Some computational properties of a model for electronic documents

Document Recognition and Retrieval XVIII, 2011

The Field of Document Recognition is bipolar. On one end lies the excellent work of academic institutions engaging in original research on scientifically interesting topics. On the other end lies the document recognition industry which services needs for high-volume data capture for transaction and back-office applications. These realms seldom meet, yet the need is great to address technical hurdles for practical problems using modern approaches from the Document Recognition, Computer Vision, and Machine Learning disciplines. We reflect on three categories of problems we have encountered which are both scientifically challenging and of high practical value. These are Doctype Classification, Functional Role Labeling, and Document Sets. Doctype Classification asks, "What is the type of page I am looking at?" Functional Role Labeling asks, "What is the status of text and graphical elements in a model of document structure?" Document Sets asks, "How are pages and their contents related to one another?" Each of these has ad hoc engineering approaches that provide 40-80% solutions, and each of them begs for a deeply grounded formulation both to provide understanding and to attain the remaining 20-60% of practical value. The practical need is not purely technical but also depends on the user experience in application setup and configuration, and in collection and groundtruthing of sample documents. The challenge therefore extends beyond the science behind document image recognition and into user interface and user experience design.

Computer Networks and Isdn Systems, 1998

This paper describes an object-oriented model for paper-based multimedia documents such as a textbook with embedded graphics. This model is the first step towards building a manageable authoring system for the Web, in which documents can be easily built, extended, truncated, reordered, assembled and disassembled on a component basis, and the document components can be reused. The model will also make accessible properties which might be significant or important to the user, especially in searching or classifying documents, such as the document title and author. The model design is explained, and the class hierarchy for the model is presented. 0 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 1997

we present and analyze algorithms for the automated segmentation and classification of layout structures in electronic documents. The key idea is to use the patterns in the distribution of white space in a document to recognize and interpret its components. The segmentation algorithm divides the document into a hierarchy of logical elements; the classification algorithms classify these divisions as basetext, tables, indented lists, polygonal drawings, and graphs. We present experimental data and discuss an information access application. Our methodology allows the automatic markup of documents (for instance in the SGML format) and the creation of multilevel indices and browsing tools for electronic libraries. Keywords-Document analysis, Document structure, Information capture and access. 'The term zoomed-out refers to a document view in which only the shapes of its components are distinguishable; this corresponds roughly to the human eye perception of a paper document from a distance. For example, a representation of a computer science technical paper includes the title and author information at the coarsest level of the tree, the section structure at the second level, and the individual blocks of each section (text paragraphs, figures, tables, code) below. Automated Document Structuring 57 customizing browsing and searching by algorithms for (1) segmentation, that is, discovering the topology of the layout hierarchy, and (2) classification, that is, labeling the nodes in the hierarchy with the structures they represent: paragraphs, itemized lists, sections, tables, and line drawings. 20ur notion of layout components requires readily identifiable reasons to group together the included document elements separately from their surrounding context. Subsections, itemized lists, and figures are examples of layout components.

Proceeding of the ACM conference on Hypertext - HYPERTEXT '87, 1987

A common feature of various recently developed information systems is the decomposition of linear document structures which are enforced by conventional print media. Instead, a network organisation of information units of different forms (textual, graphical, pictorial and even auditory presentation modes may be combined) is provided. Documents organized this way are called 'hypertexts'. However, two questions arise immediately when an effort is made to build information systems on the basis of this conception:

Vietnam Journal of Computer Science, 2015

The development of document handling by organizations at the level of business processes and business information systems leads to the phenomenon that the majority of documents and their contents remain in semi-structured format and a definite minority of documents are directly mapped onto structured databases. The rapidly evolving technology on the database field provides the opportunity to manage directly the semi-structured documents in line with the requirements of business processes. A continuum of possible document formats may exist in business environments. The documents can be categorized by the organization of the underlying data collections and according to the necessity and capability of data included in documents as whether wholly or partially is to be structured. The most modern database technology yields tools for handling and retrieving data making use of semi-structured and unstructured data. Our proposed approach (1) on one hand provides a theoretical framework for modeling WIS to shape into some structure; (2) on the other hand yields guidance for design method to employ it for practical application with the extension of specific elementary models. The proposed modeling method that places the emphasis onto the documents and their symbiotic life with processes help in understanding the behavior of most modern information systems. Thereby, the combination of document centric-modeling and the Enterprise Architecture approach gives an opportunity for a unified modeling approach that keeps an eye on Conway's thesis that states that software architecture congruent with the structure of development team, and this statement may be paraphrased that the overall document structure may reflects the structure of the specific organization.