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Results and Discussions
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Methodology Experimental Animals
Experimental Diet of the Animal
Data Analysis
Chemical Analysis
Statistical Analysis
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Planting Methods
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NEPALESE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2012, volume 10

Profile image of Binayak P . RajbhandariBinayak P . Rajbhandari
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SYAPM.2005:11.007
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Abstract

Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, volume 10 has a collection of original articles and review articles on various aspects of agriculture, veterinary science, and agri-economics

Figures (83)
Asset holding
Asset holding
Economics of crop production (cost of cultivation, returns and B: C ratio)
Economics of crop production (cost of cultivation, returns and B: C ratio)
Table 4 Varietal distribution of rice main season of year 2009 in two VDCs of Chitwan namely Shaktikhor and Gardi recorded during survey Sabitri and Radha 4 are dominant rice varieties, each shared 29.20 percent and 22.63 percent surveyed coordinates whilst 17.30 ha, 19.20 ha and 13.41 ha, 12.41 ha, respectively in years 2008 and 2009 in term of their coverage. Other major rice varieties included: Himali Masuli (13.14), OR (6.57), Aus mansuli (4.38), Anadi (3.65), Loktantra (3.65), BG 1442 and Barsha (2.19), Rampur Mansuli (1.46). Thus, it can be concluded that these varieties are widely distributed and highly adopted rice varieties, but other new varieties are being adopted throughout study area.
Table 4 Varietal distribution of rice main season of year 2009 in two VDCs of Chitwan namely Shaktikhor and Gardi recorded during survey Sabitri and Radha 4 are dominant rice varieties, each shared 29.20 percent and 22.63 percent surveyed coordinates whilst 17.30 ha, 19.20 ha and 13.41 ha, 12.41 ha, respectively in years 2008 and 2009 in term of their coverage. Other major rice varieties included: Himali Masuli (13.14), OR (6.57), Aus mansuli (4.38), Anadi (3.65), Loktantra (3.65), BG 1442 and Barsha (2.19), Rampur Mansuli (1.46). Thus, it can be concluded that these varieties are widely distributed and highly adopted rice varieties, but other new varieties are being adopted throughout study area.
Figure 1 Area of cultivation of different varieties of rice (combine) in two different periods
Figure 1 Area of cultivation of different varieties of rice (combine) in two different periods
sli 1 Sept. 2012, volume 10, ISSN 2091-042X The figures in the parenthesis indicate the percentage of rice variety by total frequency
sli 1 Sept. 2012, volume 10, ISSN 2091-042X The figures in the parenthesis indicate the percentage of rice variety by total frequency
Figure 2 Shannon-weaver diversity indexes of different varieties of rice adopted by farmers in Chitwan Other landrace Bayerni had lowest diversity index (0.73) indicated that it was not well adopted in the Chitwan.
Figure 2 Shannon-weaver diversity indexes of different varieties of rice adopted by farmers in Chitwan Other landrace Bayerni had lowest diversity index (0.73) indicated that it was not well adopted in the Chitwan.
