaic letters in place of the name of Alexander (British Museum 314284).
3. 9 Assyrian relief showing Arab woman captured during Tiglath-Pileser's campaign against Shamsi (British Museum 118901). Plate 17 Limestone relief from a sarcophagus in the camp of Diocletian, Palmyra, showing two caravan leaders with camel (Palmyra Museum). Plate 18 Funerary bust of the wealthy Palmyrene woman Tamna daughter of Shamsigeram, c.AD 150 (British Museum 125204). Plate 30 Rock drawing from northeast Jordan showing female musician and male dancer; text reads 'by Aqraban son of Kasit son of Sa'd; the beautiful woman played the reed pipes' (G. Lankester Harding; see ADAJ 2, 1953, no. 79). Plate 31 Impression made by chlorite/steatite stamp seal of Dilmun, representing (mythological?) scene involving human figures (enthroned deity?) and bull, c.2000-1800 BC, diameter 2.54 cm (Bahrain National Museum). Plate 36 Alabaster funerary stele showing the deceased engaged in a feast (top) and camel raiding (bottom) with Sabaic inscription: 'image and monument (s . wr w-nfs) of 'Igl ibn Sa'dallat of Qaryat; may 'Athtar Shariqan strike down whoever destroys it'. Note that though the name is Arab (most probably from Qaryat al-Faw), the deity invoked is south Arabian;
4. Calvet, Yves, and Robin, Christian, Arabie heureuse, Arabie déserte, Paris, Musée du Louvre, 1997 (catalogue of the Louvre's Arabian items with a helpful introduction).
5. Cameron, Averil, The Mediterranean world in Late Antiquity AD 395-600, London, Routledge, 1993.
6. Chelhod, Joseph, Le Sacrifice chez les Arabes, Paris, Presses Universitaires, 1955.
7. --Les Structures du sacré chez les Arabes, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1964 (an anthropologist's view). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (CANE), 5 vols, ed. J.M. Sasson, New York, Charles Scribner, 1995.
8. Daum, Werner, Ursemitische Religion, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1985 (examines south Arabian religion in light of modern Yemeni myths and folktales).
9. Dion, P.E., Les Araméens à l'âge du fer: histoire politique et structures sociales, Paris, Librairie Lecoffre, 1997.
10. Dostal, Walter, 'Die Araber in vorislamischer Zeit', Der Islam 74, 1997, 1-63 (examines degree to which Arabs integrated into the high cultures of the Near East).
11. Encyclopaedia Islamica (EI), new edition, ed. H.A.R. Gibb et al., Leiden, Brill, 1960-2001 (has numerous entries on aspects of pre-Islamic Arabia).
12. Groom, Nigel, Frankincense and myrrh: a study of the Arabian incense trade, London, Longman, 1981 (the classic study).
13. Hamdani, Hasan ibn Ahmad al-, S . ifat jazîrat al-'arab, 2 vols, ed. D.H. Müller, Leiden, Brill, 1884-91 (famous description of Arabia by a tenth- century AD visitor).
14. Harding, G. Lankester, An index and concordance of pre-Islamic Arabian names and inscriptions, Toronto, University of Toronto, 1971.
15. Hawting, Gerald, The idea of idolatry and the emergence of Islam, Cambridge, CUP, 1999 (argues that the environment in which Islam arose was monotheist not polytheist).
16. Hetzron, Robert, ed., The Semitic languages, London, Routledge, 1997.
17. Hoerth, Alfred, et al., eds, Peoples of the Old Testament world, Grand Rapids (Mi.), Baker Books, 1994.
18. Höfner, Maria, Gese, H., and Rudolph, K., Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandäer, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1970.
19. Isaac, Benjamin, The limits of empire: the Roman army in the east, Oxford, Clarendon, 1990.
20. Jabbur, Jibrail S., The bedouins and the desert (tr. L.I. Conrad), Albany, SUNY, 1995 (blends modern observation and ancient references).
21. Kaiser, O., ed., Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments, Gütersloh, Mohn, 1982-(contains translations by Walter Müller of a number of Arabian inscriptions).
22. Khazanov, Anatoly, Nomads and the outside world, Cambridge, CUP, 1984 (a classic study of the subject).
23. Kitchen, K.A., Documentation for ancient Arabia (DAA), 4 vols, Liverpool, LUP, 1994-(chronology, concordance of south Arabian inscriptions, gazetteer, anthology of texts).
24. Kuhrt, Amelie, The ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC, London, Routledge, 1995.
25. Masry, A.H., Prehistory in northeastern Arabia, London, KPI, 1997.
26. Millar, Fergus, The Roman Near East 31 BC-AD 337, Cambridge (Ma.), Harvard UP, 1993.
27. Nayeem, M.A., Prehistory and protohistory of the Arabian peninsula, 5 vols, Hyderabad, 1990-98.
28. Nicholson, Reynold, A literary history of the Arabs, Cambridge, CUP, 1930.
29. Noja, Sergio, I primi arabi, Milan, Jaca, 1994; L'Arabie avant l'Islam, Aix- en-Provence, Edisud, 1994.
30. Obrycht, Marek J., Parthia et ulteriores gentes: die politischen Beziehungen zwischen dem arsakidischen Iran und den Nomaden der eurasischen Steppen, Munich, Tuduv, 1998.
31. Peters, F.E., Muhammad and the origins of Islam, New York, SUNY, 1994.
32. Pritchard, James, ed., Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament, Princeton, PUP, 1969.
33. Robertson Smith, W., Lectures on the religion of the Semites, London, Adam and Charles Black, 1894 (now dated, but still influential).
34. Sartre, M., L'Orient romain: provinces et sociétés provinciales en Méditerranée orientale d'Auguste aux Sévères, Paris, Seuil, 1991.
35. Sass, Benjamin, Studia alphabetica: on the origin and early history of the northwest Semitic, south Semitic and Greek alphabets, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1991.
36. Sherwin-White, Susan, and Kuhrt, Amelie, From Samarkhand to Sardis: a new approach to the Seleucid empire, London, Duckworth, 1993.
37. Sicker, Martin, The pre-Islamic Middle East, Westport (Ct), Praeger, 2000.
38. Soden, Wolfram von, The ancient Orient: an introduction to the study of the Ancient Near East (tr. D.G. Schley), Grand Rapids (Mi.), Eerdmans, 1994.
39. Stetkevych, Suzanne, The mute immortals speak: pre-Islamic poetry and the poetics of ritual, Ithaca (NY), Cornell, 1993 (rich commentary on the most famous poems and their milieu).
40. Teixidor, J., The pagan god: popular religion in the Greco-Roman Near East, Princeton, PUP, 1977 (has chapters on north Arabia and Palmyra).
41. Thompson, Andrew, Origins of Arabia, London, Stacey International, 2000 (geological formation).
42. Versteegh, Kees, The Arabic language, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University, 1997 (discusses origins and development).
43. Yarshater, Ehsan, ed., The Cambridge history of Iran, 3.1: the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods, Cambridge, CUP, 1983.
44. Zwettler, Michael, The oral tradition of classical Arabic poetry, Columbus, Ohio State University, 1978 (on the language and transmission of these poems). U S E F U L J O U R N A L S A N D C O L L E C T I O N S O F A RT I C L E S (These items are abbreviated as follows in the bibliography below.)
45. AA = Robin, Christian, and Gajda, Iwona, eds, Arabia antiqua: early origins of south Arabian states, Rome, IsMEO, 1996.
46. AAE = Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy.
47. AAEI = Peters, F.E., ed., The Arabs and Arabia on the eve of Islam, Aldershot and Brookfield, Variorum, 1999.
48. AAKM = Robin, Christian, L'Arabie antique de Karib'il à Mahomet, Aix-en- Provence, Edisud, 1991.
49. AAW = Altheim, Franz, and Stiehl, Ruth, Die Araber in der alten Welt, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1964-69.
50. ABADY = Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen (Deutsche Archaeologische Institut San'a).
51. ADAJ = Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan.
52. AF = Nebes, Norbert, ed., Arabia Felix: Festschrift Walter Müller, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1994.
53. AMB = Salles, J.F., L'Arabie et ses mers bordières 1: itinéraires et voisinages, Paris, Maison de l'Orient, 1988.
54. ANBC = Phillips, C.S., et al., eds, Arabia and its neighbours: essays in honour of Beatrice de Cardi, Brepols, Abiel II, 1998.
55. AOMIM = Boucharlat, R., and Salles, J.F., eds, Arabie orientale, Mésopotamie et Iran méridional de l'âge du fer au début de la période islamique, Paris, Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1984.
56. AP = Fahd, T. ed., L'Arabie préislamique et son environnment historique et culturel: colloque de Strasbourg 1987, Leiden, Brill, 1989.
57. ASB = Gabrieli, Francesco, ed., L'antica società beduina, Rome, Centro di Studi Semitici, 1959.
58. ASMG = Ibrahim, Moawiyah, Arabian Studies in honour of Mahmoud Ghul, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1989.
59. ATB = Potts, D.T., ed., Araby the blest: studies in Arabian archaeology, Copenhagen, Carston Niebuhr Institute, 1988.
60. CSL = Black, J.A., et al., The electronic text corpus of Sumerian literature, http://www.etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk, Oxford, 1998- Harran Inscription = Gadd, C.J., 'The Harran inscriptions of Nabonidus', Anatolian Studies 8, 1958, 35-92.
61. Herodotus, History, 4 vols, ed./tr. A.D. Godley, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1926.
62. IA = Borger, Riekele, Die Inschriften Asarhaddons Königs von Assyrien, Graz, Archiv für Orientforschung, 1956.
63. ITP = Tadmor, H., The inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III king of Assyria, Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994.
64. La = Cooper, J.S., Sumerian and Akkadian royal inscriptions, I: pre-Sargonic inscriptions, New Haven, AOS, 1986, 22-30 (Lagash texts).
65. Ni = Goetze, A., 'The texts Ni. 615 and Ni. 641 of the Istanbul Museum', Journal of Cuneiform Studies 6, 1952, 142-45 (Nippur texts).
66. RIM = Frayne, Douglas, The royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, 2: Sargonic and Gutian periods, Toronto, University of Toronto, 1993.
67. Sappho = Page, Denys, ed./tr., Sappho and Alcaeus, Oxford, Clarendon, 1955.
68. Suhu = Cavigneaux, A., and Ismail, B.K., 'Die Statthalter von Suhu und Mari im 8. Jh. v. Chr.', Baghdader Mitteilungen 21, 1990, 321-456.
69. UET = Ur Excavation Texts; the letter of Ea-Nasir cited in ch. 1 is translated in W.F. Leemans, Foreign trade in the Old Babylonian period, Leiden, Studia et Documenta, 1960, 39. VAT 5600 = Weippert, Manfred, 'Die Kämpfe des assyrischen Königs Assurbanipal gegen die Araber', Die Welt des Orients 7, 1973-74, 74-85.
70. Xenophon, Anabasis/Cyropaedia, ed./tr. C.L. Brownson/W. Miller, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1922/1914. Classical texts (330 BC-AD 400)
71. Aelian, On the characteristics of animals, 3 vols, ed./tr. A.F. Scholfield, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1958-59.
72. Ammianus Marcellinus, History, 3 vols, ed./tr. J.C. Rolfe, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1950.
73. Appian, Roman history, 4 vols, ed./tr. Horace White, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1912.
74. Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri and Indica, 2 vols, ed./tr. P.A. Brunt, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1976.
75. Athenaeus, The deipnosophists, 7 vols, ed./tr. C.B. Gulick, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1928.
76. Cassius Dio, Roman history, 9 vols, ed./tr. E. Cary, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1914.
77. Cicero, De divinatione, 2 vols, ed. A.S. Pease, Urbana, University of Illinois, 1920-23.
78. --Epistulae ad familiares, 4 vols, ed./tr. V. Glynn Williams, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1926.
79. Delos = Durrbach, F., et al., Inscriptions de Délos, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1926-.
80. Diodorus Siculus, History, 12 vols, ed./tr. C.H. Oldfather et al., Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1933.
81. Festus, Breviarum, ed. J.W. Eadie, London, Athlone, 1967.
82. Herodian, History, 2 vols, ed./tr. C.R. Whittaker, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1969.
83. Josephus, Antiquities, 6 vols, ed./tr. H. St J. Thackeray et al., Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1930.
84. Nicander of Colophon, Poems and political fragments, ed. A.S.F. Gow and A.F. Scholfield, Cambridge, CUP, 1953.
85. Notitita dignitatum, ed. Otto Seeck, Berlin, Weidemann, 1876. Periplus maris Erythraei, ed./tr. Lionel Casson, Princeton, New Jersey, PUP, 1989. Pliny, Natural history, 10 vols, ed./tr. H. Rackham et al., Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1942.
86. Polybius, The histories, 6 vols, ed./tr. W.R. Paton, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1954. Porphyry, De abstinentia, 3 vols, ed./tr. J. Bouffartigue and M. Patillon, Paris, Belles Lettres, 1977-95.
87. Ptolemy, The geography, ed. K.F.A. Nobbe, Leipzig, Otto Holtze, 1888-1913; tr. E.L. Stevenson, New York, NY Public Library, 1932. Scriptores historiae Augustae, 2 vols, ed. E. Hohl, Leipzig, Teubner, 1927. Strabo, The geography, 8 vols, ed./tr. H.L. Jones, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1917. Theophrastus, Enquiry into plants, 2 vols, ed./tr. A. Hort, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1916. Zenon papyri, 4 vols, ed. C.C. Edgar, Cairo, Musée du Caire, 1925-31. Christian and Zoroastrian texts (200-AD 700)
88. Ahudemmeh, 'Histoire', ed./tr. F. Nau, Patrologia Orientalis 3, 1909, 52-96. Anastasius of Sinai = Nau, F., ed., 'Le Texte grec des récits du moine Anastase sur les saints pères du Sinaï', Oriens Christianus 2, 1902, 58-89.
89. Antoninus Placentinus, Itinerarium, ed. P. Geyer, Turnhout, Brepols, 1965, 127-53; tr. J. Wilkinson in his Jerusalem pilgrims before the crusades, Warminster, Aris and Phillips, 1977, 79-89.
90. Bardaisan, The book of the laws of countries, ed./tr. H.J.W. Drijvers, Assen, Van Gorcum, 1964.
91. Chron. Khuzistan = Guidi, I., ed., Chronicon anonymum, Paris, CSCO, 1903. Chronicle of Siirt (10th century, but citing earlier writers), ed./tr. A. Scher, Patrologia Orientalis 4-5, 7, 11, 1908-19.
92. Cosmas Indicopleustes, Topographie chrétienne, 3 vols, ed./tr. W. Wolska- Conus, Paris, Cerf, 1968-73.
93. Cyril of Scythopolis, Lives of the monks of Palestine, ed. E. Schwartz, Leipzig, Texte und Untersuchungen 49, 1939; tr. R.M. Price, Kalamazoo (Mi.), Cistercian Publications, 1991. Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion, 3 vols, ed. K. Holl, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1915-33; tr. F. Williams, Leiden, Brill, 1987-94.
94. Eusebius of Caesarea, Praeparatio evangelica, 5 vols, ed./tr. E.H. Gifford, Oxford, Clarendon, 1903.
95. George of Resh'aina, 'An early Syriac life of Maximus the Confessor', ed./tr. Sebastian Brock, Analecta Bollandiana 91, 1973, 299-346.
96. Jerome, 'Vita Hilarionis', Bibliotheca patrum latina (ed. J.P. Migne) 23, 1845, 29-53.
97. --'Vita Malchi', Bibliotheca patrum latina (ed. J.P. Migne) 23, 1845, 53-60. John bar Penkaye, Ktâbâ d-rîsh mellê, partial ed./tr. A. Mingana (Sources syriaques), Leipzig, 1907.
98. John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical history III, ed./tr. E.W. Brooks, Louvain, CSCO, 1952.
99. Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, ed./tr. W. Wright, Cambridge, CUP, 1882.
100. Malalas, Chronicle, ed. L. Dindorf, Bonn, Weber, 1831; tr. E. Jeffreys et al., Melbourne, Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986.
101. Malchus, Byzantine history, ed./tr. R.C. Blockley in The fragmentary classicising historians of the later Roman empire II, Liverpool, Francis Cairns, 1983, 402-55.
102. Marcellinus Comes, 'Chronicle', Bibliotheca patrum latina (ed. J.P. Migne) 51, 1846, 913-48.
103. Menander the Guardsman, History, ed./tr. R.C. Blockley, Liverpool, Francis Cairns, 1985.
104. Michael the Syrian (12th century, but citing earlier writers), Chronique, ed./tr. J.B. Chabot, 4 vols, Paris, Ernest Laroux, 1899-1910.
105. Nilus Monachus, 'Narrations', Bibliotheca patrum graeca (ed. J.P. Migne) 79, 1865, 583-694.
106. Paikuli = Humbach, H., and Skjaervo, P.O., The Sassanian inscription of Paikuli 3.1, Wiesbaden, Reichert, 1983.
107. Philostorgius, Historia ecclesiastica, ed. J. Bidez, rev. F. Winkelmann, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 1972; tr. E. Walford, London, Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library, 1855.
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109. Procopius, History of the wars and Buildings, 7 vols, ed./tr. H.B. Dewing, Cambridge (Ma.), Loeb, 1914 (references are to Wars unless B is prefixed).
110. Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle II, ed. J.B. Chabot, Paris, CSCO, 1933; tr. Witold Witakowski (part III), Liverpool, LUP, 1996.
111. Simeon Stylites, Das Leben, ed. (of Greek texts) H. Lietzmann/tr. (of Syriac texts) H. Hilgenfeld, Leipzig, Texte und Untersuchungen, 1908.
112. Sozomen, Ecclesiastical history, ed. R. Hussey, Oxford, Clarendon, 1860;
113. C.D. Hartranft in Nicene and Post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church, 2, Oxford, Parker and co., 1891, 239-427.
114. Stephen of Byzantium, Ethnikôn, ed. A. Westermann, Leipzig, Teubner, 1839. Suidas (10th century, but citing earlier writers), Lexicon, 5 vols, ed. A. Adler, Leipzig, Lexicographi graeci, 1928-38.
115. Synodicon orientale, ed./tr. J.B. Chabot, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1902. Theophanes Confessor, Chronicle, ed. C. de Boor, Leipzig, Weber, 1883-85; tr. C. Mango and R. Scott, Oxford, Clarendon, 1997.
116. Theophylact Simocatta, History, ed. C. de Boor, rev. P. Wirth, Stuttgart, Teubner, 1972; tr. M. and M. Whitby, Oxford, Clarendon, 1986.
117. Zacharias Rhetor, Historia ecclesiastica, 2 vols, ed./tr. E.W. Brooks, Paris, CSCO, 1919-24. Muslim texts (written after AD 700, but containing material on pre-Islamic Arabia)
118. Abu 'Ubayd, Qasim ibn Sallam, Amthâl, ed. A. al-Qatamish, Damascus, Markaz al-Bahth al-'Ilmi, 1980.
119. Asma'i, 'Abd al-Malik al-, Ta'rîkh al-'arab qabl al-islâm, ed. M.H. Al Yasin, Baghdad, al-Maktaba al-'Ilmiyya, 1959.
120. Awtabi, Salma ibn Musallim al-, Kitâb ansâb al-'arab, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. arabe 5019.
121. Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-, Al-s . ah . îh . , 4 vols, ed. L. Krehl, Leiden, Brill, 1862-1908.
122. Dinawari, Ahmad ibn Da'ud al-, Al-akhbâr al-t . iwâl, ed. M.S. al-Rafi', Cairo, Matba'at al-Sa'ada, 1910.
123. Hamdani, Hasan ibn Ahmad al-, Kitâb al-iklîl, vol. 8, ed. A.M. al-Karmali, Baghdad, Dar al-Salam, 1931; tr. N.A. Faris, Princeton, PUP, 1938 (as The antiquities of south Arabia).
124. Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Al-'iqd al-farîd, 9 vols, ed. M.M. Qumayha and A.M. Tarhini, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1983. Ibn al-Athir, 'Ali ibn Muhammad, Usd al-ghâba, 5 vols, Cairo, Jam'iyyat al- Ma'arif, 1869-71.
125. Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik, Sîrat rasûl Allâh, ed. F. Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, Dieterichsche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1858-60; tr.
