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Optics

Protein-based integrated optical switching and modulation

Profile image of László FábiánLászló Fábián

2002, Applied Physics Letters

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1481197
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Abstract

The static and dynamic response of optical waveguides coated with a thin protein film of bacteriorhodopsin was investigated. The size and kinetics of the light-induced refractive index changes of the adlayer were determined under different conditions of illumination. The results demonstrate the applicability of this protein as an active, programmable nonlinear optical material in all-optical integrated circuits.

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All-Optical Switching Demonstrated with Photoactive Yellow Protein Films
Sándor Valkai

Biosensors, 2021

Integrated optics (IO) is a field of photonics which focuses on manufacturing circuits similar to those in integrated electronics, but that work on an optical basis to establish means of faster data transfer and processing. Currently, the biggest task in IO is finding or manufacturing materials with the proper nonlinear optical characteristics to implement as active components in IO circuits. Using biological materials in IO has recently been proposed, the first material to be investigated for this purpose being the protein bacteriorhodopsin; however, since then, other proteins have also been considered, such as the photoactive yellow protein (PYP). In our current work, we directly demonstrate the all-optical switching capabilities of PYP films combined with an IO Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for the first time. By exploiting photoreactions in the reaction cycle of PYP, we also show how a combination of exciting light beams can introduce an extra degree of freedom to control th...

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High-speed integrated optical logic based on the protein bacteriorhodopsin
László Fábián

Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2013

The principle of all-optical logical operations utilizing the unique nonlinear optical properties of a protein was demonstrated by a logic gate constructed from an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer as a passive structure, covered by a bacteriorhodopsin (bR) adlayer as the active element. Logical operations were based on a reversible change of the refractive index of the bR adlayer over one or both arms of the interferometer. Depending on the operating point of the interferometer, we demonstrated binary and ternary logical modes of operation. Using an ultrafast transition of the bR photocycle (BR-K), we achieved high-speed (nanosecond) logical switching. This is the fastest operation of a protein-based integrated optical logic gate that has been demonstrated so far. The results are expected to have important implications for finding novel, alternative solutions in all-optical data processing research.

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Integrated optical investigation of two light-sensitive proteins
László Nánai

2017

Integrated optics is one of the most intensively investigated fields when working on alternative methods to overcome the disadvantages of integrated electronics. Besides inorganic active optical crystals, dyes and polymers, molecules of biological origin with suitable nonlinear optical properties can also find applications in integrated opticalbiophotonic-devices. The state-of-the-art photonic integration technology is ready to provide the passive elements of integrated optical circuits. The bottleneck in integrated optics is to find a proper nonlinear optical material that is supposed to be the cladding medium in waveguide-based photonic applications, performing light-controlled active functions. Based on our earlier results, here we present the experimental demonstration of subpicosecond photonic switching with an alternative approach, where the active role is performed by a biological material, the chromoprotein bacteriorhodopsin. Moreover, measurements of the light-induced refractive index change performed on a dried film of the Photoactive Yellow Protein are also presented. Our findings show that these photochromic pigments can be promising candidates as active nonlinear optical materials for all-optical data processing in future biophotonic applications. These results may serve as a basis for the future realization of protein-based integrated optical devices that can eventually lead to a conceptual revolution in the development of telecommunication technologies.

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References (16)

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  16. Demonstration of the fast switch. The sample was preilluminated with a 10 mW beam of a He-Ne laser, and after a 1 s adaptation period the accumulated M state was driven back by a short ͑10 ns͒ blue flash ͑ ϭ410 nm, 10 mJ pulse energy͒. Incoupling was tuned to one of the inflec- tion points of the TE peak measured with continuous illumination ( ϭ6.146°), in order to maximize the light intensity change.

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Integrated Optical Switching Based on the Protein Bacteriorhodopsin†
Jeremy Ramsden

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2007

According to our earlier pioneering study, a dry film containing native bacteriorhodopsin (bR) shows unique nonlinear optical properties (refractive index change, controllable by light of different colors, greater than 2 · 10 )3 ) that are in many respects superior to those of the materials presently applied in integrated optics. Here, we report on the first integrated optical application based on a miniature Mach-Zehnder interferometer (see and 2) demonstrating a real switching effect by bR (efficiency higher than 90%) due to the M-state. Our results also imply that the refractive index change of the K-state (9 · 10 )4 ) is high enough for fast switching.