Table 8 Farmers’ perceptions about modern varieties collected from Gardi and Shaktikhor VDCs
Table 8 Farmers’ perceptions about modern varieties collected from Gardi and Shaktikhor VDCs
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Among various factors responsible for the lower productivity of rice lack of the knowledge on usage of chemical fertilizer, lack of the location specific high yielding varieties, and low seed replacement rate are important. Inability of small farmers for expensive agro-inputs including fertilizers and new high yielding varieties has resulted in lower production; that is not sufficient to feed the increasing population. This leads to stagnant productivity. The present study
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Among various factors responsible for the lower productivity of rice lack of the knowledge on usage of chemical fertilizer, lack of the location specific high yielding varieties, and low seed replacement rate are important. Inability of small farmers for expensive agro-inputs including fertilizers and new high yielding varieties has resulted in lower production; that is not sufficient to feed the increasing population. This leads to stagnant productivity. The present study
two fermenting conditions Table 2 Nitrogen forms and pH under two cattle urine fermentation conditions
two fermenting conditions Table 2 Nitrogen forms and pH under two cattle urine fermentation conditions
Figure 1. N form concentrations during aerobic and anaerobic conditions of cattle urine fermentation
Figure 1. N form concentrations during aerobic and anaerobic conditions of cattle urine fermentation
Figure 2. Interaction between microbial spp and N forms using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Y1 and Y2 are Correlations between input variables and canonical variables
Figure 2. Interaction between microbial spp and N forms using Canonical Correlation Analysis. Y1 and Y2 are Correlations between input variables and canonical variables
Table 1 Treatments of experiment
Table 1 Treatments of experiment
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on yield of radish Root weight
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on yield of radish Root weight
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on available soil nutrient status (NPK) of radish field Maximum yield (44.55 kg) was observed in T7 which was statically on a par with T5 (43.33 kg), T3 (43.2 kg) and T6 (41.31 kg). However, minimal yield per plot (32.4 kg) was recorded in T9 (Table 3). The reasons for increased yield per plant by the application of NPK with FY M and Vermicompost could be attributed to solubilization effect of plant nutrients by the addition of FY M and Vermicompost leading to increased uptake of NPK. The results are in agreement with the findings of Kumaran et al (1998) that recorded an increase in yield by the application of FY M and Vermicompost.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on available soil nutrient status (NPK) of radish field Maximum yield (44.55 kg) was observed in T7 which was statically on a par with T5 (43.33 kg), T3 (43.2 kg) and T6 (41.31 kg). However, minimal yield per plot (32.4 kg) was recorded in T9 (Table 3). The reasons for increased yield per plant by the application of NPK with FY M and Vermicompost could be attributed to solubilization effect of plant nutrients by the addition of FY M and Vermicompost leading to increased uptake of NPK. The results are in agreement with the findings of Kumaran et al (1998) that recorded an increase in yield by the application of FY M and Vermicompost.
Conception rate (CR) = Number of pregnant animals / No. of ET (animal basis) x 100 percent n India 38 and 50 percent conception was achieved by using fresh embryos in cattle and buffalo respectively in the year 1995-96. Similarly, 20 and 30 percent success rate of conception was achieved with frozen embryos in cattle and buffaloes, respectively (Misra et. al. 2005). Likewise, Hasler (1988) reported a conception rate of 71 percent following transfer of 146 embryos recovered from cyclic (non-super-ovulated) Holstein donors into Holstein heifers versus 73percent for 2061 embryos transferred from super-ovulated Holstein donors with large responses of 16 or more ova/embryos. Success rates with embryo transfer in many commercial situations are consistently high, often exceeding 70percent pregnancy rates (Hasler, 2004).
Conception rate (CR) = Number of pregnant animals / No. of ET (animal basis) x 100 percent n India 38 and 50 percent conception was achieved by using fresh embryos in cattle and buffalo respectively in the year 1995-96. Similarly, 20 and 30 percent success rate of conception was achieved with frozen embryos in cattle and buffaloes, respectively (Misra et. al. 2005). Likewise, Hasler (1988) reported a conception rate of 71 percent following transfer of 146 embryos recovered from cyclic (non-super-ovulated) Holstein donors into Holstein heifers versus 73percent for 2061 embryos transferred from super-ovulated Holstein donors with large responses of 16 or more ova/embryos. Success rates with embryo transfer in many commercial situations are consistently high, often exceeding 70percent pregnancy rates (Hasler, 2004).
Figure 3 Receipent Jersey cows used for ET Figure 1 The Jersey bull born from ET Figure 2 A calf from semen of ET born bull
Figure 3 Receipent Jersey cows used for ET Figure 1 The Jersey bull born from ET Figure 2 A calf from semen of ET born bull
Figure 4 The crossbred exotic cattle herd for recipient mother at Khumaltar
Figure 4 The crossbred exotic cattle herd for recipient mother at Khumaltar
The study showed that overall mean milk yield of the different genetic group of catt was 2568.88+51.19 (Table 1). Shrestha (2010) reported average milk yield 3015 liter. different genetic groups of DCIP (Dairy Cattle Improvement Project) herds of Nep which was found slightly higher than the result obtained in this study. The total milk production significantly differed (p<0.001) with respect to the genetic group of cattle. The average milk production of Local, Jersey and Holstein Frisian cattle were observed 931.25+88.39, 2714.28+79.19 and 4061.11+102.06 liters, respectively The cattle of Kaski district have average milk yield of 745 liters per lactation (NLBC 2008/09), which was slightly lower than the result obtained in this study. In India, the local breeds of hill cattle produce on an average 534.7 Kg of milk per lactation (ICAR 1957). Jersey and Holstein Frisian breeds of cattle on an average produced 2728.1 anc 3283.2 liters of milk, respectively under DCIP herds of Nepal (NLBC, 2010/11) whict seems that the yield of Jersey was found similar to this study while yield of Holsteir Frisian was slightly lower than the result of this study. The fixed effect model accountec for 78.0percent of the total variance in the trait (R°=0.78) which is good in terms ot accounting variation. CV was found to be 24.7percent.