126. A. Guillaume (as The life of Muhammad), Karachi, OUP, 1955.
127. Ibn Maja, Muhammad ibn Yazid, Sunan, 2 parts in 1, Cairo, al-Matba'a al-'Ilmiyya, 1895.
128. Ibn Qutayba, 'Abdallah ibn Muslim, 'Uyûn al-akhbâr, 4 vols, Cairo, Dar al-Kutub, 1925-30.
129. Ibn Rashiq, Hasan, Al-'umda, 2 vols, Cairo, Matba'at al-Sa'ada, 1963. Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, Kitâb al-t . abaqât al-kabîr, 8 vols, ed. E. Sachau et al., Leiden, Brill, 1905-40.
130. Isfahani, 'Ali ibn Husayn al-, Kitâb al-aghânî, 24 vols, Cairo, Dar al-Kutub, 1927-74.
131. Jahiz, H . ayawân, 7 vols, ed. A.M. Harun, Cairo, Mustafa Albabi al-Halabi, 1940-45.
132. --'Amr ibn Bahr al-, 'Manâqib al-Atrâk', ed. A.M. Harun in Rasâ'il al-Jâh . iz . , Cairo, Khanji, 1964, 1.5-86.
133. Marzubani, Muhammad ibn 'Imran, Kitâb nûr al-qabas/Die Gelehr- tenbiographien, ed. R. Sellheim, Wiesbaden, Bibliotheca Islamica, 1964. Mas'udi, 'Ali ibn Husayn al-, Murûj al-dhahab/Les Prairies d'or, 9 vols, ed./tr. C. Barbier de Meynard and J.B. Pavet de Courteille, Paris, Société Asiatique, 1861-77.
134. Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Al-s . ah . îh . , 2 parts in 1, Bulaq, 1873. Nuwayri, Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Nihâyat al-arab, 31 vols, Cairo, Dar al-Kutub, 1924-92.
135. Qali, Isma'il ibn al-Qasim al-, Dhayl al-amâlî wa-l-nawâdir, Cairo, Dar al- Kutub, 1926. Quran: I use the text of M.M. Pickthall, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1976, and the translation of N.J. Dawood, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1956. Sibawayh, Al-kitâb/Le Livre, 2 vols, ed. Hartwig Derenbourg, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1881-89.
136. Suyuti, 'Abd al-Rahman al-, Al-muzhir fî 'ulûm al-lugha, 2 parts in 1, Cairo, 1907.
137. Tabari = Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir al-, Ta'rîkh al-rusul wa-l-mulûk, 3 series, ed. M.J. de Goeje et al., Leiden, Brill, 1879-1901; tr. The history of al-Tabari, 39 vols, Albany, SUNY, 1985-99.
138. --Tafsîr al-qurân, 30 vols, Bulaq, 1905-12.
139. Tawhidi, Abu Hayyan al-, Kitâb al-imtâ' wa-l-mu'ânasa, ed. A. Amin and A. al-Zayn, Cairo, 1953.
140. Wahb ibn Munabbih, Kitâb al-tîjân, Hyderabad, Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyya, 1929.
141. Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Ya'qub al-, Ta'rîkh, 2 vols, ed. M.T. Houtsma, Leiden, Brill, 1883.
142. P R I M A RY S O U R C E S : T E X T S F R O M W I T H I N A R A B I A Inscriptions and papyri 'Abadan = Robin, Christian, and Gajda, Iwona, 'L'Inscription du Wadi 'Abadan', Raydan 6, 1994, 113-37.
143. AH = Abu l-Hasan, Husayn b. Ali, Qirâ'a li-kitâbât Lih . yâniyya min Jabal 'Akma bi-mant . iqat al-'Ulâ, Riyad, King Fahd National Library, 1997.
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145. BIA = Bulletin de l'Institut de l'Archéologie (re: vol. 10, 1972, containing the 'Preliminary survey in N.W. Arabia, 1968' of P.J. Parr et al.).
146. CIAS = Corpus des inscriptions et antiquités sud-arabes, Louvain, Peeters, 1977-. CIS = Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum, Paris, e Reipublicae Typographeo, 1881-. Darb al-Sabi = Robin, Christian, et al., 'Le Sanctuaire Minéen de Nkrh à Darb as-Sabi', Raydan 5, 1988, 91-159.
147. Doe 1-7 = Beeston, A.F.L., 'Miscellaneous epigraphic notes', Raydan 4, 1981, 9-14; 5, 1988, 5-10.
148. Fa = Fakhry, A., An archaeological journey to Yemen, part II: epigraphical texts (by G. Ryckmans), Cairo, Government Press, 1952.
149. Gl = 'Sammlung Eduard Glaser', Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, 1913-81.
150. H = Healey, John, The Nabataean tomb inscriptions of Mada'in Salih, Oxford, JSS, 1993.
151. Hamilton = Brown, W.L., and Beeston, A.F.L., 'Sculptures and inscriptions from Shabwa', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1954, 43-62 (deposited by Major Hamilton in the Ashmolean, Oxford).
152. Haram = Robin, Christian, Inventaires des inscriptions sud-arabiques, Paris/Rome, Boccard/Herder, 1992, 1.9-126.
153. HIT = Livingstone, A., 'A linguistic, tribal and onomastical study of the Hasaean inscriptions', Atlal 8, 1984, 86-108 (pp. 87-90 = Hasaean inscriptions from Thaj).
154. IGLS = Jalabert, L., et al., Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, Paris, Geuthner, 1929-.
155. IIH = Aggoula, B., Inventaire des inscriptions Hatréennes, Paris, Geuthner, 1991.
156. IMT = Müller, Walter, 'Sabäische Inschriften aus dem Museum in Ta'izz', NESE 1.87-102.
157. Ingrams 1-3 = Philby, H. St J., 'Three new inscriptions from Hadramaut', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1945, 124-32.
158. Ir.
159. = Iryani, M.A., Fî ta'rîkh al-Yaman. Sharh . wa-ta'lîq 'alâ nuqûsh lam tunshar, Cairo, Dar el-Hana, 1973.
160. ISB = Oxtoby, W.G., Some inscriptions of the Safaitic bedouin, New Haven, American Oriental Society, 1968.
161. Ja 550-850 = Jamme, A., Sabaean inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1962.
162. Ja 910-1006 = Jamme, A., The al-'Uqlah texts, Washington, Catholic University of America, 1963.
163. Ja 1008-62 = Jamme, A., Sabaean and Hasaean inscriptions from Saudi Arabia, Rome, Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente, 1966.
164. Ja 2106-20 = Jamme, A., and Doe, D.B., 'New Sabaean inscriptions from South Arabia', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1968, 2-25.
165. Ja 2830-69 = Jamme, A., 1974-75 Yemen expedition, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum, 1976.
166. Ja 2892-900 = Jamme, A., 'Pre-Islamic Arabian miscellanea', Hudhud 95-112.
167. Jidhma = Robin, Christian, ''Amdan Bayyin Yuhaqbid, roi de Saba et de Dhu Raydan', ESA 187-88.
168. JS = Jaussen, P., and Savignac, P., Mission archéologique en Arabie, Paris, Geuthner, 1909-22.
169. KJA = King, Geraldine, Early north Arabian Thamudic E: a preliminary description based on a new corpus of inscriptions from the Hisma desert, 2 vols, London, SOAS, 1990, 1.176-252.
170. M = Iscrizioni sudarabiche, vol. 1: iscrizioni minee, Napoli, Istituto Orientale, 1974. Mi'sal 7-9 = Robin, Christian, ''Amdan Bayyin Yuhaqbid, roi de Saba et de Dhu Raydan', ESA 176-77.
171. MNA = Macdonald, M.C.A., North Arabian inscriptions and drawings, forthcoming. NAG 1-20 = Nami, K.Y., 'Nuqûsh 'arabiyya g anûbiyya', Kulliyyat al-âdâb (Cairo) 9, 16, 20, 22-24, 1947-66.
172. Nami = Nami, K.Y., Nashr nuqûsh sâmiyya qadîma, Cairo, al-Ma'had al-'Ilmi al-Faransi, 1943.
173. Nessana Papyri = Kraemer, C.J., ed./tr., Excavations at Nessana, vol. 3, Princeton, PUP, 1958.
174. NIA = Negev, A., 'Nabatean inscriptions from 'Avdat (Oboda)', Israel Exploration Journal 11, 1961, 127-38; 13, 1963, 113-24.
175. NIN = Milik, J.T., 'Nouvelles inscriptions Nabatéennes', Syria 35, 1958, 227-51.
176. PAES = Littmann, Enno, Semitic inscriptions, Leiden (Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria 1904-5 and 1909, division 4), 1914-49 (parts A-D).
177. PAT = Hillers, Delbert R., and Cussini, Eleonora, Palmyrene Aramaic texts, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1996. Qutra 1 = Robin, Christian, AAKM, 141-43.
178. RB = Revue Biblique (re: R. Savignac, 'Le Sanctuaire d'Allat à Iram', 41-43, 1932-34).
179. RES = Répertoire d'épigraphie sémitique, 8 vols, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1900-68.
180. Ry = Ryckmans, G., 'Inscriptions sud-arabes', in numerous articles in Le Muséon between 40, 1927, and 78, 1965.
181. Sharaf = Sharafaddin, A.H., Ta'rîkh al-Yaman al-thaqâfî 3, Cairo, 1967.
182. SIJ = Winnett, F.V., Safaitic inscriptions from Jordan, Toronto, University of Toronto, 1957.
183. SOYCE = Soviet Yemenite Complex Expedition; see S.A. Frantsouzoff, 'The inscriptions of the temples of Dhat Himyam at Raybun', PSAS 25, 1995, 15-27.
184. Sy = Syria (re: R. Mouterde and A. Poidebard, 'Palmyre et Hit au II siècle ap. J.C.', and J. Cantineau, 'Textes palmyréniens du temple de Bêl', 12, 1931, 101-15, 116-41).
185. VL = Van Lessen collection. For VL 7 see Beeston, A.F.L., 'Notes on old south Arabian lexicography X', Le Muséon 89, 1976, 420-23; for VL 9 see M. Ghul, 'New Qatabani inscriptions', BSOAS 22, 1959, 419-23.
186. WH = Winnett, F.V., and Harding, G. Lankester, Inscriptions from fifty Safaitic cairns, Toronto, University of Toronto, 1978.
187. WR = Winnett, F.V., and Reed, W.L., Ancient records from north Arabia, Toronto, University of Toronto, 1970.
188. YMN = Abdallah, Y.M., 'Mudawwanat al-nuqûsh al-yamaniyya al-qadîma', Dirâsât yamaniyya (San'a) 3, 1979, 45-50 (no. 13); al-Iklil (San'a) 8, 1990, 76-78 (no. 19).
189. ZI = 'Inan, Zayd, Ta'rîkh h . ad . ârat al-Yaman al-qadîm, Cairo, Salfiyya, 1976. Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry (c.500-630 AD)
190. 'Amr ibn Qami'a, Dîwân/The poems of, ed./tr. C.J. Lyall, Cambridge, CUP, 1919.
191. A'sha: the piece I quote is edited in C.J. Lyall, A commentary on ten ancient Arabic poems, Calcutta, 1894, 146-47, and translated in Nicholson, Literary history of the Arabs, 125.
192. Hassan ibn Thabit, Dîwân, ed. H. Hirschfeld, Leiden and London, E.J.W. Gibb Memorial, 1910.
193. Hatim al-Ta'i, Dîwân, ed./tr. Friedrich Schulthess, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1897. Hudhaliyyun, Dîwân, ed. J.G.L. Kosegarten, London, Oriental Translation Fund, 1854 (nos. 1-138); ed./tr. J. Wellhausen in his Skizzen und Vorarbeiten I, Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1884 (nos. 139-).
194. Ikh. = Akhfash al-Asghar, Kitâb al-ikhtiyârayn, ed. F. Qabawa, Damascus, Majma' al-Lugha al-'Arabiyya, 1974.
195. Imru' al-Qays, Dîwân, ed. W. Ahlwardt in his The diwans of the six ancient poets, London, Trubner, 1870, 115-62.
196. Labid, Dîwân, ed. I. Abbas, Kuwait, Wizarat al-Irshad wa-l-Anba', 1962. Mu. = Mu'allaqât, the seven most famous pre-Islamic Arabic poems. I use the edition of C.J. Lyall, A commentary on ten ancient Arabic poems, Calcutta, 1894, and the translations of A.J. Arberry, The seven odes, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1957 (Imru' al-Qays, Tarafa, 'Antara, 'Amr, Haritha);
197. C.J. Lyall, Translations of ancient Arabian poetry, London, Williams and Norgate, 1930, 111-15 (Zuhayr);
198. A.F.L. Beeston, 'An experiment with Labid', Journal of Arabic Literature 7, 1976, 1-6 (Labid).
199. Muf. = Lyall, C.J., ed./tr., The mufad . d . aliyât, Oxford, Clarendon, 1918.
200. Muhalhil = Cheikho, L., ed., Shu'arâ' nas . râniyya, 2 vols, Beirut, Jesuit Fathers, 1890, 1.160-81; see Stetkevych, Mute immortals, 206-38.
201. Nabigha al-Dhubyani, Dîwân, ed. A. 'Abd al-Satir, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1984.
202. Tarafa ibn al-'Abd, Dîwân, ed. D. al-Khatib and L. al-Saqqal, Damascus, Majma' al-Lugha al-'Arabiyya, 1975.
203. Tufayl ibn 'Auf, Dîwân/The poems of, ed./tr. F. Krenkow, London, E.J.W. Gibb Memorial, 1927. Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, Dîwân, ed. K. al-Bustani, Beirut, Dar al-Sader, 1964 (references are to page numbers).
204. S E C O N D A RY S O U R C E S 1 East Arabia Survey works
205. Hellyer, Peter, Hidden riches: an archaeological introduction to the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, Union National Bank, 1998.
206. Potts, D.T., The Arabian Gulf in antiquity, 2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon, 1990.
207. Rice, Michael, The archaeology of the Arabian Gulf, London, Routledge, 1994. Traces of paradise: the archaeology of Bahrain 2500 BC-300 AD: an exhibition at the Brunei Gallery, London, July-September 2000, London, Bahrain National Museum, 2000. Bronze Age BAA (all articles relevant; see also review and update by H.I. Macadam, 'Dilmun revisited', AAE 1, 1990, 49-87). J. Reade's article, pp. 332-3, discusses cylinder seal of Ubalisu-Marduk.
208. Calvet, Yves, 'Le Pays de Dilmoun au II millénaire: découvertes récentes', AP 15-24.
209. Chakrabarti, D.K., 'The Indus civilisation and the Arabian Gulf: an Indian point of view', ANBC 303-14.
210. Cleuziou, Serge, 'Dilmoun-Arabie', AMB 27-58 (urges caution on identification and chronology).
211. Crawford, Harriet, 'Dilmun, victim of world recession', PSAS 26, 1996, 13-22.
212. --Dilmun and its Gulf neighbours, Cambridge, CUP, 1998.
213. Durand, Capt., 'Extracts from report on the islands and antiquities of Bahrein', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12, 1880, 6-7 (stone mentioning 'palace of Rimum. . . . ').
214. Hojlund, F., 'The ethnic composition of the population of Dilmun', PSAS 23, 1993, 1-7.
215. Hrus ka, B., 'Dilmun in den vorsargonischen Wirtschafttexten aus S uruppak und Lagas ' in Potts, ed., Dilmun, 83-85.
216. Millard, A.R., 'Cypriot copper in Babylonia c. 1745 BC', Journal of Cuneiform Studies 25, 1973, 211-13.
217. Oljidam, Eric, 'Nippur and Dilmun in the second half of the 14th c. BC: a re-evaluation of the Ili-ippasra letters', PSAS 27, 1997, 199-204.
218. Potts, D.T., ed., Dilmun: new studies in the archaeology and early history of Bahrain, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 1983.
219. --'The booty of Magan', Oriens Antiquus 25, 1986, 271-85.
220. --'The late prehistoric, protohistoric and early historic periods in eastern Arabia (c.5000-1200 BC)', Journal of World Prehistory 7, 1993, 163-212.
221. --'Rewriting the late prehistory of southeastern Arabia: a reply to J. Orchard', Iraq 59, 1997, 63-71. Iron Age
222. Bienkowski, Piotr, Early Edom and Moab, Sheffield, J.R. Collis, 1992 (re: Iron Age tribal kingdoms).
223. Boucharlat, R., 'Les Périodes pré-Islamiques récentes aux Emirats Arabes Unis', AOMIM 189-97.
224. Ferrara, A.J., 'An inscribed stone slab of Nebuchadnezzar II', Journal of Cuneiform Studies 27, 1975, 231-32.
225. Finkelstein, I., and Na'aman, Nadav, eds, From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel, Jerusalem, Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1994 (re: Iron Age tribal kingdoms).
226. Graf, David, 'Arabia during Achaemenid times', Achaemenid History 4 (Leiden, Nederlands Institut voor het Nabije Oosten), 1990, 131-48 (re: Hagar).
227. Liverani, M., 'The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the Bronze Age' in M. Rowlands et al., eds, Centre and periphery in the ancient world, Cambridge, CUP, 1987, 66-73.
228. Lombard, Pierre, 'Ages du fer sans fer: le cas de la péninsule d'Oman au 1 millénaire avant J.C.', AP 25-37.
229. Magee, Peter, and Carter, Rob, 'Agglomeration and regionalism: southeastern Arabia between 1400 and 1100 BC', AAE 10, 1999, 161-79.
230. Müller, Walter, 'Zur Inschrift auf einem Krugfragment aus Muweilah', AAE 10, 1999, 51-53.
231. Potts, D.T., 'From Qadê to Mazûn: four notes on Oman 700BC-700AD', Journal of Oman Studies 1, 1975, 81-94.
232. Roaf, M., 'The subject peoples on the base of the statue of Darius', Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 4, 1974, 73-160.
233. Salles, J.F., 'Les Echanges commerciaux et culturels dans le Golfe arabo- persique au 1 millénnaire avant J.C.', AP 67-96.
234. --'Les Achéménides dans le Golfe arabo-persique', Achaemenid History 4 (Leiden, Nederlands Institut voor het Nabije Oosten), 1990, 111-30.
235. Sass, Benjamin, The genesis of the alphabet and its development in the second millennium BC, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1988.
236. Schmidt, E.F., Persepolis, 3 vols, Chicago, University of Chicago, 1953-70 (3.108: province lists; 3.111: status of Arabians; 3 figs. 47, 50: portrayal of Macians, Arabians).
237. Sherratt, Susan, 'Commerce, iron and ideology: metallurgical innovation in 12-11th century Cyprus' in Proceedings of the international symposium 'Cyprus in the 11th century BC', Nicosia, Leventis Foundation, 1994, 59-106.
238. Sherratt, Susan and Andrew, 'From luxuries to commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems' in N.H. Gale, ed., Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean, Jonsered, Paul Aströms, 1991, 351-86.
239. --'The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC', World Archaeology 24, 1993, 361-78.
240. Ungnad, A., Neubabylonische Rechts-und Verwaltungskunden I, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1935 (pp. 550-51 translate and discuss the text relating to 'administrator of Dilmun').
241. Zarins, J., 'Persia and Dhofar: aspects of Iron Age international politics and trade' in G.D. Young et al., eds, Crossing boundaries and linking horizons, Bethesda, CDL, 1997, 615-89.
242. Greco-Roman/Parthian period
243. AAW, 'Omana und Gerrha', 1.107-13; 'Bahrain und der Untergang Gerrha's', 5.1.163-69; 'On the location of Gerra', 5.2.36-57 (by W.E. James).
244. Blau, O., 'Die Wanderung der sabäischen Völkerstämme im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.', ZDMG 22, 1868, 654-73.
245. Boucharlat, R., 'Les Périodes pré-Islamiques récentes aux Emirats Arabes Unis', AOMIM 189-97.
246. --and Mouton, M., 'Cultural change in the Oman peninsula during the late 1st millennium BC as seen from Mleiha, Sharjah Emirate', PSAS 21, 1991, 23-33.
247. --and Salles, J.F., 'The history and archaeology of the Gulf from the fifth century BC to the seventh century AD', PSAS 11, 1981, 65-84.
248. Fahd, T., 'Gerrhéens et G urhumites', in Hans Roemer and Albrecht Noth, eds, Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients: Festschrift für B. Spuler, Leiden, Brill, 1981, 67-78.