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Fast integrated optical switching by the protein bacteriorhodopsin
László Fábián

Applied Physics Letters, 2010

State-of-the-art photonic integration technology is ready to provide the passive elements of optical integrated circuits, based either on silicon, glass or plastic materials. The bottleneck is to find the proper nonlinear optical ͑NLO͒ materials in waveguide-based integrated optical circuits for light-controlled active functions. Recently, we proposed an approach where the active role is performed by the chromoprotein bacteriorhodopsin as an NLO material, that can be combined with appropriate integrated optical devices. Here we present data supporting the possibility of switching based on a fast photoreaction of bacteriorhodopsin. The results are expected to have important implications for photonic switching technology.

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Integrated optical devices using bacteriorhodopsin as active nonlinear optical material
L. Fabian, Sandor Valkai

2006

Coupling of optical data-processing devices with microelectronics, telecocommunication and sensory functions, is among the biggest challenges in molecular electronics. Intensive research is going on to find suitable nonlinear optical materials that could meet the demanding requirements of optoelectronic applications, especially regarding high sensitivity and stability. In addition to inorganic and organic crystals, biological molecules have also been considered for use in integrated optics, among which the bacterial chromoprotein, bacteriorhodopsin (bR) generated the most interest. bR undergoes enormous absorption and concomitant refractive index changes upon initiation of a cyclic series of photoreactions by a burst of actinic light. This effect can be exploited to create highly versatile all-optical logical elements. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by investigating the static and dynamic response of several basic elements of integrated optical devices. Our results show that, due to its relatively high refractive index changes, bR can be used as an active nonlinear optical material to produce a variety of integrated optical switching and modulation effects.

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Integrated optical devices using bacteriorhodopsin as active nonlinear optical material [6331-49]
L. Fabian, A. Der, Sandor Valkai

2005

Coupling of optical data-processing devices with microelectronics, telecocommunication and sensory functions, is among the biggest challenges in molecular electronics. Intensive research is going on to find suitable nonlinear optical materials that could meet the demanding requirements of optoelectronic applications, especially regarding high sensitivity and stability. In addition to inorganic and organic crystals, biological molecules have also been considered for use in integrated optics, among which the bacterial chromoprotein, bacteriorhodopsin (bR) generated the most interest. bR undergoes enormous absorption and concomitant refractive index changes upon initiation of a cyclic series of photoreactions by a burst of actinic light. This effect can be exploited to create highly versatile all-optical logical elements. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by investigating the static and dynamic response of several basic elements of integrated optical devices. Our results show that, due to its relatively high refractive index changes, bR can be used as an active nonlinear optical material to produce a variety of integrated optical switching and modulation effects.

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<title>Integrated optical devices using bacteriorhodopsin as active nonlinear optical material</title>
Jeremy Ramsden

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VI, 2006

Coupling of optical data-processing devices with microelectronics, telecocommunication and sensory functions, is among the biggest challenges in molecular electronics. Intensive research is going on to find suitable nonlinear optical materials that could meet the demanding requirements of optoelectronic applications, especially regarding high sensitivity and stability. In addition to inorganic and organic crystals, biological molecules have also been considered for use in integrated optics, among which the bacterial chromoprotein, bacteriorhodopsin (bR) generated the most interest. bR undergoes enormous absorption and concomitant refractive index changes upon initiation of a cyclic series of photoreactions by a burst of actinic light. This effect can be exploited to create highly versatile all-optical logical elements. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by investigating the static and dynamic response of several basic elements of integrated optical devices. Our results show that, due to its relatively high refractive index changes, bR can be used as an active nonlinear optical material to produce a variety of integrated optical switching and modulation effects.

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  • Engineering
  • Integrated Optics
  • Optical Waveguide
  • Optical Bistability
  • Nonlinear optical material

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