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Literature Review
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Intelligent Mechatronic Braking System

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Abstract

Currently, vehicles are often equipped with active safety systems to reduce the risk of accidents, many of which occur in the urban environments. The most popular include Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), Traction Control and Stability Control. All these systems employ different types of sensors to constantly monitor the conditions of the vehicle, and respond in an emergency situation. In this paper the use of ultrasonic sensors in safety systems for controlling the speed of a vehicle is proposed. An intelligent mechatronic system includes an ultrasonic wave emitter provided on the front portion of a car producing and emitting ultrasonic waves frontward in a predetermined distance. An ultrasonic receiver is also placed on the front portion of the car operatively receiving a reflective ultrasonic wave signal. The reflected wave (detected pulse) gives the distance between the obstacle and the vehicle. Then a microcontroller is used to control the speed of the vehicle based on the detection pulse information to push the brake pedal and apply brake to the car stupendously for safety purpose.

Figures (12)
Fig: 2.1.Ultrasonic sensor The piezoelectric effect refers to the voltage produced between surfaces of a solid dielectric (no conducting substance) when some mechanical stress is applied to it. On the other hand when a voltage is applied across certain surfaces of a solid that exhibits the piezoelectric effect, the solid undergoes a mechanical distortion. Such type of solids typically resonates within narrow frequency ranges. Piezoelectric materials are generally used in transducers. For example, they are used in phonograph cartridges, strain gauges, and microphones that produce an electrical output from a mechanical input. Also, they are used in earphones and ultrasonic transmitters that produce a mechanical output from an electrical input.
Fig: 2.1.Ultrasonic sensor The piezoelectric effect refers to the voltage produced between surfaces of a solid dielectric (no conducting substance) when some mechanical stress is applied to it. On the other hand when a voltage is applied across certain surfaces of a solid that exhibits the piezoelectric effect, the solid undergoes a mechanical distortion. Such type of solids typically resonates within narrow frequency ranges. Piezoelectric materials are generally used in transducers. For example, they are used in phonograph cartridges, strain gauges, and microphones that produce an electrical output from a mechanical input. Also, they are used in earphones and ultrasonic transmitters that produce a mechanical output from an electrical input.
IV. MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR Ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves from its sensor head and again receives the ultrasonic waves reflected from an obstacle. By measuring the length of time from the transmission to reception of the ultrasonic wave, it detects the distance and hence the position of the object.
IV. MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR Ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic waves from its sensor head and again receives the ultrasonic waves reflected from an obstacle. By measuring the length of time from the transmission to reception of the ultrasonic wave, it detects the distance and hence the position of the object.
Fig.2.2 typical view of sensor Ultrasonic transducers operate to radiate ultrasonic waves through a medium such as air. Transducers generally create ultrasonic vibrations with the use of piezoelectric materials such as certain forms of crystal or ceramic polymers.
Fig.2.2 typical view of sensor Ultrasonic transducers operate to radiate ultrasonic waves through a medium such as air. Transducers generally create ultrasonic vibrations with the use of piezoelectric materials such as certain forms of crystal or ceramic polymers.
Fig.5.1 Measurements made with the sensor at rest and no obstacles ahead An insufficiently high threshold level causes the detection of false echoes produced by turbulences and irregularities in the road, which make the control system act on the brakes unnecessarily. In contrast to this, if the threshold is too high, then detection failures can occur, meaning that no objects are detected even if they are actually there and therefore causing possible collisions. To adjust the threshold level, a hundred echoes were recorded in a range of 11 meters, with the sensor at rest and no obstacles in the front. The threshold has been reduced slowly, until at a final value of 2 x 10-4 a false echo has been detected. Figure 4 shows the measurements resulting from this experiment. After this, this threshold level has been used in a second experiment, in which the sensor is placed in a vehicle which approaches and moves away from another vehicle which is at rest. During the experiment, the distance was measured hundred times, showing the results in Figure 5. The distance was varied from about 2 meters to more than 11 meters, showing only one false echo that occurred when the distance between vehicles was higher than the range of the ultrasonic sensor used. No detection failures occurred and when the obstacle was within the range of the ultrasonic sensor, it was correctly detected always.