The study showed that overall mean milk yield of the different genetic group of catt was 2568.88+51.19 (Table 1). Shrestha (2010) reported average milk yield 3015 liter. different genetic groups of DCIP (Dairy Cattle Improvement Project) herds of Nep which was found slightly higher than the result obtained in this study. The total milk production significantly differed (p<0.001) with respect to the genetic group of cattle. The average milk production of Local, Jersey and Holstein Frisian cattle were observed 931.25+88.39, 2714.28+79.19 and 4061.11+102.06 liters, respectively The cattle of Kaski district have average milk yield of 745 liters per lactation (NLBC 2008/09), which was slightly lower than the result obtained in this study. In India, the local breeds of hill cattle produce on an average 534.7 Kg of milk per lactation (ICAR 1957). Jersey and Holstein Frisian breeds of cattle on an average produced 2728.1 anc 3283.2 liters of milk, respectively under DCIP herds of Nepal (NLBC, 2010/11) whict seems that the yield of Jersey was found similar to this study while yield of Holsteir Frisian was slightly lower than the result of this study. The fixed effect model accountec for 78.0percent of the total variance in the trait (R°=0.78) which is good in terms ot accounting variation. CV was found to be 24.7percent.
Table 2 Milk Production Performance of F, progenies of different crosses of cattle n addition, total milk production was significantly different (p<0.001) with respect to the genetic group of parents of F; progenies used in this study. Accordingly, highest milk production was observed in case of F; progenies of Jersey cross Female and Pure Holstein Frisian (imported frozen semen) Male (4757.14+120.63) followed by those Holstein Frisian & Jersey cross Female and Pure Holstein Frisian (imported frozen semen) Male (4214.28+4170.59), Holstein Frisian cross Female and Pure Jersey Male 3154.54+136.08), Jersey cross Female and Pure Jersey Male (2971+98.49). Furthermore, lowest value of total milk production was recorded for the F, progenies of Local Female and Pure Jersey Male (1834.78+94.11) of cattle.
Table 2 Milk Production Performance of F, progenies of different crosses of cattle n addition, total milk production was significantly different (p<0.001) with respect to the genetic group of parents of F; progenies used in this study. Accordingly, highest milk production was observed in case of F; progenies of Jersey cross Female and Pure Holstein Frisian (imported frozen semen) Male (4757.14+120.63) followed by those Holstein Frisian & Jersey cross Female and Pure Holstein Frisian (imported frozen semen) Male (4214.28+4170.59), Holstein Frisian cross Female and Pure Jersey Male 3154.54+136.08), Jersey cross Female and Pure Jersey Male (2971+98.49). Furthermore, lowest value of total milk production was recorded for the F, progenies of Local Female and Pure Jersey Male (1834.78+94.11) of cattle.
Table 3 Milk production performance of F, progenies of cattle
Table 3 Milk production performance of F, progenies of cattle
Table 1 Composition of concentrate mixture Experimental diet of the animal The dry matter requirement of goats was calculated based on 4 kg per 100 kg body weight. Following diets were formulated to the experimental animals (Table 2).
Table 1 Composition of concentrate mixture Experimental diet of the animal The dry matter requirement of goats was calculated based on 4 kg per 100 kg body weight. Following diets were formulated to the experimental animals (Table 2).
