Embodied Minds in Action (OUP, 2009)
Abstract
This book began life as another book and also as a Ph.D. dissertation. In the early 2000s, Robert Hanna and Evan Thompson started a book together on the mind-body problem and mental causation. Shortly after that, Michelle Maiese began her Ph.D. dissertation project under Hanna's direction at the University of Colorado at Boulder, on mental causation, the emotions, and intentional action. This three-way collaboration proved to be highly fruitful. Maiese successfully completed her Ph.D. in 2005. Hanna and Maiese then wrote Embodied Minds in Action, and in the meantime Thompson wrote another book on his own, which he had begun in the mid-90s with the late Francisco Varela-Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of the Mind. The two books are independent projects, but complementary. They jointly offer a new and unified approach to consciousness, intentionality, the mind-body relation, mental causation, and intentional action. Our particular focus in the present book is a unified treatment of three fundamental philosophical problems arising from these intimately-related topics: What accounts for the existence and specific character of conscious, intentional minds like ours in a physical world? What accounts for the causal relevance and causal efficacy of conscious, intentional minds like ours in a physical world? And what accounts for the categorical difference between the things we consciously and intentionally do, and the things that just happen to us? Our unified treatment of these fundamental problems rests on two basic claims. The first is that conscious, intentional minds like ours are essentially embodied. This entails that our minds are irreducible to our brains, not because they are in any way immaterial properties or facts, but instead because they are necessarily and wholly spatially spread throughout our living, organismic, material bodies and belong to their complete neurobiological constitution. The second claim is that essentially embodied minds are self-organizing thermodynamic systems. This entails that our mental lives consist in the possibility and actuality of moving our own living organismic bodies through an egocentrically-centered, orientable (i.e., intrinsically directional) space and in thermodynamically irreversible time, viii preface and acknowledgments by means of our conscious desires. Otherwise put, our two core ideas, which we call the Essential Embodiment Theory, are these: (1) Conscious, intentional minds like ours are the irreducible and truly global-or inherently dominating-intrinsic structures of motile, neurobiologically complex, situated, forward-flowing living organisms. (2) Nature basically includes complex dynamic organismic life, and essentially embodied minds like ours are alive. So because organismic life is basically causally efficacious, then essentially embodied minds like ours are basically causally efficacious too. We are extremely grateful, of course, to Evan Thompson-without whom we would not have started this project. We are also extremely grateful to the following people for their very helpful comments on and criticisms of earlier drafts and presentations of various parts of this book, or for discussions of its central topics over the last eight years: Luc Bovens; Heather Demarest; Ton Derksen and the 03-04 Mind & Cognition Research Group at the
References (463)
- ⁶⁰ See Gunther (ed.), Essays on Non-Conceptual Content, part IV. ⁶¹ See, e.g., Sudnow, Ways of the Hand.
- ⁶² See Thelen and Smith, A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. ⁶³ See Sacks, A Leg to Stand On. ⁶⁴ See Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, p. 88. ⁶⁵ See Searle, Rediscovery of the Mind, 130; and Searle, Mind, 139. Nature basically includes complex dynamic organismic life, and essen- tially embodied minds lo are alive. So because organismic life is basically ¹ Kim, Mind in a Physical World, 30.
- ² Juarrero, Dynamics in Action, p. 221.
- ³ Thompson, Mind in Life, p. ix. Bibliography
- Allen, C., ''Animal Pain,'' Noûs 38 (2004): 617-43.
- Allen, C., and Bekoff, M., Species of Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997.
- Anderson, M.L., ''Embodied Cognition: A Field Guide.'' Artificial Intelligence 149 (2003): 91-130.
- Anderson, P.B., et al. (eds.), Downward Causation. Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 2000.
- Anscombe, E., Intention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1957.
- Arbib, M.A., ''From Monkey-like Action Recognition to Human Language: An Evolutionary Framework for Neurolinguistics,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2005): 105-24.
- Arbib, M.A., and Rizzolatti, G., ''Neural Expectations: A Possible Evolutionary Path from Manual Skills to Language.'' Communication and Cognition 29 (1997): 393-423.
- Aristotle., De Anima. Trans. J. A. Smith. In Aristotle, The Collected Works of Aristotle, 535-603. The Parts of Animals. Trans. W. Ogle. In Aristotle, The Collected Works of Aristotle, 643-61. The Collected Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House, 1941.
- Arpaly, N., Merit, Meaning, and Human Bondage. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 2006.
- Audi, R., Action, Intention, and Reason. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.
- Austen, J., Pride and Prejudice, in J. Austen, The Complete Novels of Jane Austen. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983, 223-445.
- Austin, J. L., ''A Plea for Excuses,'' in J. L. Austin, Philosophical Papers. 3 rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979, 175-204.
- Baier, A., ''What Emotions are About,'' Philosophical Perspectives 4 (1990): 1-29.
- Baker, L., ''Why Constitution is Not Identity,'' Journal of Philosophy 94 (1997): 599-621.
- Bealer, G., ''Mental Properties,'' Journal of Philosophy 91 (1994): 185-208.
- Beckermann, A., et al., (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1992.
- Bergson, H., An Introduction to Metaphysics. Trans. T. E. Hulme. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merill, 1955.
- Berm údez, J. ''Nonconceptual Self-Consciousness and Cognitive Science,'' Synthèse 129 (2001): 129-49. The Paradox of Self-Consciousness. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998.
- Bickhard, M., and Campbell, D., ''Emergence,'' in Anderson, et al. (eds.), Down- ward Causation, 322-48.
- Blackburn, S., Ruling Passions: A Theory of Practical Reasoning. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
- Blakesee, S., and Ramachandran, V.S., Phantoms in the Brain. New York: William Morrow, 1998.