Fig.5.1 Measurements made with the sensor at rest and no obstacles ahead An insufficiently high threshold level causes the detection of false echoes produced by turbulences and irregularities in the road, which make the control system act on the brakes unnecessarily. In contrast to this, if the threshold is too high, then detection failures can occur, meaning that no objects are detected even if they are actually there and therefore causing possible collisions. To adjust the threshold level, a hundred echoes were recorded in a range of 11 meters, with the sensor at rest and no obstacles in the front. The threshold has been reduced slowly, until at a final value of 2 x 10-4 a false echo has been detected. Figure 4 shows the measurements resulting from this experiment. After this, this threshold level has been used in a second experiment, in which the sensor is placed in a vehicle which approaches and moves away from another vehicle which is at rest. During the experiment, the distance was measured hundred times, showing the results in Figure 5. The distance was varied from about 2 meters to more than 11 meters, showing only one false echo that occurred when the distance between vehicles was higher than the range of the ultrasonic sensor used. No detection failures occurred and when the obstacle was within the range of the ultrasonic sensor, it was correctly detected always.
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International J ournal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering nth, carearwas fim pn mnnmnw {TOOCAT DOIFN DVAFOH TOK AAnN1.onno © ...-22£2..24) FT necemn Cr Ce ees a on fe ee) le ys v
Fig.5.2 Measurements made with the sensor placed in a car moving in front of a parked vehicle International J ournal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Fig.5.2 Measurements made with the sensor placed in a car moving in front of a parked vehicle International J ournal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
If the ultrasonic wave detects the obstacle, it will produce a reflected wave. An ultrasonic receiver is used for receiving the ultrasonic waves reflected from the road surface to generate a received signal. There is an ultrasonic transducer which will transform back the sound wave to electrical energy. This signal is amplified by an amplifier. The amplified signal is compared with a reference signal to detect components in the amplified signal due to obstacles on the road surface. The magnitude of the reference signal or the amplification factor of the amplifier is controlled to maintain a constant ratio between the averages of the reference signal.
If the ultrasonic wave detects the obstacle, it will produce a reflected wave. An ultrasonic receiver is used for receiving the ultrasonic waves reflected from the road surface to generate a received signal. There is an ultrasonic transducer which will transform back the sound wave to electrical energy. This signal is amplified by an amplifier. The amplified signal is compared with a reference signal to detect components in the amplified signal due to obstacles on the road surface. The magnitude of the reference signal or the amplification factor of the amplifier is controlled to maintain a constant ratio between the averages of the reference signal.
Fig 6.1 Circuit diagram for speed control of a vehicle Fig. 6.2 Experimental connection for speed control for a vehicle
Fig 6.1 Circuit diagram for speed control of a vehicle Fig. 6.2 Experimental connection for speed control for a vehicle
Fig 5.7 Receive circuit output voltage and comparable voltage wave form
Fig 5.7 Receive circuit output voltage and comparable voltage wave form
Fig.5.8 Comparable circuit output waveforms Fig 5.9 Wave forms of transmitted and received waves
Fig.5.8 Comparable circuit output waveforms Fig 5.9 Wave forms of transmitted and received waves

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References (6)

  1. http://members.rennlist.com/pbanders/ecu.htm. This link refers to technical document that contains information about electronic control unit.
  2. http://www.aa1car.com/ this website contains technical articles, books and manuals that help us find what's wrong with our vehicle and what needed to fix it.
  3. David Epsilon, An embedded software premier, Pearson education, 1999.
  4. Joshua Pérez, Fernando Saco, Vicente MI lanes, Antonio Jiménez, Julio C. Diaz and Teresa de Pedro, an RFID based Intelligent Vehicle speed controller using active traffic signals, SENSORS 2010, 15872 5888; doi: 10.3390/s100605872.
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  6. MI lanes, V. Onieva, E. Perez, J. De Pedro, T. Gonzalez, C. Control of Velocidad Adaptativo para Entornos Urbanos Congestionados. Rev. Iberoam, automat. Informat. Ind.2009, 66-73.

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