Chemical analysis
Chemical analysis
Table 4 Chemical composition of prepared concentrate mixture (percent DM basis)
Table 4 Chemical composition of prepared concentrate mixture (percent DM basis)
Table 5 revealed that highest intake of fodder per day was observed for Treatment 1 (1.12+1.45kg) followed by Treatment 3 (1.11+1.40 kg) and Treatment 2 (1.08 +1.39kg) which was non- significant (P>0.05) among diet groups. Similarly, in case of concentrate mixture intake there was noted highest in Treatment 1 (115.59+18.35g) followed by Treatment 2 (111.89414.79g) and Treatment 3 (110.59+413.48 g) which was highly significant (P=0.000) among diet groups. The higher total dry matter intake was observed in Treatment 1 (57.25 kg) followed by Treatment 3 (56.5 kg) and Treatment 2 (55.34 kg). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher for Treatment 2 (9.82:1kg) followed by Treatment 3 (9.72:1 kg) and Treatment 1 (9.40:1 kg).
Table 5 revealed that highest intake of fodder per day was observed for Treatment 1 (1.12+1.45kg) followed by Treatment 3 (1.11+1.40 kg) and Treatment 2 (1.08 +1.39kg) which was non- significant (P>0.05) among diet groups. Similarly, in case of concentrate mixture intake there was noted highest in Treatment 1 (115.59+18.35g) followed by Treatment 2 (111.89414.79g) and Treatment 3 (110.59+413.48 g) which was highly significant (P=0.000) among diet groups. The higher total dry matter intake was observed in Treatment 1 (57.25 kg) followed by Treatment 3 (56.5 kg) and Treatment 2 (55.34 kg). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher for Treatment 2 (9.82:1kg) followed by Treatment 3 (9.72:1 kg) and Treatment 1 (9.40:1 kg).
Figure 1 Body weight gain trend of goats during experiment period Table 6 showed that average initial body weight of experimental goats was 10.41+1.77, 10.45+1.18 and 10.50+1.44kg and attained 16.50+1.89, 16.08+1.31 and 16.313+1.390 kg during 90 days of experiment for Treatment 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Both initial and final body weights was not significant (P>0.05) between diet groups. Total weight gain was highest in Treatment 1 (6.09 kg) followed by Treatment 3 ( 5.81 kg) and Treatment 2 (5.63 kg), however, it was also non significant (P>0.05) among diet groups. Average daily gain of experimental animals was found to be 67, 64 and 62 g for Treatment 1, 3 and 2, respectively.
Figure 1 Body weight gain trend of goats during experiment period Table 6 showed that average initial body weight of experimental goats was 10.41+1.77, 10.45+1.18 and 10.50+1.44kg and attained 16.50+1.89, 16.08+1.31 and 16.313+1.390 kg during 90 days of experiment for Treatment 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Both initial and final body weights was not significant (P>0.05) between diet groups. Total weight gain was highest in Treatment 1 (6.09 kg) followed by Treatment 3 ( 5.81 kg) and Treatment 2 (5.63 kg), however, it was also non significant (P>0.05) among diet groups. Average daily gain of experimental animals was found to be 67, 64 and 62 g for Treatment 1, 3 and 2, respectively.
Table 1 Effect of different shade levels and different fodder species on plant height and number of tillers plant-1 in ARS, Bandipur, 2010-2011 The interaction effects of the different shade levels (open condition, light, medium and heavy shade) and different species of fodders (Guinea, Setaria, Molasses and Signal) on plant height and number of tillers plant-1 were found non-significant (p>0.05), except in the case of plant height in summer season. Molassses in light shade and Setaria in heavy shade had shown that the taller plant height in summer season.
Table 1 Effect of different shade levels and different fodder species on plant height and number of tillers plant-1 in ARS, Bandipur, 2010-2011 The interaction effects of the different shade levels (open condition, light, medium and heavy shade) and different species of fodders (Guinea, Setaria, Molasses and Signal) on plant height and number of tillers plant-1 were found non-significant (p>0.05), except in the case of plant height in summer season. Molassses in light shade and Setaria in heavy shade had shown that the taller plant height in summer season.
Plant height and number of tillers
Plant height and number of tillers
Seto Jhyale is a local variety, and it is popular in hilly area of Mechi zone (Ilam, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts). The plant is tall and erect with fade green leaves (less small leaves, and rough). Stem is small, green and many. It yields medium sized tubers which are oval, white, smooth and have shallow eyes. The variety is slightly resistant to late blight fungus (Phytophthora infestans) but is susceptible to wart (Synchytrium endobioticum). It is long duration variety (140 days) with average production of 21.8 t/ha (Khairagoli, 1998). Beate variety is very popular variety since 10 years. In Ilam, this variety was introduced from Sikkim and Darjeeling; however, Khairagoli (1998) has described its origin in Norway and so called British potato. The plant is medium tall, The respondents ranked Beate as the number one variety which yielded more than Lwangfule and Seto Jhyale variety at the present time (Table 3). This was not the case previously before 8-10 years. Previously, yield was very good in Seto Jhyale when Beate and Lwangfule were not introduced. According to the respondent, eating quality and yield were better for Seto Jhyale variety; they preferred Seto Jhyale as number one regarding eating quality as mentioned in Table 1. Now the challenge is to increase yield potentiality of Seto Jhyale variety while implementing variety improvement or variety conservation programs in northern part of Ilam.
