Farmers control over seeds: Experiences from India (in Nepali)

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Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Dirāsāt Al-’islāmiyyaẗ wa Al-ʿarabiyyaẗ Bi Sūhāg (Print), 2004

Nepal l/D; g] kfn g] kfn r] kfª ;+ 3 r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf ;Dkfbg Clif/fd a:tfsf] 6L nLnfgfy zdf{ r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf k| sfzs M >f] t klxrfg tyf Joj:yfkg ;dfh g] kfn -l/D; g] kfn_ g] kfn r] kfª ;+ 3 ;+ o' Qm /fi6« ;+ 3Lo ljsf; sfo{ qmd÷ljZj jftfj/0f sf] if÷;fgf cg' bfg sfo{ qmd k| yd ;+ :s/0f M @)^% h] 7 ;jf{ lwsf/ M k| sfzsdf @)^% ISBN: 978-9937-2-0525-2 -o; k' :tssf n] vdf cleJoQm ljrf/ n] vssf lghL wf/0ff x' g\ . ltgdf k| sfzssf] ;+ :yfut wf/0ffsf] k| ltlglwTj ePsf] dfGg' h?/L 5} g ._ o; k' :tsdf ;+ nUg ;fdu| Lx? z} lIfs tyf u} / gfkmfd' vL k| of] hgsf nflu cg' dltlagf klg k" 0f{ jf cf+ lzs ?kdf k' gM k| sfzg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;f] ubf{ k| sfzs, ;Dkfbs / n] vssf] gfd p4[ t ul/lbg' xf] nf . ;fef/ M Clif/fd j:tfsf] 6L / lnnfgfy zdf{ -;Dkfbs_ @)^% r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf, l/D; g] kfn g] kfn r] kfª ;+ 3 / UNDP/GEF/SGP u| flkmS;÷n] cfp6 M /fds[ i0f /fgf cfj/0f t:jL/ M sGbd' n s] nfpF b} u/] sf hff] uLdf/f-@, hjfªsf b' O{ r] kfª dlxnf, t:jL/ ;f} hGo M l/D; g] kfn, s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f sfo{ qmd d' b| 0f M sn/ PS;k| ] ;, a' 4gu/, sf7df8f} + r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf k| fSsyg ;+ o' Qm /fi6« ;+ 3Lo ljsf; sfo{ qmdcGt{ ut ljZj jftfj/0f sf] if÷;fgf cg' bfg sfo{ qmdsf] ;xof] udf g] kfndf u} /;/sf/L Pjd\ ;d' bfodf cfwfl/t ;+ 3;+ :yfx¿dfkm{ t h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{ g / d?e" lds/0f Go" gLs/0fsf If] qdf ljleGg sfo{ x? xF ' b} cfPsf 5g\ . oL jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL kl/of] hgfx?sf] sfof{ Gjogaf6 :yfgLo:t/df jftfj/0f ;+ /If0f, /f] huf/Lsf] l;h{ gf tyf hLljsf] kfh{ g ;' wf/, ;fdflhs ;dfj] zLs/0f, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f h:tf ljifodf pT;fxhgs pknAwL xfF l;n ePsf 5g . h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0fsf] s' /f ubf{ , cflbjf;L hghflt / ltgsf] ;+ + :s[ lt, k/Dk/f / k| s[ lt;F usf] ;DaGwnfO{ la;{ g ;lsGg . …hxfF kxf8, ToxfF h+ un, hxfF h+ un, oxfF cflbjf;Lsf] a;f] jf;Ú (There is a mountain, there must be forest; there is forest, there must be ethnic minority villages) eGg] egfOn] klg jgh+ un;F u cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cGt;{ DaGwnfO{ k| i6 kf5{ . h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f, k| fs[ lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+ /If0f, s[ lif pTkfbg / vfB ;' /Iff, :jf:Yo pkrf/ h:tf ljifodf k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lksf] dxTjk" 0f{ e" ldsf x' G5 . o;} n] h} ljs ljljwtfsf] hlt dxTj 5, tL ljljwtf;F u ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut / :yfgLo 1fgsf] klg plQ g} dxTj 5 . h} ljs ljljwtfsf] Iflt h:t} To;;F u ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fg x/fpg' klg plQs} 7" nf] gf] S;fgL xf] . t/ cfw' lgs ljsf;sf] ult;F u} cflbjf;L hghflt;F u ePsf] :yfgLo 1fg / k| ljlw lj:tf/} x/fpg yfn] sf] 5 . o; kl/k| ] Iodf cfw' lgs ljsf;sf] ult;F u} k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / k| ljlwsf] klg ;+ /If0f u/L pTkfbsTj j[ l4 ug' { , jgh+ undf cfl>tx¿sf] hLljsf] kfh{ gdf ;' wf/ NofO{ k| s[ ltsf] ;+ /If0f ug' { jt{ dfgsf] r' gf} tL xf] . g] kfnsf clt;LdfGts[ t ju{ df kg] { r] kfª hflt;F u l/D;-g] kfnn] ;fgf cg' bfg sfo{ qmdsf] ;xof] udf wflbª lhNnfsf hf] uLdf/f, w' iff / j] gL3f6 uflj;df s[ lifh} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f sfo{ qmd ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] 5 . sl/a 8] 9 jif{ sf] cjlwdf o;n] cfzfnfUbf pknAwLx¿ xfF l;n u/] sf] 5 . o; sfo{ qmdn] r] kfª ;d' bfodf r] tgf hufPsf] 5 . pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\ gf] ;+ :s[ lt / k/Dk/fdfly uj{ ug{ ;Sg] agfPsf] 5 . o;cjlwdf ;+ /If0fsf y' k| } k| of;x? yflnPsf 5g . sfo{ qmdsf qmddf nlIft ;d' bfodf hLljsf] kfh{ g ;' wf/ / vfB ;' /Iffdf klg of] ubfg k' u] sf] 5 . o; sfo{ qmdn] r] kfª ;+ :s[ lt, k/Dk/f / k| s[ lt;F usf] ;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ u/L aflxl/ofx¿sf] klg Wofg cfsif{ 0f u/] sf] 5 . o;af6 r] kfª ;d' bfonfO{ x] g] { pgLx?sf] b[ li6sf] 0fdf qmlds ?kdf kl/jt{ g Nofpg] k| of; u/] sf] 5 . s] xL ljifox?nfO{ yk 5nkmn / gLltut k} /jLsf] ;jfnsf] ?kdf klg p7fPsf] 5 . l;dfGts[ t hghflt ;d' bfodf ;+ /If0f / hLljsf] kfh{ gsf] ;jfndf sfd ug' { sDtL r' gf} tLk" 0f{ sfo{ xf] Og . o;cjlwdf sfo{ qmdn] xfF l;n u/] sf pknAwL / l;sfOx¿ k| :t' t ug] { qmddf l/D; g] kfnn] …r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtfÚ k' :ts tof/ kf/] sf] xf] . o; k' :tsn] sfo{ qmdsf pknAwL dfq} xf] Og, r] kfª hfltsf] hftLo ;+ :s[ lt, k/Dk/f, v] tL k| ljlw, dxTjk" 0f{ h+ unL vfB sGbd" n / ltgsf] kf] if0f tTjsf af/] df dxTjk" 0f{ hfgsf/L k| :t' t u/] sf] 5 . of] k' :ts r] kfª ;d' bfo, h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f / ;fd' bflos ljsf;df rf;f] /fVg] hf] sf] xLsf nflu klg dxTjk" 0f{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu| L x' g] 5 eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 . k' :tssf nflu dxTjk" 0f{ n] vx¿ k| bfg u/L ;xof] u ug' { x' g] ljåfg n] vsx?k| lt d cfef/ k| s6 ub{ 5' . k' :tssf] ;Dkfbg tyf k| sfzgdf ldlxg] tsf ;fy nfUg' x' g] ;fyLx¿ / kl/of] hgfsf] l;+ u} l6d klg wGojfbsf kfq x' g' x' G5 . of] k' :tsn] h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f, r] kfª ;+ :s[ ltsf] k| jw{ g tyf ;+ /If0fdf s] xL of] ubfg ug{ ' sf ;fy} yk 5nkmn / ;xof] usf] jftfj/0f l;h{ gf ug{ ;sf] ;\ eGg] z' esfdgf ;lxt . uf] kfn/fh z] /rg uf] kfn/fh z] /rg uf] kfn/fh z] /rg uf] kfn/fh z] /rg uf] kfn/fh z] /rg ;+ o' Qm /fi6« ;+ 3Lo ljsf; sfo{ qmd ljZj jftfj/0f sf] if÷;fgf cg' bfg sfo{ qmd r] kfª vfB ;+ :s[ lt / s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf ;DkfbsLo r] kfª ;d' bfosf] af/] df g] kfnsf cfddflg;df Ps vfnsf] lh1f;f /x] sf] x' G5 . tL lh1f;f pgLx?sf] af;:yfg, hLjgz} nL, s[ lif k| 0ffnL, hLjgofkg / ljz] if u/L sGbd" n;F usf] ;DaGwsf af/] df ;DalGwt x' G5g\ . ljz] if vfnsf] e" -w/ftndf a;f] af; u/L si6k" 0f{ hLjgofkg ug] { r] kfª hfltnfO{ Ro" /L, h+ unL sGbd" n, ;fdf, sfu' gf] / h' g] nf] h:tf afnL Pjd\ 6fF sL / l;:g' h:tf ;fuhGo jg:klt;F u hf] 8] / x] g] { ul/G5 . kl5Nnf ;dodf ePsf cf} krfl/s tyf cgf} krfl/s cWoog, kqklqsfdf k| sflzt ;dfrf/nfO{ lgofNbf of] hfltn] jif{ lbgdf sl/a PsltxfO h:tf] ;do h+ unL sGbd" n / Ro" /Laf6 pTkflbt ;fdu| Lsf] ;xfotfn] hLjgofkg u/] sf] b] lvG5 . r] kfªsf] vfB ;+ :s[ ltnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNbf of] s' /f k| :6 x' G5 ls pgLx?sf] s[ lif k| 0ffnL t' ngfTds ?kdf gofF eOsg klg k/Dk/fut /} yfg] afnLsf] lx;fan] ;DkGg 5 . cem dxTjk" 0f{ s' /f t s] eg] vfB ;+ :s[ ltdf h+ unL sGbd" nsf] ljz] if dxTj / :yfg 5 . k/Dk/fut s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+ /If0f, r] kfªsf ;f+ :s[ lts jf k/Dk/fut vfBfGg afnL klxrfg u/L ;d' bfodf cfwfl/t ;+ /If0fsf x] t' l/D; g] kfnn ljut 8] 9 jif{ b] lv] wflbª lhNnfsf] w' ;f / hf] uLdf/f uflj;df g] kfn r] kfª ;+ 3;F usf] ;xsfo{ o' Pg8LkL÷lhOPkm-P;hLkLsf] cg' bfgdf s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f sfo{ qmd ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] 5 . of] sfo{ qmdsf bf} /fgdf xfF l;n ePsf k/Dk/fut vfBafnL / sGbd" n clen] vLs/0f tyf ;+ /If0f sfo{ qmd ;DaGwL l;sfOnfO{ ;d] 6L eljiodf ;+ /If0f sfo{ qmddf :yfgLo ;d' bfo / ;+ /If0f sfo{ stf{ nfO{ ;d] t pkof] uL x' g] u/L k' :ts k| sfzg ug] { ;f] rsf] k| ltkmn :j?k of] k' :ts k| :t' t ul/Psf] 5 . h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f Ps ax' cfoflds kIf xf] , h;df sf] /f ;+ /If0fsf] s' /feGbf klg ;+ /If0fdf cfwfl/t lbuf] >f] t Joj:yfkg / ljsf; sfo{ qmd;F u ;DalGwt ;+ /If0f lqmofsnfk a9L pkof] uL x' g] b] lvG5 . To;} u/L lbuf] ;+ /If0f xfl;n ug{ ljleGg txsf ;fe] mbf/x¿sf] ;xeflutf klg plQs} dxTjk" 0f{ x' g cfpF 5 . :yfgLo ;d' bfodf ;+ /If0fsf] cfjZostf / dxTj k| i6 a' emfpg ;s] dfq o:tf sfo{ qmddf pgLx?sf] b¥xf] pkl:ylt / ;xeflutf ck] Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} n] s[ lif h} ljs ljljwtf ;+ /If0f;F u k| ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] ;f+ :s[ lts, ;+ j} wflgs, sfg' gL, vfB tyf kf] if0f;F u ;DalGwt ;jfnx? ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;d' bfo;F u k' ¥ofpg ;lsof] ;\ eGg] p2] Zon] pNn] lvt ;jfnx? ;d] 6L of] k' :ts ;a} n] a' e\ mg] u/L g] kfnL efiffdf k| sfzg ul/Psf] xf] .