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Nuclear and High Energy Physics

Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

Profile image of A. DrutskoyA. Drutskoy

2011, The European Physical Journal C

https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJC/S10052-010-1534-9
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Abstract

A golden age for heavy-quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the B-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations at BESIII, the LHC, RHIC, FAIR, the Super Flavor and/or Tau-Charm factories, JLab, the ILC, and beyond. The list of newly found conventional states expanded to include h c (1P ), χ c2 (2P ), B + c , and η b (1S). In addition, the unexpected and still-fascinating X(3872) has been joined by more than a dozen other charmonium-and bottomonium-like "XY Z" states that appear to lie outside the quark model. Many of these still need experimental confirmation. The plethora of new states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of cc, bb, and bc bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. Lattice QCD has grown from a tool with computational possibilities to an industrial-strength effort now dependent more on insight and innovation than pure computational power. 4039.6 ± 4.3 84.5 ± 12.3 130 ± 46 BES [15] ψ(4160) 4159 ± 20 78 ± 20 PDG04 [17] 4153 ± 3 103 ± 8 S e t h [ 14] 4191.7 ± 6.5 71.8 ± 12.3 293 ± 57 BES [15] ψ(4415) 4415 ± 6 4 3± 15 PDG04 [17] 4421 ± 4 6 2± 20 Seth [14] 4415.1 ± 7.9 71.5 ± 19.0 234 ± 88 BES [15]

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    Aytu Okatan

    The European Physical Journal C, 2014

    The inclusive production cross sections at forward rapidity of J/ψ, ψ(2S), ϒ(1S) and ϒ(2S) are measured in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.35 pb −1 . Quarkonia are reconstructed in the dimuon-decay channel and the signal yields are evaluated by fitting the μ + μ − invariant mass distributions. The differential production cross sections are measured as a function of the transverse momentum p T and rapidity y, over the ranges 0 < p T < 20 GeV/c for J/ψ, 0 < p T < 12 GeV/c for all other resonances and for 2.5 < y < 4. The measured cross sections integrated over p T and y, and assuming unpolarized quarkonia, are: σ J/ψ = 6.69 ± 0.04 ± 0.63 µb, σ ψ(2S) = 1.13 ± 0.07 ± 0.19 µb, σ ϒ(1S) = 54.2 ± 5.0 ± 6.7 nb and σ ϒ(2S) = 18.4 ± 3.7 ± 2.9 nb, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second one is systematic. The results are compared to measurements performed by other LHC experiments and to theoretical models. 1 In the ALICE reference frame the muon spectrometer covers negative η. However, we use positive values when referring to y.

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    Suppression of ψ(2S) production in p-Pb collisions at s N N $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV
    Aytu Okatan

    Journal of High Energy Physics, 2014

    The ALICE Collaboration has studied the inclusive production of the charmonium state ψ(2S) in proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at the nucleon-nucleon centre of mass energy √ s NN = 5.02 TeV at the CERN LHC. The measurement was performed at forward (2.03 < y cms < 3.53) and backward (−4.46 < y cms < −2.96) centre of mass rapidities, studying the decays into muon pairs. In this paper, we present the inclusive production cross sections σ ψ(2S) , both integrated and as a function of the transverse momentum p T , for the two y cms domains. The results are compared to those obtained for the 1S vector state (J/ψ), by showing the ratios between the production cross sections, as well as the double ratios [σ ψ(2S) /σ J/ψ ] pPb /[σ ψ(2S) /σ J/ψ ] pp between p-Pb and proton-proton collisions. Finally, the nuclear modification factor for inclusive ψ(2S) is evaluated and compared to the measurement of the same quantity for J/ψ and to theoretical models including parton shadowing and coherent energy loss mechanisms. The results show a significantly larger suppression of the ψ(2S) compared to that measured for J/ψ and to models. These observations represent a clear indication for sizeable final state effects on ψ(2S) production.

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