Seto Jhyale is a local variety, and it is popular in hilly area of Mechi zone (Ilam, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts). The plant is tall and erect with fade green leaves (less small leaves, and rough). Stem is small, green and many. It yields medium sized tubers which are oval, white, smooth and have shallow eyes. The variety is slightly resistant to late blight fungus (Phytophthora infestans) but is susceptible to wart (Synchytrium endobioticum). It is long duration variety (140 days) with average production of 21.8 t/ha (Khairagoli, 1998). Beate variety is very popular variety since 10 years. In Ilam, this variety was introduced from Sikkim and Darjeeling; however, Khairagoli (1998) has described its origin in Norway and so called British potato. The plant is medium tall, The respondents ranked Beate as the number one variety which yielded more than Lwangfule and Seto Jhyale variety at the present time (Table 3). This was not the case previously before 8-10 years. Previously, yield was very good in Seto Jhyale when Beate and Lwangfule were not introduced. According to the respondent, eating quality and yield were better for Seto Jhyale variety; they preferred Seto Jhyale as number one regarding eating quality as mentioned in Table 1. Now the challenge is to increase yield potentiality of Seto Jhyale variety while implementing variety improvement or variety conservation programs in northern part of Ilam.
Table 4 Pair wise ranking of potato planting methods in Sulubung VDC, Ilam, Nepal
Table 4 Pair wise ranking of potato planting methods in Sulubung VDC, Ilam, Nepal
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 Detail list of treatments applied on fertilizer trial, Khumaltar, 2009/10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 Detail list of treatments applied on fertilizer trial, Khumaltar, 2009/10
LSD (0.05) = 0.405 for vigour & 0.436 for uniformity Figure 2 Effect of Nitrogen on Plant vigour and uniformity potato at 75 DAP
LSD (0.05) = 0.405 for vigour & 0.436 for uniformity Figure 2 Effect of Nitrogen on Plant vigour and uniformity potato at 75 DAP
Table 5 Effect of nitrogen and potash on percentage of tuber numbers distribution on the basis of weight at Khumaltar, 2009/10
Table 5 Effect of nitrogen and potash on percentage of tuber numbers distribution on the basis of weight at Khumaltar, 2009/10
Table 6 Effect of nitrogen and potash on percentage tuber distribution on weight basis and yield (t/ha) at Khumaltar, 2009/10 + Common small letters in a column are not significantly different by DMRT at 0.05 levels.
Table 6 Effect of nitrogen and potash on percentage tuber distribution on weight basis and yield (t/ha) at Khumaltar, 2009/10 + Common small letters in a column are not significantly different by DMRT at 0.05 levels.