249. Groom, N. St J., 'Gerrha -a "lost" Arabian city', Atlal 6, 1982, 97-108.
250. Haerinck, E., 'Abi'el, the ruler of southeastern Arabia', AAE 10, 1999, 124-28.
251. Högemann, Peter, Alexander der Grosse und Arabien, Munich, C.H. Beck, 1985.
252. Jeppesen, Kristian, 'The Ikaros inscription', in Ikaros: the Hellenistic settlements, 3, Moesgaard, Jutland Archaeological Society, 1989, 82-103.
253. Lombard, Pierre, 'The salt mine site and the "Hasaean period" of north- eastern Arabia', ATB 117-35.
254. Mouton, Michel, 'Les Echanges entre l'Arabie du Sud et la péninsule d'Oman du 3 s. av. J.C. au 4 s. ap. J.C.' in A. Avanzini, ed., Profumi d'Arabia, Rome, 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider, 1997, 297-311.
255. Potts, D.T., 'Thaj in the light of recent research', Atlal 7, 1983, 86-101.
256. --'Northeastern Arabia in the later pre-Islamic era', AOMIM 85-123.
257. --'Thaj and the location of Gerrha', PSAS 14, 1984, 87-91.
258. --'Arabia and the kingdom of Characene', ATB 137-67.
259. --'The Roman relationship with the Persicus sinus from the rise of Spasinou Charax (127 BC) to the reign of Shapur II (AD 309-79)' in Susan Alcock, ed., The early Roman empire in the east, Oxford, Oxbow, 1997, 89-107.
260. Salles, J.F., 'Bahrain "hellénistique": données et problèmes', AOMIM 151-62.
261. Seray, Hamad bin, 'Spasinou Charax and its commercial relations with the East through the Arabian Gulf', Aram 8, 1996, 15-23.
262. Byzantine/Sasanian period
263. AAW, 'Die Araber an der oströmisch-persischen Grenze im 4. Jahrhundert', 2.312-32; 'S apur II. und die Araber', 2.344-56.
264. Abu Ezzah, A., 'The political situation in eastern Arabia at the advent of Islam', PSAS 9, 1979, 53-64.
265. Beaucamp, J., and Robin, Christian, 'L'Evêche nestorien de Mâs mâhîg dans l'archipel d'al-Bahrayn' in D.T. Potts, ed., Dilmun, Berlin, 1983, 171-95.
266. Bernard, V., and Salles, J.F., 'Discovery of a Christian church at al-Qusur, Failaka', PSAS 21, 1991, 7-21.
267. Boucharlat, R., and Salles, J.F., 'The history and archaeology of the Gulf from the fifth century BC to the seventh century AD', PSAS 11, 1981, 65-84.
268. Calvet, M.A., 'Les Ecrivains chrétiens de l'antiquité et le Golfe', AOMIM 347-50.
269. Cardi, Beatrice de, 'A Sasanian outpost in northern Oman', Antiquity 46, 1972, 305-10.
270. Donner, Fred, 'The Bakr b. Wa'il tribes and politics in northeastern Arabia on the eve of Islam', Studia Islamica 51, 1980, 5-37.
271. Frye, Richard N., 'Bahrain under the Sasanians' in D.T. Potts, ed., Dilmun, Berlin, 1983, 167-70.
272. Healey, John F., 'The Christians of Qatar in the 7th century AD', in I.R. Netton, ed., Studies in honour of C.E. Bosworth, Leiden, Brill, 2000, 1.222-37.
273. Kennet, Derek, 'Evidence for 4th/5th century Sasanian occupation at Khatt, Ras al-Khaimah', ANBC 105-16.
274. Kervran, Monik, 'A la recherche de Suhar: état de la question', AOMIM 285-97.
275. Langfeldt, J.A., 'Recently discovered early Christian monuments in northeastern Arabia', AAE 5, 1994, 32-60.
276. Lecker, M., 'The levying of taxes for the Sasanians in pre-Islamic Medina', Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam forthcoming (Persians govern Hijaz via governor in Bahrain, then via a local Arab vassal).
277. Maricq, A., 'Res gestae divi Saporis', Syria 35, 1958, 295-360 (re: Naqsh-i Rustam inscription).
278. Piacentini, V.F., 'Ardashir I Papakan and the wars against the Arabs', PSAS 15, 1985, 57-77.
279. Potts, D.T., 'Nestorian crosses from Jabal Berri', AAE 5, 1994, 61-65.
280. Rothstein, G., Die Dynastie der Lahmiden in al-Hira, Berlin, Reuter und Reichard, 1899.
281. Seray, Hamad bin, 'Christianity in east Arabia', Aram 8, 1996, 315-32.
282. --'The Arabian Gulf in Syriac sources', New Arabian Studies 4, 1997, 205-42.
283. Tardieu, M., 'L'Arabie du Nord-Est d'après les documents manichéens', Studia Iranica 23, 1994, 59-75 (discusses a reference to Manichaeans in Khatt).
284. Wilkinson, J.C., 'Arab-Persian land relationships in late Sasanid Oman', PSAS 3, 1973, 40-51.
285. --'The Julanda of Oman', Journal of Oman Studies 1, 1975, 97-107. Archaeology (See also relevant references in the sections above and in chapter 7.)
286. Cleuziou, Serge, 'Hili and the beginning of oasis life in eastern Arabia', PSAS 12, 1982, 15-22.
287. Hassell, Jonathan, 'Alabaster beehive-shaped vessels from the Arabian peninsula', AAE 8, 1997, 245-81.
288. Orchard, J., 'Third millennium oasis towns and environmental constraints on settlement in the al-Hajar region', Iraq 56, 1994, 63-88.
289. Potts, D.T., 'Nabataean finds from Thaj and Qatif', AAE 2, 1991, 138-44.
290. --'A new Bactrian find from southeastern Arabia', Antiquity 67, 1993, 591-96 (re: bone comb).
291. Whitehouse, D., Excavations at ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, U.A.E.) I: the glass vessels, Louvain, Peeters, 2000.
292. South Arabia Survey works
293. Breton, J.F., L'Arabie heureuse au temps de la reine de Saba, Paris, Hachette, 1998.
294. Doe, Brian, Southern Arabia, London, Thames and Hudson, 1971.
295. Jemen, 3000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur des glücklichen Arabien, München 1987, Innsbruck, Pinguin, 1987.
296. Robin, Christian, 'Sheba dans les inscriptions d'Arabie du sud', Dictionnaire de la Bible, supplément 1996, 1047-1254.
297. Schippmann, Klaus, Geschichte der altsüdarabischen Reiche, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1998.
298. Yémen au pays de la reine de Saba: exposition présentée à l'Institut du monde arabe 1997-98, Paris, Flammarion, 1997 (an exhibition that has since gone to Vienna, Munich and Rome, spawning more catalogues). Iron Age
299. Avanzini, A., 'Saba' and the beginning of epigraphic documentation of the Jawf', AAE 7, 1996, 63-68.
300. --'La Chronologie "courte": un réexamen', AA 7-14.
301. Beek, Gus van, Hajar bin Humeid: investigations at a pre-Islamic site in south Arabia, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1969.
302. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Problems of Sabaean chronology', BSOAS 16, 1954, 37-56.
303. Dion, Paul, and Daviau, P.M., 'An inscribed incense altar of Iron Age II at Khirbet el-Mudeyine (Jordan)', Zeitschrift des Deustchen Palästina-Vereins 116, 2000, 1-13.
304. Edens, Christopher, and Wilkinson, T.J., 'Southwest Arabia during the Holocene: recent archaeological developments', Journal of World Prehistory 12, 1998, 55-119.
305. Garbini, Giovanni, 'La successione dei "Mukarrib" di Saba', ESA 93-99.
306. --'La Chronologie "longue": une mise au point', AA 15-22.
307. Korotayev, Andrey, 'The earliest Sabaeans in the Jawf: a reconsideration', AAE 9, 1998, 118-24.
308. Lemaire, A., 'Histoire du proche-orient et chronologie sudarabique avant Alexandre', AA 35-48.
309. --'Les Minéens et la Transeuphratène à l'époque perse', Transeuphratène 13, 1997, 123-39.
310. Magee, Peter, 'Writing in the Iron Age: the earliest south Arabian inscription from southeastern Arabia', AAE 10, 1999, 43-50.
311. Maigret, Alessandro de, The Sabaean archaeological complex in the Wadi Yala, Rome, IsMEO, 1988.
312. --and Robin, Christian, 'Les Fouilles Italiennes de Yalâ: nouvelles données sur la chronologie de l'Arabie du Sud préislamique', CRAIBL 1989, 255-91.
313. Pirenne, Jacqueline, 'Des Grecs à l'aurore de la culture monumentale sabéenne', AP 257-69.
314. Robin, Christian, 'Les Premiers Etats du Jawf et la civilisation sudarabique', AA 49-66.
315. --'Sumhuriyam, fils de Karib'il le grand, et le mukarribat', Südarabien 155-69.
316. Ryckmans, Jacques, L'Institution monarchique en Arabie méridionale avant l'Islam (Ma'in et Saba), Louvain, Publications universitaires, 1951.
317. --'Biblical and old south Arabian institutions: some parallels', in R. Bidwell and G.R. Smith, eds, Arabian and Islamic studies: articles presented to R.B. Serjeant, London, Longman, 1983, 14-25.
318. Saqqaf, H.M. al-, 'Awwal naqsh yadhkuru mkrb Awsân', Raydan 6, 1994, 111-20.
319. Sayed, Abdel Monem, 'Were there direct relationships between Pharaonic Egypt and Arabia?', PSAS 19, 1989, 155-64 (no!).
320. Singer-Avitz, Lily, 'Beersheba: a gateway community in southern Arabian long-distance trade in the eighth century BC', Tel Aviv 26, 1999, 3-75 (see also references in pastoralism section of ch. 4).
321. Wissmann, Hermann von, Das Grossreich der Sabäer bis zu seinem Ende im frühen 4. Jht. v. Chr., Vienna, Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissen- schaften, 1982 (ed. Walter Müller).
322. Greco-Roman/Parthian period
323. Bafaqih, M.A., L'Unification du Yémen antique: la lutte entre Saba', Himyar et le Hadramawt du 1 au III s. de l'ère chrétienne, Paris, Geuthner, 1990.
324. --and Arbach, M., 'Nouvelles Données sur la chronologie des rois du Hadramawt', Semitica 48, 1998, 109-26.
325. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Notes on old south Arabian lexicography VIII', Le Muséon 86, 1973, 443-53 (tr. of Ja 576).
326. --'The Himyarite problem', PSAS 5, 1975, 1-7.
327. --'The settlement at Khor Rori', Journal of Oman Studies 2, 1976, 39-42.
328. --'Some observations on Greek and Latin data relating to south Arabia', BSOAS 42, 1979, 7-12.
329. --'Old South Arabian era datings', PSAS 11, 1981, 1-5.
330. --'Further remarks on the Zayd-'il sarcophagus text', PSAS 14, 1984, 100-102.
331. --'Chronological problems of the Ancient South Arabian culture', SHA 2.3-6.
332. --'Sabaeans in Tihama', AAE 6, 1995, 236-45.
333. Bron, F., 'A propos de l'éponymie Qatabanite', Sayhadica 21-27.
334. Casson, Lionel, 'South Arabia's maritime trade in the first century AD', AP 187-94.
335. --'The Greek and Latin sources for the southwestern coast of Arabia', AAE 6, 1995, 214-21.
336. Gnoli, Gherardo, 'Il sincronismo Mineo-Persiano', AA 23-34 (re: RES 3022/M247).
337. Groom, Nigel, 'The Periplus, Pliny and Arabia', AAE 6, 1995, 180-95.
338. Müller, Walter, 'Arabian frankincense in antiquity according to classical sources', SHA 1.79-92.
339. --'Das Ende des antiken Königreichs Hadramaut: die sabäische Inschrift Schreyer-Geukens = Iryani 32', Hudhud 225-56.
340. Potts, D.T., 'Augustus, Aelius Gallus and the Periplus: a reinterpretation of the coinage of San'a class B', AF 212-22.
341. Robin, Christian, 'Le Calendrier himyarite: nouvelles suggestions', PSAS 11, 1981, 43-53.
342. --'Les Inscriptions d'al-Mi'sal et la chronologie de l'Arabie méridionale au III siècle de l'ère chrétienne', CRAIBL 1981, 315-39.
343. --Les Hautes-terres du nord-Yémen avant l'Islam, 2 vols, Leiden, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1982.
344. --'Aux origines de l'état Himjarite: Himyar et Dhu-Raydan', ASMG 104-12.
345. --'Première Mention de Tyr chez les Minéens d'Arabie du Sud', Semitica 39, 1990, 135-47.
346. --'La Pénétration des Arabes nomades au Yémen', AAKM 71-88.
347. --'A propos d'une nouvelle inscription du règne de Sha'r Awtar: un réexamen de l'éponymat sabéen à l'époque des rois de Saba et de dhu- Raydan', AF 230-49.
348. --'La Fin du royaume de Ma'in', Res Orientales 11, 1998, 177-88.
349. Rodinson, Maxime, 'L'Arabie du sud chez les auteurs classiques', in Chelhod, J., ed., L'Arabie du sud I, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984, 55-89.
350. Rougé, Jean, 'La Navigation en mer Erythrée dans l'antiquité', AMB 59-74.
351. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Les "Hierodulenlisten" de Ma'in et la colonisation Minéene', Scrinium Lovaniense: mélanges historiques E. van Cauwenbergh, Louvain, Université de Louvain, 1961, 51-61.
352. Salles, J.F., 'La Circumnavigation de l'Arabie dans l'antiquité classique', AMB 75-102.
353. Sayed, Abdel Monem, 'Reconsideration of the Minaean inscription of Zayd'il', PSAS 14, 1984, 93-99.
354. Sedov, Alexander, 'Sea-trade of the Hadramawt kingdom from the 1st to the 6th centuries AD', in A. Avanzini, ed., Profumi d'Arabia, Rome, 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider, 1997, 365-79.
355. Wissmann, Hermann von, 'Himyar, ancient history', Le Muséon 77, 1964, 429-97.
356. Zwettler, Michael, 'The "era of NBT" and "YMNT": two proposals', AAE 7, 1996, 95-107.
357. Byzantine/Sasanian period AAW, 'Dhu Nuwas', 5.1.305-91 (and related topics).
358. Ansary, A.T., 'Ad . wâ' jadîda 'alâ dawlat Kinda min khilâl âthâr Qaryat al-Faw wa-nuqûshihâ', SHA 3-15 (includes epitaph of Mu'awiya ibn Rabi'a).
359. Bafaqih, M.A., 'New light on the Yazanite dynasty', PSAS 9, 1979, 5-9.
360. --'Abraha . . . tubba'an! Ta'ammulât fî 'ahdih fî daw' naqshihi l-kabîr', ASMG 91-105 (re: CIS 4.541).
361. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Notes on the Mureighan inscription', BSOAS 16, 1954, 389-92 (tr. of Ry 506).
362. --'A note on Ma'dikarib's Wadil Masil text', Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli 42, 1982, 307-11 (re: Ry 510).
363. --'Two Bi'r Hima inscriptions re-examined', BSOAS 48, 1985, 42-52 (tr. of Ja 1028, Ry 507).
364. --'The martyrdom of Azqir', PSAS 15, 1985, 5-10.
365. --'The chain of al-Mandab', in On both sides of al-Mandab, studies presented to Oscar Löfgren, Stockholm, Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 1989, 1-6.
366. Blois, F. de, 'The date of the martyrs of Nagran', AAE 1, 1990, 110-28.
367. Frézouls, Edmond, 'Cosmas Indicopleustes et l'Arabie', AP 441-60.
368. Gajda, Iwona, 'Hug r b. 'Amr roi de Kinda et l'établissement de la domination himyarite en Arabie centrale', PSAS 26, 1996, 65-73.
369. Huxley, G.L., 'On the Greek Martyrium of the Negranites', Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 80, 1980, 41-55.
370. Kister, M.J., 'The campaign of Huluban: a new light on the expedition of Abraha', Le Muséon 78, 1965, 425-36.
371. Müller, Walter, 'Eine sabaeische Gesandtschaft in Ktesiphon und Seleukeia', NESE 2, 155-65.
372. --'Survey of the history of the Arabian peninsula from the 1st c. AD to the rise of Islam', SHA 2.125-31 (chiefly south Arabia).
373. --'CIH 325: die jüngste datierte sabäische Inschrift', ESA 117-31.
374. Olinder, Gunnar, The kings of Kinda, Lund, Gleerup, 1927.
375. Robin, Christian, 'Du nouveau sur les Yaz'anides', PSAS 16, 1986, 181-97.
376. --'La Tihama yéménite avant l'Islam: notes d'histoire et de géographie historique', AAE 6, 1995, 222-35.
377. --'Le royaume hujride, dit "royaume de Kinda", entre Himyar et Byzance', CRAIBL 1996, 665-714.
378. Rubin, Z., 'Byzantium and southern Arabia: the policy of Anastasius', in D.H. French and C.S. Lightfoot, eds, The eastern frontier of the Roman empire II, Oxford, BAR, 1989, 383-420.
379. Ryckmans, Jacques, La Persécution des chrétiens Himyarites au sixième siècle, Istanbul, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut, 1956.
380. --'Some remarks on the late Sabaean inscriptions', SHA 1.57-68.
381. --'A confrontation of the main hagiographic accounts of the Najran persecution', ASMG 113-33.
382. Sayed, Abdel Monem, 'Emendations to the Bir Murayghan inscription Ry 506', PSAS 18, 1988, 131-43.
383. Shahid, Irfan, The martyrs of Najran: new documents, Brussels, Société des Bollandistes, 1971.
384. --'Further reflections on the sources for the martyrs of Najran', ASMG 161-72.
385. Shitomi, Y., 'Réexamen de deux lettres attribuées à Siméon de Beth-Ars am relatives à la persécution de Nag ran', ESA 207-24.
386. 3 North and central Arabia Survey works (There are no survey works for all the peoples of this region during the pre-Islamic period, but only for specific peoples, especially Nabataeans, and specific places, especially Palmyra.)
387. Dussaud, René, La Pénétration des Arabes en Syrie avant l'Islam, Paris, Geuthner, 1955 (covers Nabataeans, Palmyrenes, Lihyan, Thamud, Safaites, without considering whether all are Arabs).
388. Eph'al, Israel, The ancient Arabs: nomads on the borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th-5th centuries BC, Jerusalem, Magnes, 1982.
389. Glueck, Nelson, Deities and dolphins: the story of the Nabataeans, London, Cassell, 1966.
390. Hammond, Philip, The Nabataeans: their history, culture and archaeology, Gothenburg, Paul Aströms, 1973.
391. Knauf, E.A., Ismael: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Palästinas und Nordarabiens im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr., Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1985.
392. Levy, Udi, Die Nabatäer: versunkene Kultur am Rande des heiligen Landes, Stuttgart, Urachhaus, 1996.
393. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'North Arabia in the first millennium BCE', CANE 2.1355-69.
394. Starcky, J., and Gawlikowski, M., Palmyre, Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1985.
395. Stoneman, Richard, Palmyra and its empire: Zenobia's revolt against Rome, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1992.
396. Will, Ernest, Les Palmyréniens: la Venise des sables, Paris, Armand Colin, 1992. Iron Age
397. Bawden, G., 'Continuity and disruption in the ancient Hejaz', AAE 3, 1992, 1-23 (argues against Parr's view that there was a break in settlement 11-6th centuries BC).
398. Dalley, S., and Goguel, A., 'The Sela' sculpture: a neo-Babylonian rock relief B I B L I O G R A P H Y in southern Jordan', ADAJ 41, 1997, 169-76 (a relief on a cliff near Petra effected by Nabonidus on his way to Tayma).
399. Deller, K., and Parpola, S., 'Ein Vertrag Assurbanipals mit dem arabischen Stamm Qedar', Orientalia 37, 1968, 464-66.
400. Dumbrell, William J., 'The Tell el-Maskhuta bowls and the kingdom of "Qedar" in the Persian period', BASOR 203, 1971, 33-44.
401. Gerardi, Pamela, 'The Arab campaigns of Assurbanipal: scribal recon- struction of the past', State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 6, 1992, 67-103.
