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Title
Abstract
Summary
Background
Discussion
SSQ Questionnaire
Summary of Results
Introduction
Memory Awareness States Methodology
Experimental Methodology
Materials
Procedures
Memory Awareness States' Statistical Analysis
Discussion and Summary of Results
References
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Psychology
Cognitive Science

Human factors in virtual environments

Profile image of Chaomei ChenChaomei Chen

1998, Virtual Reality

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01408702
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28 pages

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Abstract

virtual environments human factors, user interfaces, computer graphics, head-mounted displays This is the final report detailing the research conducted during a three-year project funded by the HP Laboratories External Research Program (1997)(1998)(1999)(2000) in collaboration with the Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, UK. The project's initial goals were centred on the investigation of human factors issues related to interacting with distributed computer graphics worlds in real-time over a network. These objectives were extended and focused on fidelity metrics for computer graphics simulations displayed on Head Mounted Displays. Theories from cognitive psychology were employed to devise these metrics which were, subsequently, validated by formally designed experiments involving human judgements of spatial memory awareness states.

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Fidelity metrics for virtual environment simulations based on spatial memory awareness states
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This paper describes a methodology based on human judgments of memory awareness states for assessing the simulation fidelity of a Virtual Environment (VE) in relation to its real scene counterpart. In order to demonstrate the distinction between task performance based approaches and additional human evaluation of cognitive awareness states, a photorealistic VE was created. Resulting scenes displayed on a Head Mounted Display (HMD) with or without head tracking and desktop monitor were then compared to the real world task situation they represented investigating spatial memory after exposure. Participants described how they completed their spatial recollections by selecting one of four choices of awareness states after retrieval in an initial test and a retention test a week after exposure to the environment. These reflected the level of visual mental imagery involved during retrieval, the familiarity of the recollection and also included guesses, even if informed. Experimental results revealed variations in the distribution of participants' awareness states across conditions while, in certain cases, task performance failed to reveal any. Experimental conditions which incorporated head tracking were not associated with strong visually-induced recollections. Generally, simulation of task performance does not necessarily lead to simulation of the awareness states involved when completing a memory task. The general premise of this research focuses on 'how' tasks are achieved, rather than only on 'what' is achieved. The extent to which judgements of human memory recall, memory awareness states and presence in the physical and VE are similar provides a fidelity metric of the simulation in question.

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Fidelity Metrics for Virtual Environment Simulations based on Human
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This paper describes a methodology based on human judgments of memory awareness states for assessing the simulation fidelity of a Virtual Environment (VE) in relation to its real scene counterpart. In order to demonstrate the distinction between task performance based approaches and additional human evaluation of cognitive awareness states, a photorealistic VE was created. Resulting scenes displayed on a Head Mounted Display (HMD) with or without head tracking and desktop monitor were then compared to the real world task situation they represented investigating spatial memory after exposure. Participants described how they completed their spatial recollections by selecting one of four choices of awareness states after retrieval in an initial test and a retention test a week after exposure to the environment. These reflected the level of visual mental imagery involved during retrieval, the familiarity of the recollection and also included guesses, even if informed. Experimental resul...

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Reality and human performance in a virtual world
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Two experiments were designed to understand the performance characteristics of human interaction with a virtual environment. In the first experiment, the effects of control feel (isometric vs. isotonic 3D input device) on tracking performance were measured in a virtual world. The results showed that the isometric device gives better control performance than the isotonic device. In the second experiment, the hypothesis that increased visual depth cues can improve 3D control performance was tested. The presence of binocular depth cues improved tracking performance. However, tracking performance was not significantly improved under perspective depth cues.

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The effect of visual and interaction fidelity on spatial cognition in immersive virtual environments
Dr Matthew Coxon

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2000

(awareness states) that underlies performance in memory tasks. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of varied visual and interaction fidelity of immersive Virtual Environments on memory awareness states. A between groups experiment was carried out to explore the effect of rendering quality on location-based recognition memory for objects and associated states of awareness. The experimental space, consisting of two interconnected rooms was rendered either flatshaded or using radiosity rendering. The computer graphics simulations were displayed on a stereo head-tracked Head Mounted Display. Participants completed a recognition memory task after exposure to the experimental space and reported one of four states of awareness following object recognition. These reflected the level of visual mental imagery involved during retrieval, the familiarity of the recollection and also included guesses. Experimental results revealed variations in the distribution of participants' awareness states across conditions while memory performance failed to reveal any. Interestingly, results revealed a higher proportion of recollections associated with mental imagery in the flat-shaded condition. These findings comply with similar effects revealed in two earlier studies summarized here, which demonstrated that the less 'naturalistic' interaction interface or interface of low interaction fidelity provoked a higher proportion of recognitions based on visual mental images.

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