Figure 3 Effect of N and K on dry matter percentage of potato tubers at Khumaltar
Figure 3 Effect of N and K on dry matter percentage of potato tubers at Khumaltar
Figure 4 Effect of N on reducing sugar and specific gravity of potato tubers at Khumaltar
Figure 4 Effect of N on reducing sugar and specific gravity of potato tubers at Khumaltar
Figure 5 Effect of Potash on reducing sugar and specific gravity of potato tubers
Figure 5 Effect of Potash on reducing sugar and specific gravity of potato tubers
Table 8 Correlation of different quality parameters of potato on different dose of nitrogen and potash tested at Hattiban Farm, Khumaltar, 2066/67 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Table 8 Correlation of different quality parameters of potato on different dose of nitrogen and potash tested at Hattiban Farm, Khumaltar, 2066/67 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Quite a good volume of work has been done on composition of buckwheat groat, hull, whole grain (Fujimaki at al, 1969; Asano et al, 1970; Sokolov and Semikhov, 1971; Pomeranz and Robbins, 1972; Ichihara et al, 1973; Sirillenko, 1979; Kitabayashi et al, 1995; Ikeda et al., 2000). These studies have regarded buckwheat as a source of various mineral elements and compounds required for human nutrition. The most importan elements that buckwheat seed contains include balanced composition of protein (above 16% in groat), carbohydrate (starch and non-starchy polysaccharadides), fiber, lipids, amino-acids (higher than that of cereal grains), fatty acids (18), enzymes, many mineral elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, K, Zn) and vitamins (Riboflavin, Choline, Tocopherols, Thiamine, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic acid) and above all that rutin, a glycoside that is useful for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Demidenko (1971 had reported that buckwheat contains valuable microelements like B, Cu (0.01%), Mn (0.01%), Bi (0.001%), Fe (0.01%) and Mg (3.0%). The perianth contains lignin, which may prove to be a valuable resource for producing the products like vanillin, aromatic aldehydes, phenols, and a number of aromatic acids (Ibid.). Tartary buckwheat has high content of rutin as regulator of blood pressure (Shevchuk, 1983) and lysin as one of the essential amino-acids compared to common buckwheat (Pomeranz et al 1975). wild species of Nepali buckwheat are perennial, which is ensured by the presence of rhizome or stolon and seed shattering. Rhizome is intensively developed in F. cymosum that has spreading growth habit like a runner, while in case of F. megacarpum, it has perennial rootstock that gives out stolons, and the plant prefers to grow erect (Rajbhandari, 2010)). It tends to accumulate good amount of assimilates for the growth of stem and leaves, while F. cymosum species tend to translocate good amount of assimilates for the growth and development of rhizomes and runners. The impression is that F. megacarpum tends to reproduce and multiply through formation and dispersion of seed, while F. cymosum tends to do that through extensive (profused) growth of rhizome and runners. Biochemical composition of wild buckwheat is less studied.
Quite a good volume of work has been done on composition of buckwheat groat, hull, whole grain (Fujimaki at al, 1969; Asano et al, 1970; Sokolov and Semikhov, 1971; Pomeranz and Robbins, 1972; Ichihara et al, 1973; Sirillenko, 1979; Kitabayashi et al, 1995; Ikeda et al., 2000). These studies have regarded buckwheat as a source of various mineral elements and compounds required for human nutrition. The most importan elements that buckwheat seed contains include balanced composition of protein (above 16% in groat), carbohydrate (starch and non-starchy polysaccharadides), fiber, lipids, amino-acids (higher than that of cereal grains), fatty acids (18), enzymes, many mineral elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, K, Zn) and vitamins (Riboflavin, Choline, Tocopherols, Thiamine, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic acid) and above all that rutin, a glycoside that is useful for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Demidenko (1971 had reported that buckwheat contains valuable microelements like B, Cu (0.01%), Mn (0.01%), Bi (0.001%), Fe (0.01%) and Mg (3.0%). The perianth contains lignin, which may prove to be a valuable resource for producing the products like vanillin, aromatic aldehydes, phenols, and a number of aromatic acids (Ibid.). Tartary buckwheat has high content of rutin as regulator of blood pressure (Shevchuk, 1983) and lysin as one of the essential amino-acids compared to common buckwheat (Pomeranz et al 1975). wild species of Nepali buckwheat are perennial, which is ensured by the presence of rhizome or stolon and seed shattering. Rhizome is intensively developed in F. cymosum that has spreading growth habit like a runner, while in case of F. megacarpum, it has perennial rootstock that gives out stolons, and the plant prefers to grow erect (Rajbhandari, 2010)). It tends to accumulate good amount of assimilates for the growth of stem and leaves, while F. cymosum species tend to translocate good amount of assimilates for the growth and development of rhizomes and runners. The impression is that F. megacarpum tends to reproduce and multiply through formation and dispersion of seed, while F. cymosum tends to do that through extensive (profused) growth of rhizome and runners. Biochemical composition of wild buckwheat is less studied.