402. Graf, David, 'Arabia during Achaemenid times', Achaemenid History 4 (Leiden, Nederlands Institut voor het Nabije Oosten), 1990, 131-48.
403. Knauf, E.A., 'The Persian administration in Arabia', Transeuphratène 2, 1990, 201-17.
404. --'Südarabien, Nordarabien und die hebräische Bibel', AF 115-22.
405. Livingstone, A., 'Arabians in Babylonia/Babylonians in Arabia', AP 97-105.
406. Parr, P.J., 'Pottery of the late second millennium BC from northwest Arabia', ATB 73-89.
407. --'Aspects of the archaeology of northwest Arabia in the first millennium BC', AP 39-66.
408. --'The early history of the Hejaz: a response to Garth Bawden', AAE 4, 1993, 48-58.
409. Rabinowitz, Isaac, 'Aramaic inscriptions of the fifth century BCE from a north-Arab shrine in Egypt', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 15, 1956, 1-9 (re: Tell el-Maskhuta bowl).
410. Reade, Julian, 'Assyrian illustrations of Arabs', ANBC 221-32.
411. Retso, Jan, 'The earliest Arabs', Orientalia Suecana 38-39, 1989-90, 131-39.
412. --'Xenophon in Arabia', Studia graeca et latina gothoburgensia 54, 1990, 122-33 (against F.M. Donner, 'Xenophon's Arabia', Iraq 48, 1986, 1-14).
413. Rouillard-Bonraisin, H., 'Présence et représentations des Arabes dans les écrits bibliques', PA 23-35.
414. Sack, Ronald, 'Nabonidus of Babylon', and Weisberg, D.B., 'Polytheism and politics: some comments on Nabonidus' foreign policy', in G.D. Young et al., eds, Crossing boundaries and linking horizons, Bethesda, CDL, 1997, 455-74, 547-56 (put the religious and political cases respectively for Nabonidus' move to Tayma and list the voluminous earlier literature on this topic).
415. Zadok, Ran, 'Arabians in Mesopotamia during the late Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenian and Hellenistic periods', ZDMG 131, 1981, 42-84.
416. Greco-Roman/Parthian period: writers of north Arabian texts AAW, 'Die Lihyan', 1.93-106.
417. Abu Duruk, Hamid, and Murad, Abd al-Jawad, 'Preliminary report on Qasr al-Hamra excavations, Tayma', Atlal 9, 1985, 55-64; 10, 1986, 29-35; 11, 1988, 29-36.
418. Caskel, Werner, Lihyan und Lihyanisch, Cologne and Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag, 1954.
419. Dalley, S., 'Stelae from Teima and the god Slm (Salmu)', PSAS 15, 1985, 27-33.
420. Edens, C., and Bawden, G., 'History of Tayma and Hejazi trade during the first millennium BC', Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient 32, 1989, 48-103.
421. EI, s.v. 'Thamud'.
422. Fares-Drappeau, Saba, Dedan et ses inscriptions, 3 vols, Aix-Marseilles, Université d'Aix, 1999.
423. Graf, David, 'The Saracens and the defense of the Arabian frontier', BASOR 229, 1978, 1-26.
424. Gysens, J. Calzini, 'Safaitic graffiti from Pompeii', PSAS 20, 1990, 1-7.
425. Höfner, Maria, 'Die Beduinen in den vorislamischen arabischen Inschriften', ASB 53-68.
426. Khraysheh, Fawwaz al-, 'Safaïtische Inschriften mit Jahresangaben', Südarabien 69-80.
427. Lemaire, A., 'Les Inscriptions araméennes anciennes de Teima', PA 59-72.
428. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'The distribution of Safaitic inscriptions in northern Jordan', Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 4, 1992, 303-307.
429. --'Nomads and the Hawran in the late Hellenistic and Roman periods: a reassessment of the epigraphic evidence', Syria 70, 1993, 303-403.
430. --'Quelques réflexions sur les Saracènes, l'inscription de Rawwafa et l'armée romaine', PA 93-101.
431. --'Herodian echoes in the Syrian desert', in S. Bourke and J.P. Descoeudres, eds, Studies in honour of J. Basil Hennessy, Sydney, Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement, 1995 (Safaitic texts mentioning Herodian rulers of the Hawran).
432. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'The Aramaic pantheon of Tayma', AAE 7, 1996, 17-31.
433. Potts, D.T., 'Tayma and the Assyrian empire', AAE 2, 1991, 10-23.
434. Retso, Jan, 'Where and what was Arabia Felix?', PSAS 30, 2000, forthcoming.
435. Salles, J.F., 'Al-'Ula-Dédan: recherches récentes', Topoi 6, 1996, 565-607.
436. Scagliarini, Fiorella, 'La Chronologie dédanite et lihyanite: mise au point', PA 119-32.
437. Sima, Alexander, 'Aramaica aus Dedan und Tayma', AAE 10, 1999, 54-57.
438. Theeb, S.A. al-, Dirâsa tah . lîliyya li-l-nuqûsh al-ârâmiyya al-qadîma, Riyad, King Fahd National Library, 1994.
439. Winnett, F.V., 'The revolt of Damasi: Safaitic and Nabataean evidence', BASOR 211, 1973, 54-57 (an example of some precisely datable Safaitic texts).
440. --'A reconsideration of some inscriptions from the Tayma area', SHA 1.69-77 and PSAS 10, 1980, 133-40.
441. Greco-Roman/Parthian period: writers of Aramaic/Greek texts AAW, 'Berichte über die Anfänge der Nabatäer', 1.31-39; 'Ptolemäer und Nabatäer', 1.65-79; 'Odainat und Palmyra', 2.251-73.
442. Aggoula, Basile, 'Arabie et Arabes en Mésopotamie (du III siècle av. JC. au III siècle apr. JC.)', PA 73-79 (re: Hatra and its hinterland).
443. Aram 2, 1990: The Nabataeans (proceedings of a conference held in Oxford 1989). Aram 7, 1995: Palmyra and the Aramaeans (proceedings of a conference held in Oxford 1994).
444. Bowersock, G.W., Roman Arabia, Cambridge (Ma.), Harvard UP, 1983.
445. Briquel-Chatonnet, F., 'La Pénétration de la culture du Croissant fertile en Arabie: à propos des inscriptions nabatéennes', PA 133-41.
446. Dijkstra, K., 'State and steppe: the socio-political implications of Hatra inscription 79', JSS 35, 1990, 81-98.
447. Dodgeon, Michael, and Lieu, Samuel, The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian wars AD 226-363, London, Routledge, 1991 (ch. 4: 'The rise and fall of Palmyra').
448. Drijvers, H.J.W., 'Hatra, Palmyra und Edessa', Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2.8, 1977, 799-906.
449. Freeman, Philip, 'The annexation of Arabia and imperial grand strategy', Journal of Roman Archaeology suppl. 18, 1996, 91-118.
450. Gatier, P.L., and Salles, J.F., 'Aux frontières méridionales du domaine Nabatéen', AMB 174-90.
451. Gawlikowski, M., 'Les Arabes en Palmyrène', PA 103-108.
452. --'The Syrian desert under the Romans', in Susan Alcock, ed., The early Roman empire in the East, Oxford, Oxbow, 1997, 37-54.
453. Hamarneh, Salih, 'The Nabataeans after the decline of their political power', Aram 2, 1990, 425-36.
454. Hauser, Stefan R., 'Hatra und das Königreich der Araber', in J. Wiesehöfer, ed., Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 1998, 493-528.
455. Healey, John F., 'The Nabataeans and Mada'in Salih', Atlal 10, 1986, 108-16 (ancient Hegra).
456. --'Were the Nabataeans Arabs?', Aram 1, 1989, 38-44.
457. Isaac, Benjamin, 'Trade-routes to Arabia and the Roman presence in the desert', AP 241-56.
458. Kammerer, A., Pétra et la Nabatène: l'Arabie Pétrée et les Arabes du nord dans leurs rapports avec la Syrie et la Palestine jusqu'à l'Islam, Paris, Geuthner, 1929.
459. Kasher, Aryeh, Jews, Idumaeans and ancient Arabs 332 BCE-70 CE, Tübingen, J.C.B. Mohr, 1988.
460. Knauf, E.A., 'Nabataean origins', ASMG 56-61 (from ancient Edom).
461. MacAdam, Henry I., 'Strabo, Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy of Alexandria: three views of ancient Arabia and its peoples', AP 289-320.
462. Macdonald, M.C.A, 'Personal names in the Nabataean realm: a review article', JSS 44, 1999, 251-89 (on the value of names to Nabataean cultural history).
463. Nasiriyy, S.A. al-, 'Al-s . irâ' 'alâ l-bah . r al-ah . mar fî 'as . r al-Bat . âlima', SHA 2.401-28.
464. Retso, Jan, 'Nabataean origins once again', PSAS 29, 1999, 115-18 (a social rather than ethnic term).
465. Roche, M.J., 'Les Débuts de l'implantation nabatéenne à Pétra', Trans- euphratène 8, 1994, 35-46.
466. Segal, J.B., 'Arabs at Hatra and the vicinity', JSS 30, 1986, 57-80.
467. Sidebotham, S.E., Roman economic policy in the Erythra Thalassa 30 BC-AD 217, Leiden, Brill, 1986.
468. Starcky, J., 'Pétra et la Nabatène', Dictionnaire de la Bible, supplément 1966, 886-1017.
469. Wenning, Robert, 'The Nabataeans in the Decapolis/Coele Syria', Aram 4, 1992, 79-99.
470. Zakeri, M., 'Arabic reports on the fall of Hatra to the Sasanids', in S. Leder, ed., Story-telling in the framework of non-fictional Arabic literature, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1998, 158-67.
471. Byzantine/Sasanian period
472. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Nemara and Faw', BSOAS 42, 1979, 1-6 (re: translation of Nemara text).
473. --'A further note on the Nemara inscription', al-Abhath 29, 1981, 3-5.
474. Bosworth, C.E., 'Iran and the Arabs before Islam', in E. Yarshater, ed., The Cambridge history of Iran, 3.1: the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods, Cambridge, CUP, 1983, 593-612.
475. Gaube, Heinz, 'Arabs in sixth-century Syria: some archaeological observations', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad al- Sham, Amman, 1984, 61-66.
476. Greatrex, G., and Lieu, S., eds, The Roman eastern frontier and the Persian wars AD 363-630 (forthcoming).
477. Kropp, Manfred, 'Vassal -neither of Rome nor of Persia: Mar' al-Qays the great king of the Arabs', PSAS 23, 1993, 63-93.
478. Letsios, D.G., 'The case of Amorkesos and the question of the Roman foederati in Arabia in the Vth century', AP 525-38.
479. Peters, F.E., 'The Arabs on the frontier of Syria before Islam', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bilad al-Sham, Amman, 1984, 141-75.
480. Pohl, Walter, ed., Kingdoms of the empire: the integration of barbarians in late antiquity, Leiden, Brill, 1997.
481. Qathami, H.D. al-, Shimâl al-H . ijâz, Beirut, Al-'Asr al-Hadith, 1991 (vol. 1: al-âthâr; vol. 2: mu'jam al-mawâd . i' wa-l-qabâ'il).
482. Sartre, M., 'Le Trophéus de Gadhimat, roi de Tanukh: une survivance en Arabie d'une institution hellénistique', Liber Annuus 29, 1979, 253-58.
483. --Trois études sur l'Arabie romaine et byzantine, Brussels, Revue d'études latines, 1982.
484. --'Deux phylarches arabes dans l'Arabie byzantine', Le Muséon 106, 1993, 145-53.
485. Shahid, Irfan, 'H . amlat Imru' al-Qays 'alâ Najrân: al-mas . âdir ghayr al-'arabiyya', SHA 1.73-79.
486. --Byzantium and the Arabs in the fourth century, Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.
487. --Byzantium and the Arabs in the fifth century, Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 1989.
488. --Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century, Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.
489. --'The Syriac sources for the history of the Arabs before the rise of Islam', Orientalia Christiana Analecta 256, 1998, 323-31 (Symposium Syriacum VII).
490. Smith, Sydney, 'Events in Arabia in the 6th century AD', BSOAS 16, 1954, 425-68.
491. Whittow, Mark, 'Rome and the Jafnids: writing the history of a 6th-c. tribal dynasty', Journal of Roman Archaeology suppl. 31, 1999, 207-24.
492. Zwettler, Michael, 'Imra'alqays, son of 'Amr: king of . . . ?', in M. Mir, ed., Literary heritage of classical Islam, Princeton, Darwin, 1993, 3-37 (argues for 'of Arabia' rather than 'of the Arabs').
493. Economy Agriculture and water management ABADY 5-7, 1991-95: 'Die sabäische Wasserwirtschaft von Marib'.
494. Bowen, R. LeBaron, 'Irrigation in ancient Qataban', in id. and F.P. Albright, Archaeological discoveries in south Arabia, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1958, 43-131.
495. Brunner, Ueli, 'The history of irrigation in the Wadi Marhah', PSAS 27, 1997, 75-85.
496. Costa, Paolo M., 'Notes on traditional hydraulics and agriculture in Oman', World Archaeology 14, 1983, 273-95.
497. Hehmeyer, Ingrid, 'Irrigation farming in the ancient oasis of Marib', PSAS 19, 1989, 33-44.
498. Irvine, A.K., A survey of old Arabian lexical materials connected with irrigation techniques, Oxford, University of Oxford, 1962 (tr. of CIS 4.540).
499. Muheisen, Zeidoun al-, 'Maîtrise de l'eau et agriculture en Nabatène: l'exemple de Pétra', Aram 2, 1990, 205-20.
500. Nasif, Abdallah A., 'An ancient water system in Sakaka, al-Jawf, Saudi Arabia', PSAS 17, 1987, 127-35.
501. --Al-'Ula: an historical and archaeological survey with special reference to its irrigation system, Riyad, King Saud University Press, 1988.
502. Pirenne, Jacqueline, La Maîtrise de l'eau en Arabie du sud antique, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1977.
503. --'La Juridiction de l'eau en Arabie du sud antique', in F. and J. Metral, eds, L'Homme et l'eau en Méditerranée et au Proche Orient II, Lyon, Maison de l'Orient, 1982, 81-102.
504. Potts, D.T., 'Contributions to the agrarian history of eastern Arabia I: implements and cultivation techniques', AAE 5, 1994, 158-68.
505. --'Contributions to the agrarian history of eastern Arabia II: the cultivars', AAE 5, 1994, 236-75.
506. Roberts, N., 'Water conservation in ancient Arabia', PSAS 7, 1977, 134-46; 8, 1978, 29-32.
507. Robin, Christian, 'Quelques observations sur la date de construction et la chronologie de la première digue de Ma'rib d'après les inscriptions', PSAS 18, 1988, 95-105.
508. Sedov, A.V., 'On the origin of the agricultural settlements in Hadramawt', AA 67-86.
509. Serjeant, R.B., 'Observations on irrigation in southwest Arabia', PSAS 18, 1988, 145-53.
510. Wilkinson, J.C., 'The origins of the aflâj of Oman', Journal of Oman Studies 6, 1983, 177-94.
511. Artzy, Michal, 'Incense, camels and collared rim jars: desert trade routes and maritime outlets in the second millennium', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13, 1994, 121-47.
512. Bar-Yosef, Ofer, and Khazanov, Anatoly, eds, Pastoralism in the Levant, Madison (Wi.), Prehistory Press, 1992.
513. Betts, A.V.G., 'The Solubba: nonpastoral nomads in Arabia', BASOR 274, 1989, 61-69 ('a useful example of the potential diversity of lifestyles' even in Arabia deserta).
514. --'The Neolithic sequence in the east Jordan Badia: a preliminary overview', Paléorient 19, 1993, 43-53.
515. Dayton, J.E., 'Midianite and Edomite pottery', PSAS 2, 1972, 25-37.
516. Finkelstein, I., 'Arabian trade and socio-political conditions in the Negev in the 12-11th centuries BC', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 47, 1988, 241-52.
517. Gauthier-Pilters, H., and Dagg, A.I., The camel: its evolution, ecology, behaviour and relationship to man, Chicago, University of Chicago, 1981.
518. Köhler-Rollefson, I., 'Camels and camel pastoralism in Arabia', Biblical Archaeologist 56, 1993, 180-88.
519. --and Rollefson, G.O., 'The impact of Neolithic subsistence strategies on the environment: the case of 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan', in S. Bottema et al., eds, Man's role in the shaping of the eastern Mediterranean landscape, Rotterdam, Balkema, 1990, 3-14.
520. --and --'PPNC adaptations in the first half of the 6th millennium B.C.', Paléorient 19, 1993, 33-41.
521. Liverani, M., 'Early caravan trade between south Arabia and Mesopotamia', Yemen (IsMEO, Rome) 1, 1992, 111-15.
522. Maigret, Alessandro de, 'The Arab nomadic people and the cultural interface between the Fertile Crescent and Arabia Felix', AAE 10, 1998, 220-24.
523. Parr, P.J., 'The early history of the Hejaz: a response to Garth Bawden', AAE 4, 1993, 48-58.
524. Retso, Jan, 'The domestication of the camel and the establishment of the frankincense road from south Arabia', Orientalia Suecana 40, 1991, 187-219.
525. Schwartz, Glenn, 'Pastoral nomadism in ancient western Asia', CANE 1.249-58.
526. Sherratt, Andrew, 'The secondary exploitation of animals in the old world', World Archaeology 15, 1983, 90-104.
527. Wapnish, Paula, 'The dromedary and bactrian camel in Levantine historical settings: the evidence from Tell Jemmeh', in J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson, eds, Animals and archaeology 3, Oxford, BAR, 1984, 171-200.
528. Wengrow, David, 'Egyptian taskmasters and heavy burdens: highland exploitation and the collared rim pithos of the Bronze/Iron Age Levant', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15, 1996, 307-26.
529. Hunting Beeston, A.F.L., 'The ritual hunt: a study in old south Arabian religious practice', Le Muséon 61, 1948, 183-96 (tr. of CIS 4.571 and Ingrams 1).
530. --'Observations on the texts from al-'Uqlah', PSAS 12, 1982, 7-13.
531. --'The Sayhadic hunt at S i'b al-'Aql', ESA 49-57.
532. Doe, Brian, 'Anwad, Jabal al-'Uqla', PSAS 12, 1982, 23-25.
533. Fowden, Garth, '"Desert kites": ethnography, archaeology and art', Journal of Roman Archaeology suppl. 31, 1999, 107-36.
534. Höfner, Maria, 'Ta'lab und der "Herr der Tiere" im antiken Südarabien', in Al-Bahit: Festschrift Joseph Henninger, Bonn, Anthropos-Institut, 1976, 145-53.
535. Müller, Walter, 'The meaning of Sabaic KRWM', ASMG 89-96.
536. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'An ancient stone structure for the capture of ibex in western Saudi Arabia', PSAS 6, 1976, 161-66.
537. --'La Chasse rituelle dans l'Arabie du sud ancienne', in Al- Bahit: Festschrift Joseph Henninger, Bonn, Anthropos-Institut, 1976, 259-307.
538. Serjeant, R.B., South Arabian hunt, London, Luzac, 1976 (p. 36: 'if we did not hunt . . . ').
539. Stetkevych, Jaroslav, 'The hunt in the Arabic Qas . îdah', in J.R. Smart, ed., Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature, Richmond (Surrey), Curzon, 1996, 102-19.
540. Nomad-settled relations
541. Athamina, K., 'A'râb and muhâjirûn in the environment of ams . âr', Studia Islamica 66, 1987, 5-25.
542. Bosworth, C.E., 'A note on ta'arrub in early Islam', JSS 34, 1989, 355-62.
543. Briant, Pierre, Etat et pasteurs au moyen orient ancien, Cambridge, CUP, and Paris, Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1982.
544. Bronson, B., 'The role of barbarians in the fall of states', in N. Yoffee and G. Cowgill, eds, The collapse of ancient states and civilizations, Tucson, University of Arizona, 1988, 196-218.
545. Caskel, W., 'Zur Beduinisierung Arabiens', ZDMG 103, 1953, 36-58; English tr. ('The Bedouinization of Arabia') in AAEI 34-44.
