Indian Media in Global Context

References (90)

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27. Lerner, D., The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1959).
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31. Mehta, N., Behind a Billion Screens: What Television Tells Us About Modern India (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2015).
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56. Vidyalankar, A., 'Report of the Study Team on Five Year Plan Publicity' (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1965). 'White Paper on Misuse of Media (During the Internal Emergency)' (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1977).
57. Zielinski, S., Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008).
58. Shah, 'Narendra Modi was a fantastic product: Piyush Pandey.'
59. Caste Hindus do not form a numerical majority, but they have the status of a political majority, which is to say they are politically dominant. On the 2014 elections, see Rajagopal, 'Indian Politics Under Modi.' See also Chakravartty and Roy, 'Modi and the Media: Indian Politics and Electoral Aftermath', 311-322. For a satirical response to Hindu dominance see Patel, 'We must stop appeasing Muslims…for their own good of course.'
60. Even critical reports were couched as if pleading with the Modi government. See, e.g., The Economist, 'Modi's Rule: India's One-Man Band.'
61. For the growth in the broadcasting sector for 2013-14, see Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Annual Report, 7. While figures for radio and telephony are included in these reports, my essay will focus on television alone, since it is the most visible locus of political contestation. For a recent discussion on the latter subject see Doron and Jeffrey, The Great Indian Phone Book.
62. Dubashi, "Hindu Rate of Growth," 2.
63. Schramm, The Process and Effects of Mass Communication.
64. E.g., see Millikan, in Lerner, 'Communication and Development,' 151.
65. Singhal et al., 'Entertainment Telenovelas for Development: Lessons Learned',158.
66. Singh, 'TV No Luxury : Bhagat', 134.
67. Rajagopal, "Advertising as Political Ventriloquism: Agency, Corporation and State in the Shaping of India's Branded Market," Unpublished.
68. The Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting vs. Cricket Association of Bengal & Anr., SCC (2) 161.
69. In its Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting for the Free Flow of Information, adopted in October 1972, Unesco stated: "…[I]t is necessary that States, taking into account the principle of freedom of information, reach or promote prior agreements concerning direct satellite broadcasting to the population of countries other than the country of origin of the transmission." The General Assembly supported this view in November 1972 by a vote of 102 to 1, with the U.S.A. casting the sole vote against the motion. UNESCO Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting for the Free Flow of Information, Spread of Education and Greater Cultural Exchange, document A/AC 105/109, 1972. Cited in Schiller, 'The Diplomacy of Cultural Domination and the Free Flow of Information,' 17.
70. Sarabhai, 'Science and National Goals,' 3.
71. See the A.K. Chanda Committee Report on Radio and Television, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, April 1966. For one indication of Mrs. Gandhi's enthusiasm for the government use of media, including television, see a news report on her inaugural press conference as Information and Broadcasting Minister, Times of India, July 3, 1964, 1.
72. See Connelly, Fatal Misconception.
73. See Government of India, White Paper on Misuse of Media. The budget of the Directorate of Audio- Visual Publicity nearly doubled during the Emergency. The information and publicity budget, excluding radio and television, for the Information and Broadcasting Ministry rose from Rs. 11.9 cr. in 1974-1975 to Rs 14.55 cr. in 1975-1976 to Rs 18.7 cr. in 1976-1977, or by 58 per cent in two years. The major rise was due to expenditure in the Directorate of Audio-Visual Publicity, from Rs. 2.66 cr. to Rs. 3.51 cr. to Rs. 5.15 cr., or by 93 per cent across the same years. Government of India, Publications Division, White Paper on Misuse of Mass Media, 1977, p. 60. The DAVP, which operated under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, for many years had Audio-Visual in its title instead of Advertising: the word advertising was first included, then dropped, and later re-introduced, each time with little explanation.
74. Ambedkar, Address to the Constituent Assembly, 40.
75. See Rajagopal, "The Emergency," 1003-1049.
76. Rajagopal, 'The Emergency', 1003-1049.
77. FICCI-KPMG India Media and Entertainment Industry Report, 8-41. For an analysis of the television industry's recent growth, see Mehta, Behind a Billion Screens; see also Sardesai, 2014: The Election that Changed India, and Khare, How Modi Won It.
78. Cited in A. Vidyalankar, 'Report of the Study Team on Five Year Plan Publicity' (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1965): 19.
79. Schramm, Mass Communication as Instrument for National Development..
80. Agrawal et al., Satellite Instructional Television Experiment.
81. While this flowering clearly includes telephony, my discussion of media will not take the developments in telecommunications into account. For a recent discussion on the latter subject see Doron and Jeffrey, The Great Indian Phone Book.
82. See Rajagopal, Politics After Television, 123.
83. The phrase 'development without modernization' is from Immerwahr.
84. See e.g., Brass, Caste, Faction and Party in Indian Politics.
85. Kailasam, interview.
86. See Rajagopal, Politics After Television.
87. Eisenstadt and Schluchter, 'Paths to Early Modernities,' 1-18.
88. Eisenstadt and Schluchter, 'Paths to Early Modernities,' 5.
89. See e.g., Snowden, 'The World Says No to Surveillance.'
90. See Zielinski, Deep Time of the Media.