Nepali common buckwheat had higher phosphorus content than tartary buckwheat and wild megacarpum buckwheat (Figure 1) while both the common and tartary buckwheat species are not different significantly in iron and calcium content (Figure 2). Calcium content of tartary buckwheat was higher than that of common buckwheat. These data agree with those of Wang et al (1995) who have reported about mineral composition of Biochemical analysis revealed that common buckwheat was superior to tartary buckwheat in groats content, in the contents of crude protein, crude fibre and total minerals (ash) the tartary buckwheat was superior to common buckwheat. The common buckwheat was distinguished by the higher contents of carbohydrate (Table 1). These results agree with those of Marshall and Pomeranz (1981). Fagopyrum megacarpum was inferior to one or another cultivated species in these traits.
Nepali common buckwheat had higher phosphorus content than tartary buckwheat and wild megacarpum buckwheat (Figure 1) while both the common and tartary buckwheat species are not different significantly in iron and calcium content (Figure 2). Calcium content of tartary buckwheat was higher than that of common buckwheat. These data agree with those of Wang et al (1995) who have reported about mineral composition of Biochemical analysis revealed that common buckwheat was superior to tartary buckwheat in groats content, in the contents of crude protein, crude fibre and total minerals (ash) the tartary buckwheat was superior to common buckwheat. The common buckwheat was distinguished by the higher contents of carbohydrate (Table 1). These results agree with those of Marshall and Pomeranz (1981). Fagopyrum megacarpum was inferior to one or another cultivated species in these traits.
Figure 1 Phosphorus contents of seed of Nepali buckwheat species
Figure 1 Phosphorus contents of seed of Nepali buckwheat species
Figure 2 Ca and Fe contents of Nepali buckwheat species
Figure 2 Ca and Fe contents of Nepali buckwheat species
All of the respondents interviewed blamed food insecurity on insufficient land holdings and limited employment opportunities. They remarked that the food prices, including cereals, vegetables, and animal products, had doubled compared to the previous year. While the community roads were considered to be of good quality, little importing and exporting occurred as a result of poverty and caste-based discrimination. The 5 percent of farmers who reported selling their vegetables in the market claimed that they received much lower prices for their products compared to other farmers in the community, a disparity they blamed on their status as ‘untouchables’. Unable to afford local foods, the Musahar have been restricted to consuming the resources produced in their own fields. Households surveyed stated that they were unable to afford animal products such as milk, meat, or eggs, and reported having to borrow rice from their neighbors in order to celebrate festivals such as dasain and holi. Unable to purchase foods, they are also denied consumer power, limiting their participation and influence within the non- Dalit farming community.
All of the respondents interviewed blamed food insecurity on insufficient land holdings and limited employment opportunities. They remarked that the food prices, including cereals, vegetables, and animal products, had doubled compared to the previous year. While the community roads were considered to be of good quality, little importing and exporting occurred as a result of poverty and caste-based discrimination. The 5 percent of farmers who reported selling their vegetables in the market claimed that they received much lower prices for their products compared to other farmers in the community, a disparity they blamed on their status as ‘untouchables’. Unable to afford local foods, the Musahar have been restricted to consuming the resources produced in their own fields. Households surveyed stated that they were unable to afford animal products such as milk, meat, or eggs, and reported having to borrow rice from their neighbors in order to celebrate festivals such as dasain and holi. Unable to purchase foods, they are also denied consumer power, limiting their participation and influence within the non- Dalit farming community.