546. Christides, V., 'Saracens' Prodosia in Byzantine sources', Byzantion 40, 1970, 5-13.
547. Crone, Patricia, 'The first century concept of hig ra', Arabica 41, 1994, 352-87.
548. Donner, Fred, 'The role of nomads in the Near East in late antiquity', in F.M. Clover and R.S. Humphreys, eds, Tradition and innovation in late antiquity, Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1989, 73-88 (repr. in AAEI 21-33). Dostal, Walter, 'The evolution of bedouin life', ASB 11-34 (new saddle developed in 2nd-3rd c. AD allowed Arabian camel-herders to develop their military powers and become 'full bedouin').
549. --'The development of bedouin life in Arabia seen from archaeological material', SHA 1.125-44.
550. Finkelstein, I., Living on the fringe: the archaeology and history of the Negev, Sinai and neighbouring regions in the Bronze and Iron Ages, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
551. --and Perevolotsky, Avi, 'Processes of sedentarization and nomadization in the history of Sinai and the Negev', BASOR 279, 1990, 67-88 (see reply thereto in Rosen below).
552. Geyer, Bernard, 'Des fermes byzantins aux palais omayyades', in L. Nordigiwan and J.F. Salles, eds, Aux origines de l'archéologie aérienne: A. Poidebard (1878-1955), Beirut, Saint Joseph, 2000, 109-22.
553. Graf, David, 'Rome and the Saracens: reassessing the nomadic menace', AP 341-400.
554. Haiman, Mordechai, 'Agriculture and nomad-state relations in the Negev desert in the Byzantine and early Islamic periods', BASOR 297, 1995, 29-53.
555. Isaac, Benjamin, 'The meaning of "limes" and "limitanei" in ancient sources', Journal of Roman Studies 78, 1988, 125-47.
556. Labianca, O.S., Sedentarization and nomadization: food system cycles at Hesban and vicinity in Transjordan, Berrien Springs (Mi.), Andrews University, 1990.
557. Lancaster, William and Fidelity, 'Thoughts on the bedouinisation of Arabia', PSAS 18, 1988, 51-62 (argues against Caskel and Dostal's concept of predatory bedouin).
558. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'Was the Nabataean kingdom a "bedouin state"?', Zeitschrift der deutschen Palästina-Vereins 107, 1991, 102-19.
559. Mayerson, Philip, 'The Saracens and the Limes', BASOR 262, 1986, 35-47.
560. --'Saracens and Romans: micro-macro relationships', BASOR 274, 1989, 71-79.
561. Nelson, Cynthia, The desert and the sown, Berkeley, University of California, 1973.
562. Parker, S. Thomas, Romans and Saracens: a history of the Arabian frontier, Winona Lake (In.), ASOR, 1986.
563. Rosen, Steven, 'Nomads in archaeology: a response to Finkelstein and Perevolotsky', BASOR 287, 1992, 75-85 (but see comments of Finkelstein on pp. 87-88).
564. Rowton, M., 'Enclosed nomadism', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17, 1974, 1-30.
565. --'Dimorphic structure and the tribal elite', in Al-Bahit: Festschrift Joseph Henninger, Bonn, Anthropos-Institut, 1976, 219-57.
566. Segal, J.B., 'Arabs in Syriac literature before the rise of Islam', Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4, 1984, 89-123 (tr. of 'Vita Malchi' and Bar Sauma passages).
567. Webster, Roger, 'The bedouin in southern and southeastern Arabia: the evolution of bedouin life reconsidered', PSAS 22, 1992, 124 (based on modern data).
568. Whittaker, C.R., 'Where are the frontiers now?', Journal of Roman Archaeology suppl. 18, 1996, 25-40.
569. Zarins, J., 'Mar-tu and the land of Dilmun', BAA 233-50 (pastoral nomads around northeast Arabia).
570. Avanzini, A., ed., Profumi d'Arabia, Rome, 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider, 1997 (a very useful collection of articles on all aspects of Arabian aromatics).
571. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Pliny's Gebbanitae', PSAS 2, 1972, 4-8 (and see his 'Greek and Latin data').
572. Crone, Patricia, Meccan trade and the rise of Islam, Oxford, Blackwell, 1987.
573. Dirven, Lucinda, 'The nature of the trade between Palmyra and Dura- Europos', Aram 8, 1996, 39-54.
574. During Caspers, E., 'Harappan trade in the Arabian Gulf in the third millennium BC', PSAS 3, 1973, 3-20.
575. Eidem, Jesper, and Hojlund, Flemming, 'Trade or diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the eighteenth century BC', World Archaeology 24, 1993, 441-48.
576. Gawlikowski, M., 'Le Commerce de Palmyre sur terre et sur eau', AMB 163-72.
577. --'Palmyra as a trading centre', Iraq 56, 1994, 27-33.
578. Gogte, V.D., 'Petra, the Periplus and ancient Indo-Arabian maritime trade', ADAJ 43, 1999, 299-304 (pottery evidence for interaction between Nabataea and India).
579. Healey, John F., 'Palmyra and the Arabian Gulf trade', Aram 8, 1996, 33-37.
580. Lecker, M., 'On the markets of Medina in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times', Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 19, 1995, 133-47.
581. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'A dated Nabataean inscription from southern Arabia', AF 132-41 (a Nabataean in south Arabia in AD 87/88 , possibly trading).
582. Mango, M.M., 'Byzantine maritime trade with the east (4-7th centuries)', Aram 8, 1996, 139-63.
583. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'Dangerous trade routes: on the plundering of caravans in the pre-Islamic Near East', Aram 8, 1996, 213-36.
584. Mattingly, Gerald, 'The Palmyrene luxury trade and Revelation 18:12-13', Aram 7, 1995, 217-31.
585. Mildenberg, Leo, 'Petra on the frankincense road?: again', Aram 8, 1996, 55-65.
586. Müller, Walter, 'Notes on the use of frankincense in south Arabia', PSAS 6, 1976, 124-36.
587. --'Weihrauch: ein arabisches Produkt und seine Bedeutung in der Antike', 'Pauly-Wissowa', Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissen- schaft, C.H. Beck, Munich 1978, suppl. XV, 700-77.
588. O'Dwyer Shea, M., 'The small cuboid incense-burner of the ancient Near East', Levant 15, 1983, 76-109.
589. Palmyra and the Silk Road, special issue of Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes 42, 1996.
590. Potts, D.T., 'Trans-Arabian routes of the pre-Islamic period', AMB 127-62 (repr. in AAEI 45-80).
591. --'Rethinking some aspects of trade in the Arabian Gulf', World Archaeology 24, 1993, 423-40.
592. --'Distant shores: ancient Near Eastern trade with south Asia and northeast Africa', CANE 3.1451-63.
593. Rashid, N.S., 'Ta'âmul al-'arab al-tijâriyy wa-kayfiyyatuhu fî l-'as . r al-jâhiliyy', SHA 2.210-49.
594. Rey-Coquais, J.P., 'L'Arabie dans les routes de commerce entre le monde Méditerranéen et les côtes Indiennes', AP 225-39.
595. Sahhab, Victor, Ilâf Quraysh rih . lat al-shitâ' wa-l-s . ayf, Beirut, Kumbyu nashr, 1992.
596. Salles, J.F., ed., L'Arabie et ses mers bordières, Lyon, Maison de l'Orient, 1988.
597. Saud, Abdullah al-, 'The domestication of camels and inland trading routes in Arabia', Atlal 14, 1996, 129-36.
598. Sidebotham, Steven E., 'Ports of the Red Sea and the Arabia-India trade', AP 195-223.
599. Speece, Mark, 'The role of eastern Arabia in the Arabian Gulf trade of the third and second millennia', SHA 2.167-76.
600. Teixidor, J., Un port romain du désert: Palmyre et son commerce, Paris, Semitica 34, 1984.
601. Will, Ernest, 'Marchands et chefs de caravane à Palmyre', Syria 34, 1957, 262-77.
602. Yon, J.B., 'Remarques sur une famille caravanière à Palmyre', Syria 75, 1998, 153-60.
603. Mining Heck, Gene W., 'Gold mining in Arabia and the rise of the Islamic state', Journal for the Social and Economic History of the Orient 42, 1999, 364-92.
604. Prentiss, S., Zarins, J., Hester, J., et al., 'Preliminary report on the ancient mining survey', Atlal 6, 1982, 63-79; 7, 1983, 76-84; 8, 1984, 115-42. 5 Society Tribes and social differentiation/stratification For understanding tribal structure in general, it can be helpful to read modern anthropological studies (e.g. Sahlins, Marshall D., Tribesmen, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1968; Khoury, Philip S., and Kostiner, Joseph, eds, Tribes and state formation in the Middle East, Berkeley, University of California, 1990; Lancaster, William and Fidelity, 'Tribal formations in the Arabian peninsula', AAE 3, 1992, 145-72) and ethnographic studies (e.g. C.M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia deserta, 2 vols, Cambridge, CUP, 1888; Musil, A., The manners and customs of the Rwala Bedouins, New York, American Geographical Society, 1928).
605. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Kingship in ancient south Arabia', Journal for the Social and Economic History of the Orient 15, 1972, 256-68.
606. --'Epigraphic South Arabian nomenclature', Raydan 1, 1978, 13-21.
607. --'Notes on Old South Arabian lexicography XI', Le Muséon 91, 1978, 195-209 (tr. of RES 3869).
608. --'Some features of social structure in Saba', SHA 1.115-23.
609. --'Free and unfree: the Sayhadic case', PSAS 16, 1986, 1-6.
610. Caskel, Werner, 'Der arabische Stamm vor dem Islam und seine gesellschaftliche und juristische Organisation', Convegno internazionale sul tema 'Dalla tribu allo stato', Accademia dei Lincei 359, 1962, 139-51.
611. Crone, Patricia, Roman, provincial and Islamic law, Cambridge, CUP, 1987 (ch. 4 looks at clientage in pre-Islamic Arabia).
612. Dostal, Walter, 'Mecca before the time of the prophet', Der Islam 68, 1991, 193-231 (movement towards more complex religio-political organisation).
613. Fabietti, Ugo, 'The role played by the organization of the "Hums" in the evolution of political ideas in pre-Islamic Mecca', PSAS 18, 1988, 25-33 (as for Dostal in the previous entry).
614. Harding, G.L., 'The Safaitic tribes', al-Abhath 22, 1969, 3-25.
615. Henninger, Joseph, 'La Société bédouine ancienne', ASB 69-93.
616. --Arabica varia: Aufsätze zur kulturgeschichte Arabiens und seiner Randgebiete, Freiburg (Universitätsverlag) and Göttingen (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1989.
617. Hufi, A.M. al-, Al-h . ayât al-'arabiyya min al-shi'r al-jâhiliyy, Cairo, Nahda, 1962.
618. Jacob, Georg, Altarabisches Beduinenleben, Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1967 (repr. of 1897 edition).
619. Korotayev, Andrey, 'Sabaean cultural-political area: some general trends of evolution', PSAS 23, 1993, 49-62.
620. --'Internal structure of Middle Sabaean bayt', AAE 5, 1994, 174-83.
621. --'Middle Sabaean cultural-political area: problem of local taxation and temple tithe', Le Muséon 107, 1994, 15-22.
622. --'The political role of the sha'b of the first order', Raydan 6, 1994, 47-52.
623. --'The social sense of Middle Sabaean epithet names', PSAS 24, 1994, 157-64.
624. --'Some trends of evolution of the Sabaean cultural-political area: from clan titles to clan names?', New Arabian Studies 2, 1994, 153-64.
625. --'Was there any level of socio-political integration between bayt and sha'b of third order?', Raydan 6, 1994, 53-55 (i.e. between a lineage and the local territorial community; the reply is yes).
626. --Ancient Yemen: some general trends of evolution of the Sabaic language and Sabaean culture, Oxford, OUP/JSS, 1995.
627. --'Middle Sabaean cultural-political area: qayls and their tribesmen, clients and maqtawîs', Acta Orientalia 56, 1995, 62-77.
628. --'How could royal power exist without royal taxation? (material sources of Middle Sabaean royal power)', PSAS 26, 1996, 75-78.
629. --'Middle Sabaean royal succession', Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli 56, 1996, 297-304.
630. --'Individual and collective concerns of the Sabaeans in 1st-4th c. AD', PSAS 28, 1998, 157-67.
631. Preissler, Holger, 'Das kulturelle Niveau von Abhängigen in mittelsabäischen Inschriften', Südarabien 133-41.
632. Robin, Christian, 'La Cité et l'organisation sociale à Ma'in: l'exemple de YTL (Baraqish)', SHA 2.157-64.
633. Salem, A.H., et al., 'The genetics of traditional living: Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial lineages in the Sinai peninsula', American Journal of Human Genetics 59, 1996, 741-43.
634. Sartre, M., 'Palmyre: cité grecque', Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes 42, 1996, 385-406.
635. Schlumberger, D., 'Les quatre tribus de Palmyre', Syria 48, 1971, 121-33 (civic bodies, not kinship groups).
636. Serjeant, R.B., 'The Da'if and the Mustad'af and the status accorded them in the Qur'an', Journal for Islamic Studies 7 (Johannesburg), 1987, 32-47 (re: socially inferior, non-arms-bearing people).
637. Sima, Alexander, 'Notes on 'shr in Sabaean inscriptions', PSAS 29, 1999, 159-66 (re: tithes). Law and legislation
638. Beeston, A.F.L., 'A Sabaean penal law', Le Muséon 64, 1951, 305-15.
639. --'A Sabaean trader's misfortunes', JSS 14, 1969, 227-30 (re: Ja 750).
640. --'Miscellaneous epigraphic notes II', Raydan 5, 1988, 5-32 (re: Doe 7 and RES 3910).
641. Cussini, Eleonora, 'Transfer of property at Palmyra', Aram 7, 1995, 233-50.
642. Dareste, R., 'Lois des Homérites', Nouvelle Revue Historique de Droit Français et Etranger 59, 1905, 157-70.
643. Healey, John F., 'Sources for the study of Nabataean law', New Arabian Studies 1, 1993, 203-14.
644. Irvine, A.K., 'Homicide in pre-Islamic south Arabia', BSOAS 30, 1967, 277-92.
645. Korotayev, Andrey, 'A socio-political conflict in the Qatabanian kingdom?', PSAS 27, 1997, 141-58.
646. Loundine, A.G., 'Les Inscriptions du Jabal al-'Amud et le conseil des anciens de Saba', PSAS 19, 1989, 93-96.
647. Procksch, Otto, Uber die Blutrache bei den vorislamischen Arabern, Leipzig, Teubner, 1899.
648. Reinert, Werner, Das Recht in der altarabischen Poesie, Cologne, University of Cologne, 1963.
649. Robin, Christian, 'L'Offrande d'une main en Arabie préislamique', in id., ed., Mélanges linguistiques offerts à M. Rodinson, Paris, Geuthner, 1985, 307-20 (argues that such offerings were made in expiation and served as a substitute for the offender's own hand).
650. --'A propos d'une nouvelle inscription du règne de Sha'r Awtar: un réexamen de l'éponymat sabéen', AF 230-49 (re: the term in office of the tribal elders who sat on the supreme council).
651. Segal, J.B., 'Aramaic legal texts from Hatra', Journal of Jewish Studies 33, 1982, 109-17.
652. Wolff, H.J., 'Römisches Provinzialrecht in der Provinz Arabia', Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 1970, 763-806. Marriage and the role of women
653. Abbott, Nabia, 'Pre-Islamic Arab queens', American Journal of Semitic Languages 58, 1941, 1-22.
654. --'Women and the state on the eve of Islam', American Journal of Semitic Languages 58, 1941, 259-84.
655. Amaldi, Daniela, 'Women in pre-Islamic poetry', in F. de Jong, ed., Verse and the fair sex, Utrecht, Houtsma Stichting, 1993, 77-84.
656. Avanzini, A., 'Remarques sur le "matriarchat" en Arabie du sud', AAKM 157-61.
657. Beeston, A.F.L., 'The so-called harlots of Hadramawt', Oriens 5, 1952, 16-22 (priestesses inciting revolt upon death of Muhammad).
658. --'The position of women in pre-Islamic south Arabia', Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of Orientalists 1951, Leiden, Brill, 1957, 101-106.
659. --'Temporary marriage in pre-Islamic south Arabia', Arabian Studies 4, 1978, 21-25.
660. --'Miscellaneous epigraphic notes', Raydan 4, 1981, 9-28 (re: Qutra 1).
661. --'Women in Saba', in R. Bidwell and G.R. Smith, eds, Arabian and Islamic studies: articles presented to R.B. Serjeant, London, Longman, 1983, 7-13.
662. --'YMN 19: a Sabaean divorce case?', Südarabien 1-4.
663. Chelhod, Joseph, 'Du nouveau à propos du "matriarchat" arabe', Arabica 28, 1981, 76-106.
664. Dostal, Walter, '"Sexual hospitality" and the problem of matrilinearity in southern Arabia', PSAS 20, 1990, 17-30.
665. Frantsouzoff, S.A., 'Die Frau im antiken Südarabien', in Im Land der Königin von Saba, Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde, Munich, 1999, 151-69.
666. Korotayev, Andrey, 'Were there any truly matrilineal lineages in the Arabian peninsula?', PSAS 25, 1995, 83-98.
667. Lichtenstadter, I., Women in the aïyâm al-'arab: a study of female life during warfare in pre-Islamic Arabia, London, Royal Asiatic Society, 1935.
668. Müller, Walter, 'Sabaeische Texte zur Polyandrie', NESE 2.125-44 (but see Ryckmans, 'A three generations' . . . ', 413).
669. Perron, A., Femmes arabes avant et depuis l'Islamisme, Paris, Librairie Nouvelle, 1858 (mostly descriptive and uncritical).
670. Preissler, Holger, 'Kinder in mittelsabäischen Inschriften', AF 223-29.
671. Robertson Smith, W., Kinship and marriage in early Arabia, London, Adam and Charles Black, 1903.
672. Robin, Christian, 'Two inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw mentioning women', ATB 168-75.
673. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'A three generations' matrilineal genealogy in a Hasaean inscription', BAA 407-17. Feasting and revelling
674. Alavoine, V., 'Le mrzh . : est-il un banquet funéraire? Etude des sources épigraphiques et bibliques', Le Muséon 113, 2000, 1-23 (no, not necessarily).
675. Ingholt, Harald, 'Un nouveau thiase à Palmyre', Syria 7, 1926, 128-41.
676. Loundine, A.G., 'Le Banquet rituel dans l'état de Saba', PSAS 20, 1990, 95-100.
677. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'Wine drinking and wine prohibition in Arabia before Islam', PSAS 23, 1993, 95-115.
678. Nanah, Mouhamed Fouaed, Freigebigkeit und Geiz in der Vorstellungswelt der vorislamischen arabischen Dichter, Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, 1987.
679. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Le Repas rituel dans la religion sud-arabe', in M.A. Beek et al., eds, Symbolae biblicae et mesopotamicae F.M. Theodoro dedicatae, Leiden, Brill, 1973, 327-34.
680. --'Ritual meals in the ancient south Arabian religion', PSAS 3, 1973, 36-39.
681. Tarrier, Dominique, 'Banquets rituels en Palmyrène et en Nabatène', Aram 7, 1995, 165-82.
682. Will, E., 'Les Salles de banquet de Palmyre et d'autres lieux', Topoi 7, 1997, 873-87.
683. Zayadine, F., 'A Nabataean inscription from Beida', ADAJ 21, 1976, 139-42 (mentions a rb mrzh . '/symposiarch).
684. Religion Polytheism
685. Ababneh, Mohammed I., Ba'alshamîn 'inda l-Sâmiyyîn, Amman, Yarmouk University, 1994.
686. Ali, Jawad, 'Adyân al-'arab qabl al-islâm', SHA 2.107-16.
687. Beeston, A.F.L., The Labakh texts (Qahtan 2), London, Luzac, 1971.
688. --'Theocracy in the Sayhad culture', PSAS 7, 1977, 5-10.
689. --'The religions of pre-Islamic Yemen', in Chelhod, J., ed., L'Arabie du sud I, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984, 259-69.
690. --'Sayhadic divine designations', PSAS 21, 1991, 1-5.
691. Dalley, Stephanie, 'Bel at Palmyra and elsewhere in the Parthian period', Aram 7, 1995, 137-51.
692. Drijvers, H.J.W., The religion of Palmyra, Leiden, Brill, 1976. EI, s.v. 'al-'Uzza' (M.C.A. Macdonald and L. Nehmé).
693. Fahd, Toufic, Le Panthéon de l'Arabie centrale à la veille de l'hégire, Paris, Geuthner, 1968.
694. Figueras, Pau, 'The Roman worship of Athena-Allat in the Decapolis and the Negev', Aram 4, 1992, 173-83.
695. Gawlikowski, M., 'Les Dieux des Nabatéens', Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 1990, 2659-77.
696. --'Les Dieux de Palmyre', Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 1990, 2605-58.
697. Grimme, Hubert, Texte und Untersuchungen zur safatenisch-arabischen Religion, Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöning, 1929.
698. Henninger, Joseph, 'La Religion bédouine préislamique', ASB 115-40; English tr. ('Pre-Islamic bedouin religion') in AAEI 109-28.
699. --'Geisterglaube bei den vorislamischen Arabern', in Festschrift Paul Schebesta, Vienna, St Gabriel, 1963, 279-316.
700. --Arabica sacra: Aufsätze zur religionsgeschichte Arabiens und seiner Randgebiete, Freiburg (Universitätsverlag) and Göttingen (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1981.
701. Kaizer, T., 'De dea syria et aliis diis deabusque: a study of the variety of appearances of Gad in Aramaic inscriptions', Orientalia Louvaniensa Periodica 28, 1997, 147-66; 29, 1998, 33-62.
702. --A study of the social patterns of worship at Palmyra in the Roman period, Oxford, University of Oxford, 2000.
703. Knauf, E.A., 'Dushara and Shai al-Qaum', Aram 2, 1990, 175-83.
704. Korotayev, A.: many of his articles cited above (ch. 5: tribes) are relevant to the social aspects of south Arabian religion.
705. Krone, Susanne, Die altarabische Gottheit al-Lat, Frankfurt-am-Main, Peter Lang, 1992.
706. Lecker, M., 'Idol worship in pre-Islamic Medina', Le Muséon 106, 1993, 331-46.
707. Lundin, A.G., 'Die arabischen Göttinnen Ruda und al-'Uzza', Hudhud 211-18. Muhyi l-din, A., ''Ibâdat al-arwâh . fî l-mujtama' al-'arabiyy al-jâhiliyy', SHA 2.153-64.
708. Nashef, Khaled al-, 'The deities of Dilmun', BAA 340-66.
709. Naveh, Joseph, 'The inscriptions from Failaka and the lapidary Aramaic script', BASOR 297, 1995, 1-4 (invocation of Bel, Nabu, Poseidon and Artemis).
710. Pirenne, Jacqueline, 'Une législation hydrologique en Arabie du sud antique', in Hommages à A. Dupont-Sommer, Paris, Maisonneuve, 1971, 117-35 (re: Ry 478; see also Beeston, 'Kingship', 262).
711. Roche, M.J., 'Remarques sur les Nabatéens en Méditerranée', Semitica 45, 1996, 73-99 (dedications of Nabataeans abroad).
712. Ryckmans, G., Les Religions arabes préislamiques, Louvain, Bibliothèque du Muséon, 1951 (useful survey).
713. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Le Panthéon de l'Arabie du sud préislamique', Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 206, 1989, 151-69.
714. Tarrier, Dominique, 'Baalshamin dans le monde Nabatéen', Aram 2, 1990, 197-203.
715. Teixidor, J., The pantheon of Palmyra, Leiden, Brill, 1979.
716. --'Une inscription araméenne provenant de l'émirat de Sharjah', CRAIBL 1992, 695-707 (Kahl and Manat in a funerary text on a bronze plaque, c.2nd c. AD).
717. Watt, W. Montgomery, 'Belief in a "high god" in pre-Islamic Mecca', JSS 16, 1971, 35-40.
718. Wellhausen, J., Reste arabischen Heidentums, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1927 (uses chiefly Muslim sources, but still a fundamental study).
719. Zayadine, F., 'The pantheon of the Nabataean inscriptions in Egypt and Sinai', Aram 2, 1990, 151-74.
720. Monotheism AAW, 'Christliche Mission in Südarabien', 4.306-18.
721. Baron, S.W., A social and religious history of the Jews III, New York, Columbia University, 1957, esp. 60-74 and notes 75-87 thereto.
722. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Himyarite monotheism', SHA 2.149-54.
723. --'Judaism and Christianity in pre-Islamic Yemen', in Chelhod, J., ed., L'Arabie du sud I, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984, 271-78.
724. Degen, Rainer, 'Die hebräische Inschrift DJE23 aus Jemen', NESE 2.111-16.
725. Frantsouzoff, S.A., 'A Gezerah-decree from ancient southern Arabia', Aram 8, 1996, 299-306 (re: the Jewish Sabaic inscription Hasi1).
726. Gil, M., 'The origin of the Jews of Yathrib', Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4, 1984, 203-24 (repr. in AAEI 145-66).
727. Korotayev, Andrey, '"Aramaeans" in a late Sabaic inscription', Aram 8, 1996, 293-98 (re: the Jewish Sabaic inscription Hasi1).
728. Müller, Walter, 'Eine hebräisch-sabäische Bilinguis aus Bait al-As wal', NESE 2.117-24.
729. Nau, François, Les Arabes chrétiens de Mésopotamie et de Syrie, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1933.
730. Rippin, Andrew, 'Rahman and the Hanifs', in W. Hallaq and D.P. Little, eds, Islamic studies presented to C.J. Adams, Leiden, Brill, 1991, 153-68.
731. Robin, Christian, 'Judaïsme et Christianisme en Arabie du sud', PSAS 10, 1980, 85-96.
732. --and Beaucamp, Joelle, 'Le Christianisme dans la péninsule arabique d'après l'épigraphie et l'archéologie', Travaux et Mémoires 8, 1981, 45-61.
733. Trimingham, J.S., Christianity among the Arabs in pre-Islamic times, London, Longman, 1979. Magic and medicine
734. Lecker, M., 'The bewitching of the Prophet Muhammad by the Jews', al-Qantara 13, 1992, 561-69.
735. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'An inscribed amulet from Shabwa', AAE 7, 1996, 88-94.
736. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Un rite d'istisqa' au temple sabéen de Marib', Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves 20, 1973, 379-88 (re: Ja 735).
737. --''Uzza et Lat dans les inscriptions sud-arabes à propos de deux amulettes méconnues', JSS 25, 1980, 193-204.
738. Beeston, A.F.L., 'The oracle sanctuary of Jar al-Labba', Le Muséon 62, 1949, 207-28.
739. Crone, Patricia, 'Tribes without saints', paper given at Mellon Seminar, Princeton University, 1991 (re: diviners).
740. Drijvers, H.J.W., 'Inscriptions from Allat's sanctuary', Aram 7, 1995, 109-19.
741. Fahd, Toufic, La Divination arabe, Leiden, Brill, 1966.
742. Miller, E. 'Fragment inédit d'Appien' (peri Arabôn manteias), Revue Archéologique 1, 1869, 101-10.
743. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'La Mancie par HRB en Arabie du sud ancienne', in Erwin Graf, ed., Festschrift Werner Caskel, Leiden, Brill, 1968, 261-73. Sacred offices, places, times
744. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Notes on old south Arabian lexicography IV', Le Muséon 65, 1952, 139-47 (re: Nami 74).
745. --'The "Ta'lab lord of pastures" texts', BSOAS 17, 1955, 154-56 (re: RES 4176).
746. --'The Hasaean tombstone J1052', Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Studies (Columbia University) 11, 1979, 17-18 (re: priest of Yabish).
747. --'The constructions at Itwat', PSAS 14, 1984, 40-41.
748. --'The Qatabanic text VL1', PSAS 16, 1986, 7-11 (re: rshw).
749. Frantsouzoff, S.A., 'Regulation of conjugal relations in ancient Raybun', PSAS 27, 1997, 113-27.
750. Gawlikowski, M., Palmyre VI: le temple palmyrénien, Warsaw, PWN, 1973 (re: relationship between tribes/priests/temples).
751. --'Sacred space in ancient Arab religions', SHAJ 1, 1982, 301-303.
752. Ghul, M.A., 'The pilgrimage at Itwat (revised by A.F.L. Beeston)', PSAS 14, 1984, 33-39 (re: RES 4176).
753. Lammens, Henri, 'Les Sanctuaires préislamites dans l'Arabie occidentale', Mélanges de l'Université Saint Joseph 11, 1926, 39-173.
754. Müller, Walter, 'Zwei sabäische Votivinschriften an die Sonnengöttin NAMI 74 und Yemen Museum 1965', Sayhadica 57-73.
755. --'Das Statut des Gottes Ta'lab von Riyam für seinen Stamm Sum'ay', Südarabien 89-110 (re: RES 4176).
756. Noja, Sergio, 'Une hypothèse sur l'origine du vêtement du muh . rim', Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli 45, 1985, 405-409 (re: similarity of Muslim pilgrim garb to attire of a south Arabian statuette).
757. Pirenne, Jacqueline, 'Le Site préislamique de al-Jaw, la Bible, le Coran et le Midrash', Revue Biblique 82, 1975, 34-69.
758. Robin, Christian, 'Les Montagnes dans la religion sudarabique', Hudhud 263-81.
759. Serjeant, R.B., 'Haram and Hawtah, the sacred enclave in Arabia', in Mélanges Taha Husain, Cairo, Dar al-Ma'arif, 1962, 41-58 (repr. in AAEI 167-84).
760. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Miscellaneous epigraphic notes II', Raydan 5, 1988, 5-32 (pp. 11-14 deal with the Mi'sal and Gidma texts relating to human sacrifice).
761. Christides, Vassilios, 'Once again the "Narrations" of Nilus Sinaiticus', Byzantion 43, 1973, 39-50.
762. Henninger, Joseph, 'Das Opfer in den altsüdarabischen Hochkulturen', Anthropos 37-40, 1946-47, 779-810.
763. --'Le Sacrifice chez les Arabes', Ethnos 13, 1948, 1-16.
764. --'Die unblutige Tierweihe der vorislamischen Araber in ethnologischer Sicht', Paideuma 4, 1950, 179-90.
765. --'Neuere Untersuchungen über Menschenopfer bei semitischen Volkern', Hudhud 65-78.
766. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'New evidence of infanticide in ancient Yemen', PSAS forthcoming (re: MSS 74, a text on palm-stalk regarding 'those who kill their children' for cultic reasons).
767. Mayerson, Philip, 'Observations on the "Nilus" Narrationes', Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt 12, 1975, 51-74.
768. Milik, J.T., Dédicaces faites par les dieux (Palmyre, Hatra, Tyr), Paris, Geuthner, 1972 (re: what one can learn from dedications, such as professions, banqueting, etc.).
769. Müller, Walter, 'Die angeblichen "Töchter Gottes" im Licht einer neuen qatabanischen Inschrift', NESE 2.145-48 (re: symbolic dedication of a person to a deity).
770. --'Notes on the use of frankincense in south Arabia', PSAS 6, 1976, 124-36.
771. Pirenne, Jacqueline, 'RShW, RShWT, FDY, FDYT and the priesthood in ancient south Arabia', PSAS 6, 1976, 137-43 (argues that the terms refer to sacrifice, not to priesthood).
772. Ryckmans, G., 'Le Sacrifice DBH dans les inscriptions Safaîtiques', Hebrew Union College Annual 23, 1950-51, 431-38.
773. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Les Confessions publiques sabéennes: le code sud-arabe de pureté rituelle', Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli 32, 1972, 1-15.
774. --'Sacrifices, offrandes et rites connexes en Arabie du Sud pré- Islamique', in J. Quaegebeur, ed., Ritual and sacrifice in the ancient Near East, Louvain, Peeters, 1993, 355-80.
775. Art, architecture and artefacts Since we have no literary texts from pre-Islamic Arabia, it is on the material culture that scholars have had to concentrate, and consequently the second- ary literature for this topic is vast. Here I will only cite the works directly relevant to what I have said in this chapter and a few useful monographs. The only survey of Arabian art is that by D.T. Potts in J. Turner, ed., The dictionary of art, New York, Grove, 1996, 2.246-75. After that one can either turn to the appropriate section in the survey works listed for chapters 1-3 or else delve into journals such as AAE, ABADY, ADAJ, BASOR, Atlal, PSAS and Syria. For east Arabia see also the bibliography compiled by E. Haerinck and K.G. Stevens, Preislamic archaeology of Kuwait, northeastern Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman (Louvain, Peeters, 1985); First supplement (1985-95), Louvain, Peeters, 1996. Arabian material culture?
776. AAW, 'Ms atta und der Beginn der arabischen Kunst', 1.592-607.
777. Audouin, Rémy, 'Etude du décor des temples des Banat 'Ad', AA 121-42.
778. Badawy, A., 'The contribution of the Arabs to Islamic Art', Rivista degli Studi Orientali 39, 1964, 261-85.
779. Boucharlat, R., 'Archaeology and artifacts of the Arabian peninsula', CANE 2.1335-53.
780. Breton, J.F., 'Arabie méridionale et Orient hellénisé', AMB 191-99.
781. Buffa, Vittoria, 'Note per una tipologia delle techniche costruttive del periodo sudarabico antico', AA 165-77.
782. Colledge, Malcolm, The art of Palmyra, London, Thames and Hudson, 1976.
783. Creswell, K.A.C., A short account of early Muslim architecture, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1958; revised and supplemented by James W. Allan, Aldershot, Scolar, 1989.
784. Ettinghausen, R., and Grabar, Oleg, The art and architecture of Islam 650-1250, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1987.
785. Frantsouzoff, S.A., 'A parallel to the Second Commandment in the inscriptions of Raybun', PSAS 28, 1998, 61-67 (re: prohibition of graven images in Hadramawt).
786. Hillenbrand, Robert, Islamic art and architecture, London, Thames and Hudson, 1999.
787. McKenzie, Judith, 'The development of Nabataean sculpture at Petra and Khirbet Tannur', Palestine Exploration Quarterly 120, 1988, 81-107.
788. Maigret, Alessandro de, 'Alcune considerazioni sulle origini e lo sviluppo dell'arte sudarabica', AF 142-59.
789. Parlasca, Ingemarie, 'Probleme Nabatäischer Koroplastik: aspekte der auswärtigen Kulturbeziehungen Petras', in A. Invernizzi and J.F. Salles, eds, Arabia Antiqua, Rome, IsMEO, 1993, 55-79.
790. Parlasca, Klaus, 'Bemerkungen zu den archäologischen Beziehungen zwischen Südarabien und dem griechisch-römischen Kulturkreis', PA 281-88.
791. --'Some problems of Palmyrene plastic art', Aram 7, 1995, 59-71 (re: funerary sculpture).
792. Parr, P.J., 'Pottery, people and politics', in id. and Roger Moorey, eds, Archaeology in the Levant: essays for Kathleen Kenyon, Warminster, Aris and Phillips, 1978, 203-209.
793. --'The present state of archaeological research in the Arabian peninsula', SHA 2.43-54.
794. Potts, D.T., 'Tayma and the Assyrian empire', AAE 2, 1991, 10-23 (re: Assyrian influence on Tayma relief).
795. Roche, M.J., 'Khirbet et-Tannur et les contacts entre Edomites et Nabatéens', Transeuphratène 18, 1999, 59-69 (re: persistence of Edomite cult features in Nabataea).
796. Schmidt-Colinet, A., 'Aspects of Romanization: the tomb architecture at Palmyra and its decoration', in Susan Alcock, ed., The early Roman empire in the east, Oxford, Oxbow, 1997, 157-77.
797. Talgam, Rina, The stylistic origins of Umayyad sculpture as shown in Khirbat al-Mafjar, Mshatta, and Qas . r al-Hayr west, forthcoming.
798. Vycichl, Werner, 'Studies on Nabataean archaeology and religion', in F. Zayadine ed., Petra and the caravan cities, 1990, 147-51.
799. Will, Ernest, 'De la Syrie au Yémen: problèmes des relations dans le domaine de l'art', AP 271-80.
800. --'Architecture locale et architecture impériale à Palmyre', Aram 7, 1995, 29-35. Settlements (Recently many studies on individual sites have been published and these will also contain information on funerary structures, public buildings, etc.)
801. Abu-Duruk, H.I., Introduction to the archaeology of Tayma, Riyad, Dept of Antiquities and Museums, 1986.
802. Ansary, A.R., Qaryat al-Fau: a portrait of pre-Islamic civilisation in Saudi Arabia, Riyad, University of Riyad, 1982.
803. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Functional significance of the old South Arabian town', PSAS 1, 1971, 26-28.
804. --'Pre-Islamic San'a', in R.B. Serjeant and R. Lewcock, eds, San'a: an Arabian Islamic city, London, World of Islam Festival Trust, 1983, 36-38.
805. Breton, J.F., ed., Fouilles de Shabwa II, Paris, Geuthner, 1992 (reprinted from Syria 68, 1991).
806. Doe, Brian, Monuments of south Arabia, Naples and Cambridge, Falcon- Oleander, 1983.
807. Failaka/Dilmun: the second millennium settlements, 2 vols, Moesgaard, Jutland Archaeological Society, 1983-87 (seals, pottery).
808. Frifelt, Karen, The island of Umm an-Nar, 2 vols, Moesgaard, Jutland Archaeological Society, 1991.
809. Hojlund, Flemming, and Andersen, H.H., Qala'at al-Bahrain, 2 vols, Moesgaard, Jutland Archaeological Society, 1994-97.
810. Ikaros: the Hellenistic settlements, 3 vols, Moesgaard, Jutland Archaeological Society, 1982-89 (figurines, pottery, sacred enclosure).
811. Kennet, Derek, et al., 'Ra's al-Khaimah tower survey 1991-2', PSAS 23, 1993, 9-47.
812. Lindner, Manfred, ed., Petra und das Königreich der Nabatäer, Munich, Delp, 1989.
813. McKenzie, Judith, The architecture of Petra, Oxford, OUP, 1990.
814. Michalowski, K., and Gawlikowski, M., Palmyre I-IX, Warsaw, PWN, 1960-84.
815. Mouton, M., Mleiha I: environnement, stratégies de subsistance et artisanats, Lyons, Maison de l'Orient, 1999.
816. Nehmé, Laila, and Villeneuve, F., Pétra: métropole de l'Arabie antique, Paris, Seuil, 1999.
817. Palmyre: Bilan et perspectives, Colloque de Strasbourg 1973, Strasbourg, AECR, 1976 (aspects of material culture of Palmyra).
818. Potts, D.T., Ancient Magan: the secrets of Tell Abraq, London, Trident, 2000.
819. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Al-Ukhdud: the Philby-Ryckmans-Lippens expedition of 1951', PSAS 11, 1981, 55-63 (re: Najran).
820. --'Villes fortifiées du Yémen antique', Bulletin de la classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques (Académie Royale de Belgique) 67, 1981-85, 253-66.
821. Salles, J.F., et al., Failaka: fouilles françaises, 3 vols, Lyons, Maison de l'Orient, 1984-90.
822. Saud, A.S. al-, Central Arabia during the early Hellenistic period, Riyad, King Fahd National Library, 1997 (re: the site of al-'Ayun in the area of al-Aflaj).
823. Schmidt, Jürgen, et al., 'Marib und Umgebung', ABADY 1, 1982, 5-89; 2, 1983; 3, 1986, 1-95; 4, 1987, 63-142.
824. Schreiber, Jürgen, Die Siedlungsarchitektur auf der Halbinsel Oman vom 3. bis zur Mitte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr., Münster, Ugarit-Verlag, 1998. Semitica 43-44, 1995: La ville de 1200 avant JC à l'hégire (contains articles on Petra, Palmyra and cities of south Arabia).
825. Stucky, Rolf, 'Das nabataeische Wohnhaus und das urbanistische System der Wohnquartiere in Petra', in A. Invernizzi and J.F. Salles, eds, Arabia antiqua, Rome, IsMEO, 1993, 37-53.
826. Sudairi, A.A. al-, The desert frontier of Arabia: al-Jawf through the ages, London, Stacey International, 1995.
827. Weber, Thomas, and Wenning, Robert, eds, Petra: antike Felsstadt zwischen arabischer Tradition und griechischer Norm, Mainz-am-Rhein, Zabern, 1997. Funerary structures and objects
828. Cleveland, Ray L., An ancient south Arabian necropolis, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1965.
829. Gawlikowski, M., Monuments funéraires de Palmyre, Warsaw, PWN, 1970.
830. Harding, G. Lankester, 'The cairn of Hani'', ADAJ 2, 1953, 8-55.
831. --'The cairn of Sa'd', in P.J. Parr and Roger Moorey, eds, Archaeology in the Levant: essays for Kathleen Kenyon, Warminster, Aris and Phillips, 1978, 243-49.