organisations in full support of private organisations. In order to bring into the information of the works so far done in Nepal and to arouse the interest among the possible counterparts, producers, consumers and planners and policy makers, this paper has been brought forth. Geographically, the country is divided into three regions: mountains in the north, hills in the middle, and the Terai plains in the south. Mountains occupy nearly 35percent of the total area, where only two percent of the land is suitable for cultivation. Livestock such as sheep, goats, and yaks are commonly reared and meadows used for grazing but crop duration takes a longer time than in warmer areas. The hills, which occupy 42percent of the total land area, are intensively terraced for agricultural purposes. This region has the largest land area of the country with about 10 percent being suitable for cultivation. The dominant crops are rice, maize, and millet. Terai is the grain belt of Nepal despite comprising only 23percent of Nepal's total area. This region extends from east to west along the southern side of the country and about 40percent of its land is under cultivation, with three crops per year grown. Due to its great variation in altitude, Nepal has a wide
organisations in full support of private organisations. In order to bring into the information of the works so far done in Nepal and to arouse the interest among the possible counterparts, producers, consumers and planners and policy makers, this paper has been brought forth. Geographically, the country is divided into three regions: mountains in the north, hills in the middle, and the Terai plains in the south. Mountains occupy nearly 35percent of the total area, where only two percent of the land is suitable for cultivation. Livestock such as sheep, goats, and yaks are commonly reared and meadows used for grazing but crop duration takes a longer time than in warmer areas. The hills, which occupy 42percent of the total land area, are intensively terraced for agricultural purposes. This region has the largest land area of the country with about 10 percent being suitable for cultivation. The dominant crops are rice, maize, and millet. Terai is the grain belt of Nepal despite comprising only 23percent of Nepal's total area. This region extends from east to west along the southern side of the country and about 40percent of its land is under cultivation, with three crops per year grown. Due to its great variation in altitude, Nepal has a wide
Flow chart 1 Suggested strategy for the development of fungal based mycoinsecticides in Nepal
Flow chart 1 Suggested strategy for the development of fungal based mycoinsecticides in Nepal
Table 1 Insect monitoring and survey
Table 1 Insect monitoring and survey
Table 7 Chemical insecticides use practices
Table 7 Chemical insecticides use practices
In 2009, about 35 days after transplanting the seedlings, they observed whole field (i.e. 1/20th of a hectare) was affected with the clubroot (see P.1); they earthed up the broccoli rows carefully only once. After one week, plants started reviving s| and started growing normally after two weeks (see P.2). When all plants s producing broccoli heads the farmers were so happy to reap their broccoli crop clubroot- affected plants. These farmers harvested broccoli heads the broccoli head was so amazing that it ranged from 500 g to over an average size of 1000 g (see the amazing expression of a child about the broccoli head, P.4). The agricultural officer was surprised to see broccoli, which he recommended/suggested to demolish the whole broccoli field ear! owly without wilting tarted from see P.3). The size of 2000 g per head with size of a the big sized-head of ier. The interesting observation noted was that the main root had clubroot, which did not produce side or adventitious fibrous roots when earthing up was not done; but after earthing up practice i.e. heaping the soil up around the plants was done, many adventitious roots developed. These roots could support the plant growth and head development sufficiently providing adequate mineral uptake and water absorption. The yield and quality of broccoli heads was excellent (see P.5).
In 2009, about 35 days after transplanting the seedlings, they observed whole field (i.e. 1/20th of a hectare) was affected with the clubroot (see P.1); they earthed up the broccoli rows carefully only once. After one week, plants started reviving s| and started growing normally after two weeks (see P.2). When all plants s producing broccoli heads the farmers were so happy to reap their broccoli crop clubroot- affected plants. These farmers harvested broccoli heads the broccoli head was so amazing that it ranged from 500 g to over an average size of 1000 g (see the amazing expression of a child about the broccoli head, P.4). The agricultural officer was surprised to see broccoli, which he recommended/suggested to demolish the whole broccoli field ear! owly without wilting tarted from see P.3). The size of 2000 g per head with size of a the big sized-head of ier. The interesting observation noted was that the main root had clubroot, which did not produce side or adventitious fibrous roots when earthing up was not done; but after earthing up practice i.e. heaping the soil up around the plants was done, many adventitious roots developed. These roots could support the plant growth and head development sufficiently providing adequate mineral uptake and water absorption. The yield and quality of broccoli heads was excellent (see P.5).
P.3- Harvesting broccoli P.4- Child’s expression on size Although the earthing up practice required some extra labor and cost additions, but this approach saved the broccoli growers sustaining the yield from clubroot- affected plants, if otherwise required removing them from the field and placing farmers into a great economic loss. Therefore, this practice is a very good, yet a new approach to get good harvest from clubroot-affected-broccoli plants. Farmers could receive a handsome amount from marketing of the pesticide free quality heads of broccoli to meet the high demand of fresh vegetables in different market centers of Kathmandu valley.
P.3- Harvesting broccoli P.4- Child’s expression on size Although the earthing up practice required some extra labor and cost additions, but this approach saved the broccoli growers sustaining the yield from clubroot- affected plants, if otherwise required removing them from the field and placing farmers into a great economic loss. Therefore, this practice is a very good, yet a new approach to get good harvest from clubroot-affected-broccoli plants. Farmers could receive a handsome amount from marketing of the pesticide free quality heads of broccoli to meet the high demand of fresh vegetables in different market centers of Kathmandu valley.

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