832. Jasim, S.A., 'The excavation of a camel cemetery at Mleiha, Sharjah', AAE 10, 1999, 69-101.
833. Kirkbride, Diana, 'Ancient Arabian ancestor idols', Archaeology 22, 1969, 116-21, 188-95 (examples of gravemarkers carved with human outlines).
834. Mouton, M., 'Les Tours funéraires d'Arabie, nefesh monumentales', Syria 74, 1997, 81-99.
835. Salles, J.F., and Lombard, P., La Nécropole de Janussan (Bahrain), Lyons, Maison de l'Orient, 1984.
836. Schmidt-Colinet, A., Das Tempelgrab nr. 36 in Palmyra: Studien zur palmyrenische Grabarchitektur und ihrer Ausstattung, Mainz-am-Rhein, P. von Zabern, 1992.
837. Vogt, Burkhard, Zur Chronologie und Entwicklung der Gräber des späten 4.-2. Jtsd. v. Chr. auf der Halbinsel Oman, Göttingen, Georg-August- Universität, 1985.
838. --'Death, resurrection and the camel', AF 279-90. Palaces and temples
839. Breton, J.F., 'Religious architecture in ancient Hadramawt', PSAS 10, 1980, 5-16.
840. --'Le Château royal de Shabwa', Syria 68, 1991, 209-28.
841. --'Le Sanctuaire de 'Athtar Dhu Risaf d'as-Sawda' (Yémen)', CRAIBL 1992, 429-53.
842. --'Les Temples de Ma'in et du Jawf (Yémen): état de la question', Syria 75, 1998, 61-80.
843. --and Robin, Christian, 'Le Sanctuaire préislamique du G abal al-Lawd (nord-Yémen)', CRAIBL 1982, 590-629.
844. Crawford, Harriet, et al., eds, The Dilmun temple at Saar, London, Kegan Paul, 1997.
845. Hammond, Philip, The temple of the Winged Lions, Petra, Fountain Hills (Arizona), Petra Publishing, 1996.
846. Maigret, Alessandro de, 'The excavations of the temple of Nakrah at Baraqish', PSAS 21, 1991, 159-72.
847. Nehmé, Leila, 'L'Espace cultuel à l'époque Nabatéenne', Topoi 7, 1997, 1023-67.
848. --and Robin, Christian, 'Le Temple de Nakrah à Yathill (Baraqish)', CRAIBL 1993, 427-96.
849. Schmidt, Jürgen, 'Zur altsüdarabischen Tempelarchitektur', ABADY 1, 1982, 161-69.
850. Sedov, A.V., and Batayi', Ahmad, 'Temples of ancient Hadramawt', PSAS 24, 1994, 183-96.
851. Tholbecq, L., 'Les Sanctuaires des Nabatéens', Topoi 7, 1997, 1069-95. Cultic objects
852. Avner, Uzi, 'Nabataean standing stones and their interpretation', Aram, forthcoming.
853. Connelly, J.B., 'Votive offerings from Hellenistic Failaka', AP 145-58.
854. Lammens, H., 'Le Culte des bétyles et les processions religieuses chez les arabes préislamites', in id., L'Arabie occidentale avant l'hégire, Beirut, Imprimerie Catholique, 1928, 101-79.
855. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'Typen altsüdarabische Altäre', AF 160-77.
856. Patrich, Joseph, The formation of Nabataean art: prohibition of a graven image among the Nabataeans, Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 1990.
857. Pirenne, Jacqueline, 'La Religion des arabes préislamiques d'après trois sites rupestres et leurs inscriptions', in Al-Bahit: Festschrift Joseph Henninger, Bonn, Anthropos-Institut, 1976, 177-217.
858. --'Sud-Arabe: Qyf-Qf/Mqf. De la lexicographie à la spiritualité des idolatres', Semitica 30, 1980, 93-124.
859. Ryckmans, G., 'Sud-arabe mdhbh . t = Hébreu mzbh . : et termes apparentés', in Erwin Graf, ed., Festschrift Werner Caskel, Leiden, Brill, 1968, 253-60.
860. Tawil, H.M. al-, Early Arab icons: literary and archaeological evidence for the cult of religious images in pre-Islamic Arabia, Iowa, University of Iowa, 1993 (mostly uses Muslim sources).
861. Toorn, Karel van der, 'Worshipping stones: on the definition of cult symbols', Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 23, 1997, 1-14 (argues that cult-stones were perceived as manifestations of deities).
862. Wenning, Robert, 'Hegra and Petra: some differences', Aram 8, 1996, 253-67 (esp. niches and betyls).
863. Zayadine, Fawzi, ed., Petra and the caravan cities, Amman, Department of Antiquities, 1990 (contains articles on representation of Nabataean deities and use of figurines). Weaponry and warfare
864. Beeston, A.F.L., Warfare in ancient south Arabia (2nd-3rd c. AD), London, Luzac, 1976 (Qahtan 3).
865. Graf, David, 'The Nabataean army and the cohortes Ulpiae Petraeorum', in E. Dabrowa, ed., The Roman and Byzantine army in the east, Krakow, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, 1994, 265-311.
866. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'Camel hunting or camel raiding?', AAE 1, 1990, 24-28.
867. --'Hunting, fighting and raiding: the horse in pre-Islamic Arabia', in David Alexander, ed., Furusiyya: the horse in the art of the Near East, Riyad, King Abdulaziz Public Library, 1996, 73-83.
868. Mouton, M., 'Les Pointes de flèches en fer des sites préislamiques de Mleiha et ed-Dur, E.A.U.', AAE 1, 1990, 88-103.
869. Potts, D.T., 'Late Sasanian armament from southern Arabia', Electrum 1, 1997, 127-37.
870. --'Some issues in the study of the pre-Islamic weaponry of southeastern Arabia', AAE 9, 1998, 182-208.
871. Schwarzlose, F.W., Die Waffen der alten Araber aus ihren Dichtern dargestellt, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1886. Rock art
872. Anati, E., Rock art in central Arabia, 4 vols, Louvain, Institut Orientaliste, 1968-74.
873. Betts, A.V.G., 'The hunter's perspective: 7th millennium BC rock carvings from eastern Jordan', World Archaeology 19, 1987, 214-25.
874. Jung, M., Research on rock art in north Yemen, Naples, AION supplement, 1991.
875. Khan, Majeed, et al., 'Rock art and epigraphic survey of northern Saudi Arabia', Atlal 9, 1985, 128-44; 10, 1986, 82-93; 11, 1988, 61-76; 12, 1989, 41-52; 13, 1990, 35-40; 14, 1996, 55-72.
876. --'Schematisation and form in the rock art of northern Saudi Arabia', Atlal 11, 1988, 95-100.
877. --'Sacred images of the metaphysical world', Atlal 12, 1989, 55-58.
878. Ziolkowski, M.C., 'A study of the petroglyphs from Wadi al-Hayl, Fujairah', AAE 9, 1998, 13-89. Coins and seals
879. Meshorer, Yaakov, Nabataean coins, Jerusalem, Hebrew University (Qedem 3), 1975.
880. Munro-Hay, S.C.H., 'The coinage of Shabwa and other ancient south Arabian coinage in the National Museum, Aden', Syria 68, 1991, 393-418.
881. --'Coins of ancient south Arabia', Numismatic Chronicle 1994, 191-203; 1996, 33-47.
882. Pickworth, Diana, 'Die Glyptik Südarabiens', in Im Land der Königin von Saba, Munich, Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde, 1999, 144-47.
883. Potts, D.T., The pre-Islamic coinage of eastern Arabia, Copenhagen, Carsten Niebuhr Institute, 1991; Supplement, 1994.
884. Robin, Christian, 'Monnaies provenant de l'Arabie du nord-est', Semitica 24, 1974, 83-125.
885. Sindi, Khalid Mohammed al-, Dilmun seals, Bahrain, Bahrain National Museum, 1999. Artisans and crafts
886. Khan, Ahmad, 'The tanning cottage industry in pre-Islamic Arabia', Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 19, 1971, 85-100.
887. Schmidt-Colinet, A., 'A Nabataean family of sculptors at Hegra', Berytus 31, 1983, 95-102.
888. Schmitt-Korte, K., 'Nabataean pottery: a typological and chronological framework', SHA 2.7-40.
889. Stauffer, A., and Asad, K., Die Textilien aus Palmyra, Mainz-am-Rhein, P. von Zabern, 2000. 8 Language and literature
890. Scripts AAW, 'Anfänge der arabischen Schriftsprache', 2.357-69, 4.1-13.
891. Beeston, A.F.L., 'Mahmoud Ali Ghul and the Sabaean cursive script', ASMG 15-19.
892. Bordreuil, Pierre, and Pardee, Dennis, 'Un Abécédaire du type sud- sémitique découvert en 1988 dans les fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ougarit', CRAIBL 1995, 855-60.
893. Bron, F., 'Vestiges de l'écriture sud-sémitique dans le Croissant Fertile', PA 81-91.
894. Dietrich, M., and Loretz, O., Die Keilalphabete: die phönizisch-kanaanäischen und altarabischen Alphabete in Ugarit, Münster, Ugarit-Verlag, 1988.
895. Gruendler, B., The development of the Arabic scripts from the Nabatean era to the first Islamic century, Atlanta (Ga.), Scholars, 1993.
896. Healey, John F., 'The Nabataean contribution to the development of the Arabic script', Aram 2, 1990, 93-98.
897. Khan, M., 'Recent rock art and epigraphic investigations in Saudi Arabia', PSAS 21, 1991, 113-22.
898. Knauf, E.A., 'The migration of the script and the formation of the state in south Arabia', PSAS 19, 1989, 79-91.
899. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'ABCs and letter order in ancient north Arabian', PSAS 16, 1986, 101-68.
900. --'Cursive Safaitic inscriptions? A preliminary investigation', ASMG 62-81.
901. Naveh, Joseph, 'The inscriptions from Failaka and the lapidary Aramaic script', BASOR 297, 1995, 1-4.
902. Robin, Christian, 'Les Ecritures de l'Arabie avant l'Islam', AAKM 127-37.
903. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Alphabets, scripts and languages in pre-Islamic Arabian epigraphical evidence', SHA 2.73-86.
904. --'L'Ordre alphabétique sud-sémitique et ses origines', in Christian Robin, ed., Mélanges linguistiques offerts à M. Rodinson, Paris, Geuthner, 1985, 343-59.
905. --'Pétioles de palmes et bâtonnets sud-arabes inscrits', AF 250-59.
906. Shahri, A.A.M al-, 'Recent epigraphic discoveries in Dhofar', PSAS 21, 1991, 173-91.
907. Beeston, A.F.L., 'The inscription Jaussen-Savignac 71', PSAS 3, 1973, 69-72.
908. --'Nemara and Faw', BSOAS 42, 1979, 1-6 (tr. of 'Igl text).
909. --'Languages of pre-Islamic Arabia', Arabica 28, 1981, 178-86.
910. --'Languages: pre-Islamic south Arabian', The Anchor Bible dictionary, New York, Doubleday, 1992, 4.223-26.
911. Bellamy, James, 'Two pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal', Journal of the American Oriental Society 108, 1988, 369-78 (both undated).
912. Cantineau, J., Le Nabatéen, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1930-32.
913. Corriente, F., 'From old Arabic to classical Arabic through the pre-Islamic koine: some notes on the native grammarians' sources, attitudes and goals', JSS 21, 1976, 62-98.
914. Costa, P., 'Further comments on the bilingual inscription from Baraqish', PSAS 16, 1986, 33-36 (a short Greek/Latin text; see also C. Marek, 'Der römische Inschriftenstein von Baraqis', AF 178-90).
915. Diem, W., 'Some glimpses of the rise and early development of Arabic orthography', Orientalia 45, 1976, 251-61.
916. Drewes, A.J., 'The phonemes of Lihyanite', in Christian Robin, ed., Mélanges linguistiques offerts à M. Rodinson, Paris, Geuthner, 1985, 165-73.
917. Healey, John, and Smith, G. Rex, 'Jaussen-Savignac 17: the earliest dated Arabic document', Atlal 12, 1989, 77-84 (a funerary text dated AD 287 in Arabic with some Nabataean features).
918. Kropp, Manfred, 'The inscription Ghoneim AFO 27. 1980. ABB. 10', PSAS 22, 1992, 55-67.
919. Livingstone, Alasdair, 'A linguistic, tribal and onomastical study of the Hasaean inscriptions', Atlal 8, 1984, 86-108.
920. --'An early attestation of the Arabic definite article', JSS 42, 1997, 259-61.
921. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'Reflections on the linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia', AAE 11, 2000, 28-79.
922. --'The form of the definite article in classical Arabic: some light from the Jahiliyya', JSS, forthcoming.
923. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'The Arabic words in Palmyrene inscriptions', Aram 7, 1995, 89-108.
924. Müller, Walter, 'Das Altarabische und das klassische Arabisch', in W. Fischer, ed., Grundriss der arabischen Philologie I, Wiesbaden, Reichert, 1982, 17-36.
925. O'Connor, M., 'The Arabic loanwords in Nabataean Aramaic', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45, 1986, 213-29.
926. Rabin, Chaim, Ancient west-Arabian, London, Taylor's Foreign Press, 1951. Robin, Christian, 'Les Langues de la péninsule Arabique', AAKM 89-111.
927. --'Les Plus Anciens Monuments de la langue arabe', AAKM 113-25.
928. Said, Salah Ahmad, Das Arabische in vorislamischer Zeit, Erlangen, Friedrich- Alexander Universität, 1994 (re: Safaitic and Dedanitic).
929. Seray, Hamad bin, and Healey, John, 'Aramaic in the Gulf: towards a corpus', Aram, forthcoming. Documents
930. Abdallah, Y.M., 'Ein altsüdarabischer Vertragstext von den neuentdeckten Inschriften auf Holz', AF 1-12.
931. André-Salvini, B., and Lombard, P., 'La Découverte épigraphique de 1995 à Qal'at al-Bahrein', PSAS 27, 1997, 165-70 (a new find of cuneiform tablets, mostly brief economic texts).
932. Cotton, H.M., et al., 'The papyrology of the Roman Near East: a survey', Journal of Roman Studies 85, 1995, 214-35 (pp. 223-25: Arabia).
933. Frantsouzoff, S.A., 'Hadramitic documents written on palm-leaf stalks', PSAS 29, 1999, 55-66.
934. Ghul, Omal al-, 'The names of the buildings in the Greek papyrus no. 10 from Petra', PSAS 29, 1999, 67-71 (one of a number of papyri concerning acquisition/cession of property in Petra).
935. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'Writing materials in pre-Islamic Arabia', JSS 43, 1998, 287-310.
936. Puech, E., 'Présence arabe dans les manuscrits de "La grotte aux lettres" du Wadi Khabra', PA 37-46 (four legal papyri from AD 90s).
937. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Inscribed old south Arabian sticks and palm-leaf stalks', PSAS 23, 1993, 127-40.
938. --and Loundine, A.G., 'Un Pétiole de palme inscrit en minéen', Südarabien 171-80.
939. --et al., Textes du Yémen antique inscrits sur bois, Louvain, Institut Orientaliste, 1994. Inscriptions (For further examples of juridical texts see chapter 5 above re: law.)
940. AAW, 'Neue lihyanische Inschriften mit einem Beitrag G. Ryckmans', 5.1.24-33.
941. Avanzini, A., 'For a study on the formulary of construction inscriptions', Sayhadica 11-20.
942. Beeston, A.F.L., The mercantile code of Qataban (Qahtan 1), London, Luzac, 1959. --'A Minaean market code', BSOAS 41, 1978, 142-45 (re: M 356, a Dedanite-Minaean inscription).
943. Branden, A. van den, Les Inscriptions Thamoudéennes, Louvain, Bibliothèque du Muséon, 1950.
944. --Les Textes Thamoudéens de Philby, 2 vols, Louvain, Bibliothèque du Muséon, 1956.
945. --Les Inscriptions dédanites, Beirut, l'Université Libanaise, 1962. EI, s.v. 'Safaitic', 'Thamudic'.
946. Gawlikowski, M., and As'ad, K., 'Le Péage à Palmyre en 11 après J.C.', Semitica 41-42, 1991-92, 163-72 (re: inscription concerning a camel tax).
947. Gruntfest, Y., 'Language and style of the South Arabian inscriptions: votive inscriptions from Marib', Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 7, 1986, 1-34.
948. King, Geraldine, 'The Basalt Desert Rescue Survey and some preliminary remarks on the Safaitic inscriptions and rock drawings', PSAS 20, 1990, 55-78.
949. Kropp, Manfred, 'Individual public confession or stylised document of lawsuit?', PSAS, forthcoming (argues that south Arabian expiation texts illustrate judicial process, not personal piety).
950. Lundin, A.G., 'Die Inschriften des antiken Raybun', Mare Erythraeum (Munich) 1, 1997, 19-26.
951. Macdonald, M.C.A., 'The seasons and transhumance in the Safaitic inscrip- tions', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3.2, 1992, 1-11.
952. --et al., 'Les Inscriptions safaïtiques de Syrie cent quarante ans après leur découverte', CRAIBL 1996, 435-94.
953. --'Some reflections on epigraphy and ethnicity in the Roman Near East', Mediterranean Archaeology 11, 1998, 177-90.
954. Maraqten, Mohammed, 'Curse formulae in South Arabian inscriptions and some of their Semitic parallels', PSAS 28, 1998, 189-99.
955. Matthews, J.F., 'The tax law of Palmyra', Journal of Roman Studies 74, 1984, 157-80.
956. Müller, Walter, 'Some remarks on the Safaitic inscriptions', PSAS 10, 1980, 67-74.
957. Nehmé, Laila, 'La Géographie des inscriptions de Pétra', Antiquités Sémitiques 2, 1997, 125-43.
958. Puech, E., 'Inscriptions araméennes du Golfe: Failaka, Qala'at al-Bahrein et Mulayha', Transeuphratène 16, 1998, 31-55.
959. Robin, Christian, 'L'Epigraphie de l'Arabie avant l'Islam: intérêt et limites', AAKM 13-24.
960. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Les Inscriptions anciennes de l'Arabie du sud', Oosters Genootschap in Nederland (Leiden, Brill) 4, 1973, 79-110.
961. --'Formal inertia in the South Arabian inscriptions', PSAS 4, 1974, 131-39.
962. Scagliarini, Fiorella, 'The Dedanitic inscriptions from G abal 'Ikma in northwestern Hejaz', PSAS 29, 1999, 143-50.
963. Sima, Alexander, Die lihyanischen Inschriften von al-'Udhayb, Rahden, Marie Leidorf, 1999.
964. --'Die sabäische Buss-und Sühneinschrift YM 10.703', Le Muséon 113, 2000, 185-204.
965. Theeb, S.A. al-, Aramaic and Nabataean inscriptions from north-west Saudi Arabia, Riyad, King Fahd National Library, 1993.
966. --Dirâsa tah . lîliyya li-nuqûsh nabat . iyya qadîma min shimâl gharb al-mamlakat al-'arabiyya, Riyad, King Fahd National Library, 1995.
967. --Nuqûsh al-H . ijr al-nabat . iyya, Riyad, King Fahd National Library, 1998.
968. Winnett, F.V., 'Some Thamudic religious texts in the light of the Ha'il inscriptions', Berytus 22, 1973, 95-100.
969. Poetry Abdallah, Y.M., 'Naqsh al-qas . îda al-H . imyariyya aw tarnîmat al-Shams', Raydan 5, 1988, 81-100.
970. Beeston, A.F.L., et al., eds, Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period, Cambridge, CUP, 1983 (has useful sections on 'pre-Islamic poetry', 'Early Arabic prose' and 'The Qur'an').
971. --'Antecedents of classical Arabic verse?', in Festschrift Ewald Wagner, Beirut, Franz Steiner, 1994, 1.234-43.
972. Bellamy, James, 'Arabic verses from the first/second century: the inscription of 'En 'Avdat', JSS 35, 1990, 73-79.
973. Caskel, Werner, Das Schicksal in der altarabischen Poesie, Leipzig, Eduard Pfeiffer, 1926.
974. Fares, Bichr, L'Honneur chez les Arabes avant l'Islam, Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1932.
975. Frolov, Dmitry, Classical Arabic verse: history and theory of 'Arud, Leiden, Brill, 2000.
976. Gabrieli, Francesco, 'La letteratura beduina preislamica', ASB 95-114.
977. Gamal, Adel S., 'The beginnings of classical Arabic poetry', in M. Mir, ed., Literary heritage of classical Islam, Princeton, Darwin, 1993, 41-67.
978. Goldziher, Ignaz, 'Muruwwa and Din', in id., Muslim studies 1, Chicago, Aldine, 1967, 11-44 (original German: Max Niemeyer/Halle 1889; classic exposition of pagan Arab honour and its conflict with Islam).
979. Jones, Alan, Early Arabic poetry, 2 vols, Oxford, Ithaca, 1992-96.
980. Kennedy, P.F., The wine song in classical Arabic poetry, Oxford, Clarendon, 1997 (tr. of 'Adi ibn Zayd).
981. Kropp, Manfred, 'A Puzzle of Old Arabic tenses and syntax: the inscription of 'En 'Avdat', PSAS 24, 1994, 165-74.
982. Negev, Avraham, 'Obodas the God', Israel Exploration Journal 36, 1986, 56-60 (re: 'En 'Avdat inscription).
983. Noja, Sergio, 'Uber die älteste arabische Inschrift', in Studia semitica necnon iranica R. Macuch dedicata, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1989, 187-94 (re: 'En 'Avdat inscription).
984. Shahid, Irfan, 'The composition of Arabic poetry in the fourth century', SHA 2.87-93.
985. Prose Abu 'Ubayda Mu'ammar ibn al-Muthanna, Ayyâm al-'arab qabl al-Islâm, ed. A.J. al-Bayyati, Beirut, 'Alam al-Kutub, 1987.
986. Beeston, A.F.L., Warfare in ancient south Arabia (2nd-3rd c. AD), London, Luzac, 1976 (tr. of Ja 643).
987. Caskel, Werner, 'Aijam al-'Arab: studien zur altarabischen Epik', Islamica 3, 1930, 1-99.
988. EI, s.v. 'Ayyam', 'Khatib', 'Mathal', 'Sadj''.
989. Jones, Alan, 'The prose literature of pre-Islamic Arabia', in J.R. Smart, ed., Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature, Richmond (Surrey), Curzon, 1996, 229-41.
990. --'The Qur'an in the light of earlier Arabic prose', University lectures in Islamic studies (ed. A. Jones) 1, 1997, 67-83.
991. Khuza'i, Da'bul ibn 'Ali (d. 246/860), Was . âyâ al-mulûk wa-anbâ' al-mulûk min walad Qah . tân ibn Hûd, ed. Nizar Abazir, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1997.
992. Meyer, Egbert, Der historische Gehalt der Aiyam al-'Arab, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1970.
993. Qatamish, A. al-, Al-amthâl al-'arabiyya: dirâsa ta'rîkhiyya wa-tah . lîliyya, Damascus, Dar al-Fikr, 1988.
994. Sellheim, R., Die klassisch-arabischen Sprichwörtersammlungen insbesondere die des Abu 'Ubaid, The Hague, Mouton, 1954.
995. Stetkevych, Jaroslav, Muhammad and the golden bough: reconstructing Arabian myth, Bloomington, Indiana University, 1996.
996. 9 Arabhood and Arabisation There is no work devoted to this subject. See the relevant references given in ch. 3 (esp. Byzantine/Sasanian period), ch. 4 (esp. nomad-sedentary relations), ch. 8 (language and poetry). Also useful are the following works: Bashear, Suliman, Arabs and others in early Islam, Princeton, Darwin, 1997.
997. Dagorn, René, La Geste d'Ismaël d'après l'onomastique et la tradition arabes, Geneva, Librairie Droz, 1981 (argues from onomastic evidence that Ishmael was unimportant to pre-Islamic Arabs).
998. Drory, Rina, 'The Abbasid construction of the Jahiliyya: cultural authority in the making', Studia Islamica 83, 1996, 33-49.
999. Geary, P.J., Before France and Germany: the creation and transformation of the Merovingian world, Oxford, OUP, 1988 (provides interesting parallels, though the east is very different from the west: more ancient, more urbanised, more ecologically fragile, etc.).
1000. Grunebaum, G.E. von, 'The nature of Arab unity before Islam', Arabica 10, 1963, 4-23 (repr. in AAEI 1-20).
1001. Kister, M.J., 'Mecca and Tamim', 'Some reports concerning Mecca' and 'Al- Hira: some notes on its relations with Arabia', in id., Studies on Jahiliyya and early Islam, Aldershot, Variorum, 1980, I-III.
1002. --'Mecca and the tribes of Arabia', in id., Society and religion from Jahiliyya to Islam, Aldershot, Variorum, 1990, II (illustrates how 'the period of the sixth and the beginning of the seventh century was characterised by intertribal conflicts and by the pressure of the Byzantine and Persian empires, through their vassal states, on the tribal divisions aimed at widening their control over the Arabian peninsula', p. 37).
1003. Korotaev, A., et al., 'Origins of Islam: political-anthropological and environ- mental context', Acta Orientalia (Hungary) 52, 1999, 243-76 (effects of climate change on 6th-century Arabia).
1004. Mayerson, Philip, 'The use of the term phyarchos in the Roman-Byzantine east', Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 88, 1991, 291-95 (tribal chief, not an administrative office).
1005. Millar, Fergus, 'Empire, community and culture in the Roman Near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs', Journal of Jewish Studies 38, 1987, 143-64 (examines vitality of local identities).
1006. Müller, Walter, 'Sabäische Felsinschriften von der Jemenitischen Grenze zur Rub' al-Khali', NESE 3.113-35 (though Sabaic texts, they have many correspondences with north Arabian).
1007. Robin, Christian, 'La Pénétration des arabes nomades au Yémen', AAKM 71-88.
1008. Ryckmans, Jacques, 'Aspects nouveaux du problème Thamoudéen', Studia Islamica 5, 1956, 5-17 (points out differences between Thamudic inscriptions of north Arabia and those of south; moderated by A. van den Branden, 'L'Unité de l'alphabet Thamoudéen', Studia Islamica 7, 1957, 5-27).
1009. --'Les Inscriptions sud-arabes anciennes et les études arabes', Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli 35, 1975, 443-63.
1010. And for the boom in the Near Eastern countryside see: Di Segni, Leah, 'Epigraphic documentation on building in the provinces of Palaestina and Arabia 4-7th c.', Journal of Roman Archaeology suppl. 31, 1999, 149-65.
1011. Foss, Clive, 'The Near Eastern countryside in late antiquity: a review article', Journal of Roman Archaeology suppl. 14, 1995, 213-34.
1012. Mayerson, Philip, 'Urbanization in Palaestina Tertia: pilgrims and paradoxes', in id., Monks, martyrs, soldiers and Saracens, Jerusalem, IEJ, 1994, 232-45.
1013. Tate, Georges, 'The Syrian countryside during the Roman era', in Susan Alcock, ed., The early Roman empire in the East, Oxford, Oxbow, 1997, 55-71.
1014. Vries, Bert de, Umm el-Jimal: a frontier town and its landscape in northern Jordan, Portsmouth (RI), Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1998. INDEX Aphrodite 115, 142n1, 163n7, 201; see also al-'Uzza 'Aqrab son of Abgar 65 Arab 1-2, 5, 8, 11, 18, 20, 22, 25-6, 28-30, 32, 39, 45-50, 53, 55, 59-63, 68-70, 75-6, 79, 81-3, 91, 96, 98, 100-1, 103, 109-10, 115-18, 123, 145, 148-50, 154-5, 162-3, 168, 172-3, 175, 190, 200, 205, 212, 216, 223-5, 228-47
1015. Arabia: passim; especially: definition 2-5, 64; history 13-35 (east), 36-57 (south), 58-84 (north and centre); inhabitants 5-8; sources for history 8-10
1016. Arabian languages and scripts 64-6, 68, 198-211, 230
1017. Arabic language and script 79, 83, 198, 200-4, 211-12, 220, 222-3, 225, 233, 236, 241-3, 246-7 Arafa 162
1018. Aramaean/Aramaic 18-19, 22, 63-4, 66, 69, 77, 82, 142, 159-60, 195, 198, 204, 235-6, 242
1019. Ardashir 27-8, 77 Aristobulus 24 Ariston 112 Artaxerxes 1, 41 Artemidorus of Ephesus 105 Artemis 23, 94, 144
1020. Asad 48, 155-6, 222
1021. Ash'ar 52
1022. Asma'i, 'Abd al-Malik al-, 229, 244-5, 247 Aspebetos 238
1023. Assurbanipal 19, 61-2
1024. Assyria(n) 1, 3, 5, 8-9, 18-19, 40, 59-62, 68, 74, 91, 97, 133-4, 173, 190, 230, 236
1025. Atarquruma 134 Atarsamain 68, 134 Atfar 239 Athena 187, 194-5 'Athtar 38, 87, 136, 140, 154, 182, 201, 232
1026. Augustus 44-5 Aurelian 76 Axum(ite) 50-1 Awwam temple 132n7, 141, 181
1027. Aws 236 Awsan 39 'Aydu son of Kuhaylu 209 Azadhfiruz son of Gushnas 29 (al-)Azd 26, 29, 50, 79, 233, 235-6 Azqir 51
1028. Ba'alshamin 78, 142, 144
1029. Babylon(ia/ian) 3, 8-9, 15-16, 19, 21-2, 24-6, 59, 61-2, 141, 198, 204, 241
1030. Badi'ilu 61 Bahrain 11, 13, 16, 23, 26-32, 34, 111, 157, 171, 174, 182-3, 189, 198, 204, 233-4, 240
1031. Bakr ibn Wa'il 28, 226
1032. Bata' 94, 227
1033. Batai, bishop 30 Bel 75, 142, 144, 165, 180-1
1034. Bible/biblical 5, 38-9, 59, 62, 66, 90, 104, 223, 230
1035. Bishr son of Hisn 55 Bonne son of Bonne son of Hairan 125 Bosra 65, 73, 237
1036. Cerbanians (Qatabanians?) 45
1037. Chaldaeans 24, 94
1038. Charax/Characene 23, 25-6, 58, 69, 108, 210, 234
1039. Christian/Christianity 27, 30-1, 51-4, 79, 82, 107, 135, 140, 147-50, 234-5, 237, 240, 246
1040. Claudius 76 Cleopatra 45, 74, 76
1041. Constantius 51, 146, 147
1042. Cosmas Indicopleustes 51 Ctesiphon see Seleucia-Ctesiphon Cyprus 15 Cyrus the Great 19
1043. Cyrus II 3 Mansur 247 Maqar 126
1044. Marcus Aurelius 68, 234 Marduk 62 Marib 26, 37, 40, 47-8, 55, 87-8, 126, 128-9, 137, 141, 151, 157, 161, 169-70, 172, 178, 181, 187, 227, 231, 233
1045. Mark Anthony 74 Marsiaba 45 Mashmahig island 30-1 Masruq ibn Abraha 56 Massa 66, 104 Matira 128 Mattabol 116 Mawia 149, 242
1046. Mayfa'a 94, 120, 169 Mazin 113 Mazun see Oman Mazun son of al-Azd 26
1047. Mecca(n) 9, 49, 121, 156, 180, 233, 236, 241, 243
1048. Medina see Yathrib Medes 19, 41, 62 Mediterranean 1-2, 5, 16, 18, 24-5, 39-40, 42, 60, 67, 73-4, 91, 104, 106-7, 111, 231
1049. Meluhha 13-14, 18 Menasse son of Nathan 146 Merodach-Baladan 19
1050. Meskilak 142
1051. Mesopotamia(n) 1-3, 5, 10-11, 13-16, 18, 33, 40-1, 67, 70, 74, 79, 91, 96, 99, 103-5, 107, 141, 144, 148, 167, 231, 235, 239
1052. Midian(ite) 58, 62, 90
1053. Minaea(n) 25, 40-2, 45, 47, 50, 67, 105, 107, 121, 140-1, 154, 182, 200, 231
1054. Mleiha 33, 144, 188-9 Moab(ite) 18, 38
1055. Moses, bishop 149-50
1056. Mu'awiya ibn Rabi'a 50 Mu'awiya son of Qays 50 Mudar 79, 110, 239-40
1057. Muhabbiyih Atkan 171
1058. Muhammad, Prophet 1-2, 9, 11, 30, 32, 117, 121, 151-2, 157, 185, 220-3, 229, 243, 245-7
1059. Mukha' 52 Mundhir ibn Harith 82-3, 241
1060. Mundhir ibn Nu'man 55-6, 81-2, 163n7, 236, 240
1061. Mundhir "the warrior" 32 Muqatil ibn Sulayman 247 Murad 49, 53, 55, 233 Mushaqqar 29, 109, 118 Muslim 1-2, 9, 26, 28, 30-1, 52, 57, 68-9, 79, 83, 102, 112, 131, 145, 151-2, 155, 166-7, 170, 186, 220, 224-5, 229, 231-3, 235, 242-3, 245-7 Muweilah 38 Muza 46-7, 106
1062. Myos Hormos 44, 73
1063. Nabataea(n) 22, 25, 33, 45, 58-9, 64-6, 68-74, 79, 82, 86, 107, 115, 118-19, 124-6, 132, 142, 163, 168, 171, 183, 185, 194-5, 197-8, 200-4, 207, 209, 211, 234-5, 242 Nabayoth 59, 62, 66, 230 Nabonidus 19, 59, 62, 66, 141 Nabu 144 Nadira 77 Nafud desert 4 Najd 5, 26, 110, 207, 231 Najran 50-3, 59, 79, 169, 222, 231 Nakhirjan 30 Nakrah 158 Naq'at 65 Naram-Sin 14
1064. Narseh 79, 235
1065. Nashq (modern al-Bayda') 37, 227
1066. Nashshan (modern al-Sawda') 37, 39, 182, 227
1067. Nasr(id) 30, 78, 81-2, 179, 239-40, 242; see also Lakhm Nebuchadnezzar 19, 62
1068. Ninhursag 13, 142 Ninsikila 142 Nippur 16 Nizar 48-9, 79
1069. Nonnosus, diplomat 49-50 Nubia 18 Nuha 68, 134, 207
1070. Nu'man ibn Mundhir 30, 56, 110, 216
1071. Obodat 136, 211-12 Odenathus son of Hairan 75-6
1072. I N D E X Ogelos son of Makkaios 69
1073. Ophir 112
1074. Palm Grove (Phoinikion) 71, 80, 158-9, 161, 165
1075. Parthia(n) 21-2, 25-8, 70, 74-5, 77-9, 103, 108, 174, 234-5
1076. Persian (the Achaemenid dynasty, 539-334 BC, of southwest Iran) 1, 3, 5, 9, 19-21, 26, 28, 40-1, 62-3, 66, 79, 104, 198, 235
1077. Persian (subsequent Iranian empires) 30, 44, 50-1, 54-7, 65, 74-6, 78-83, 96, 101, 108-9, 111, 147-8, 179, 238, 244, 247; see also Parthian, Sasanian Persian Gulf 3, 5, 19, 22-4, 26, 28, 94, 147, 230
1078. Peter, bishop 80
1079. Petra(ean) 25, 69-73, 125, 135-6, 142-3, 154, 169, 171, 174, 180-2, 187, 207, 211
1080. Phoenicia(n) 18-19, 22, 104, 149, 198, 239 Pliny the Elder 3, 23, 26, 64, 68, 72, 105, 137, 169, 180, 233 Pompei 65 Poseidon 144 Praetavi 69
1081. Ptolemy son of Ptolemy 41 Publicius Marcellus 210
1082. Puzu-Ishtar the Tadmuraean 74 Qabaliyya mine 112 Qabus ibn Mundhir 82-3 Qahtan 50, 231n2
1083. Qana 44 Qarnaw (modern Ma'in) 40, 114, 169 Qaryat al-Faw (ancient Qaryat Dhat Kahl) 50, 169, 201, 203-4, 232-3 Qasiy 161
1084. Qataban(ian) 40, 42, 47-8, 104-6, 124, 126-7, 140-1, 200, 210
1085. Qatar 11, 13, 30-2 Qatif 33 Qaynu son of Geshem 63 Qays 50, 54
1086. Qaysha 126, 209
1087. Qedar(ite) 59, 61-3, 68, 70, 133, 230
1088. Qetura 32, 59
1089. Quda'a 157, 234 Queen of Saba (Sheba) 38, 104
1090. Quran(ic) 9, 55, 69, 87, 121, 145, 153, 155, 163, 180, 186, 189, 212, 220-1, 223-4, 228, 243, 245-7
1091. Quraysh 110, 123, 185, 197, 221, 225 Quss ibn Sa'ida 222
1092. Rabbel 65, 126
1093. Rabi'a 79, 240 Rabibil son of Haf 'am 201 Rabiya 109-10 Radman 48 Radrad mine 111 Rakb 52 Ramm 159 Rawwafa 68, 159 Raybun 132n7, 161, 210
1094. Red Sea (Arabian Gulf) 3-4, 25, 40, 42, 44-5, 47, 68, 73, 112
1095. Rhinocoloura (modern al-Arish) 73
1096. Ri'ab Alhan 127 Rimum 16
1097. Roman (pre-Constantine) 9, 21-2, 27, 33, 40, 44-5, 58, 64-5, 68, 70, 73-5, 77-8, 97, 103, 107-8, 117-18, 125, 168-9, 175, 183, 189, 198, 234
1098. Roman (post-Constantine) 30, 51-2, 54-5, 69, 80-2, 96, 149, 200, 235, 237-41; see also Byzantium/Byzantine Rub' al-Khali desert (Empty Quarter) 4-5, 230
1099. Ruda 68, 134, 207, 231 Rufinus the Arab 236-7 Rumeilah 188
1100. Saar 171, 183
1101. Saba(ean) 36-42, 46-9, 58-9, 86-7, 104, 106, 112, 120, 125, 128, 136-7, 140-1, 159, 161, 164, 175, 178, 182, 197, 200-1, 203, 205, 226-7, 231-3
1102. Sa'd: deity 185; family 114; merchant 41; tribe 55
1103. Sadir palace 179 Safa fortress 29
1104. Safa(itic) 64-5, 151, 206-7 Sajah 157 Salamians 209 Salhad 161 Salhin palace 178
1105. Salih, prophet 69, 155, 224
1106. Salih, tribe 79, 239 Salm of Hagam 66, 160
1107. Salma al-'Udhri 220 Salma daughter of Aws 201 Samaria 60, 68
1108. Sam'ay 137, 161
1109. Samhar (modern Khor Rori) 44 Sampsikeramus 70 Samsigeramus 70
1110. San'a 47, 57, 109, 128, 178-9, 211 Sanatruq 28 Saqurri 60 Saracen 54-5, 76, 78-82, 96-100, 117, 131, 147-9, 159, 161-2, 183, 235-6, 238-9, 242
1111. Sargon of Akkad 14
1112. Sargon II 8, 19, 39, 61, 68
1113. Sasanian 5, 27-30, 75, 77, 79, 108, 147, 168, 189, 234-5 Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan 56-7, 111, 229
1114. Sayhad desert 40, 42, 48
1115. Seleucia-Ctesiphon 31, 50, 75
1116. Seleucus II 23 Sennacherib 19, 39, 61, 133, 134 Severus 77 Shabwa 40, 44, 94, 106, 141, 161, 163, 169-70, 178, 180
1117. Shahr Yagill Yuhargib 124
1118. Shalmaneser III 59
1119. Sham'allah 246 Shamash 77-8, 142, 144 Shamashgeram 70 Shammar Yuhar'ish 47, 50, 79, 128, 235 Shams 94, 164, 211 Shamsi 59-60, 104
1120. Shapur I 28, 75, 77, 234
1121. Shapur II 28
1122. Shay' al-Qawm 142
1123. Sheba see Saba Shihr 26, 109-10 Shubayt 146 Sibawayh 246-7 Sin 62 Sinai 2, 11, 18, 20, 61, 98-100, 159, 183, 235
1124. Sirhan Wadi 25, 68, 204
1125. Sirwah 39, 129