- Block, N., ''Concepts of Consciousness,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 206-18.
- ''The Harder Problem of Consciousness,'' Journal of Philosophy 99 (2002): 391-425. ''On a Confusion about a Function of Consciousness,'' in Block, Flanagan, and Güzeldere (eds.), The Nature of Consciousness, 375-415. ''Paradox and Cross Purposes in Recent Work on Consciousness,'' Cognition 79 (2001): 197-219. ''Troubles with Functionalism,'' in Block (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. vol. i, 268-305. (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980. ''What is Functionalism?,'' in Block (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. vol. i, 171-84.
- Flanagan, O., and Güzeldere, G., (eds.), The Nature of Consciousness. Cam- bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
- Boghossian, P., and Peacocke, C., (eds.), New Essays on the A Priori. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
- Botterill, G., and Carruthers, P., The Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1999.
- Braddon-Mitchell, D., and Jackson, F., Philosophy of Mind and Cognition: An Introduction. 2 nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
- Brading, K., and Castellani, E., ''Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking,'' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2004 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/sym- metry-breaking/>.
- Brand, M., and Walton, D. (eds.), Action Theory. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1973.
- Brasil-Neto, J., et al., ''Focal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Response Bias in a Forced-Choice Task,'' Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 53 (1992): 964-6.
- Bratman, M., ''Two Faces of Intention,'' in Mele (ed.), The Philosophy of Action, 178-203.
- Brentano, F., Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. Trans. A.C. Rancurello, D.B. Terrell, and L. McAlister. London: Routledge, 1995.
- Brown, D., Descartes and the Passionate Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- Bruntrup, G., ''Is Psycho-Physical Emergentism Committed to Dualism? The Causal Efficacy of Emergent Mental Properties,'' Erkenntnis 48 (1998): 133-51.
- Bub, J., ''Quantum Entanglement and Information,'' The Stanford Encyclo- pedia of Philosophy (Spring 2006 Edition), E. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato. stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/entries/qt-entangle/>.
- Campbell, J., Past, Space, and Self. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994. Reference and Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Chalmers, D., ''The Components of Content,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 608-33. The Conscious Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. ''Consciousness and its Place in Nature,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 247-72. ''Does Conceivability Entail Possibility?,'' in Gendler and Hawthorne (eds.), Conceivability and Possibility, 145-200. ''The Foundations of Two-Dimensional Semantics,'' in M. Garcia- Carpintero and J. Macia (eds.), Two-Dimensionalism (Stanford, CA: CSLI, 2002). (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Chalmers, D., and Jackson, F., ''Conceptual Analysis and Reductive Explanation,'' Philosophical Review 110 (2001): 315-60.
- Chisholm, R., ''Human Freedom and the Self,'' in Watson (ed.), Free Will, 26-37.
- Churchland, Patrick, Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986.
- Churchland, Paul, ''Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes,'' Journal of Philosophy 78 (1981): 67-90. Matter and Consciousness. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984. Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997. ''Embodiment and the Philosophy of Mind,'' in A. O'Hear (ed.), Current Issues in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 35-51. Mindware. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. ''Visual Experience and Motor Action: Are the Bonds Too Tight?,'' Philo- sophical Review 110 (2001): 495-519.
- Clark, A., and Chalmers, D., ''The Extended Mind,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 643-51.
- Clarke, R., ''Agent Causation and Event Causation in the Production of Free Action,'' Philosophical Topics 24 (1998): 19-48.
- Cleveland, T., Trying Without Willing. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997.
- Crane, T., and Mellor, H., ''There Is No Question of Physicalism,'' Mind 99 (1990): 185-206.
- Cussins, A., ''Content, Conceptual Content, and Nonconceptual Content,'' in Gunther (ed.), Essays on Nonconceptual Content, 133-63.
- Damasio, A., Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Avon Books, 1994. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness.
- San Diego, CA: Harcourt, 1999. Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain. San Diego, CA: Harcourt, 2003.
- Danto, A., Analytic Philosophy of Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
- Davidson, D., ''Actions, Reasons, and Causes,'' in Mele (ed.), The Philosophy of Action, 27-41. Also in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events, 3-19.
- ''Agency,'' in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events, 43-62. Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. ''How is Weakness of the Will Possible?,'' in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events, 21-42. ''Intending,'' in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events, 83-102.
- ''Mental Events,'' in Block (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. vol. i, 107-19. Also in Davidson, Essays on Actions and Events, 207-25. ''Thinking Causes,'' in Heil and Mele (eds.), Mental Causation, 3-17.
- ''Thought and Talk,'' in D. Davidson, Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984, 155-70.
- DeGrazia, D., Taking Animals Seriously: Moral Life and Moral Status. New York: Cambridge, 1996.
- Dennett, D., ''Animal Consciousness: What Matters and Why,'' in D. Dennett, Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998, 337-52. Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1991. The Intentional Stance. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987. Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1996. ''Quining Qualia,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 226-46.
- Descartes, R., Meditations on First Philosophy. Trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch. In Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. vol. ii, 3-62. Passions of the Soul. Trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch. In Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. vol.i, 326-404. Principles of Philosophy. Trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch. In Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. vol. i, 177-291. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1985.
- De Sousa, R., The Rationality of Emotion. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995.
- Doring, S., ''Explaining Action By Emotion,'' Philosophical Quarterly 53 (2003): 214-30.
- Dostoevsky, F., The Brothers Karamazov. 2 vols. Trans. D. Magarshack. Har- mondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1975. Crime and Punishment. Trans. D. Magarshack. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1976. The Devils. Trans. D. Magarshack. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Pen- guin, 1973. The House of the Dead. Trans. D. McDuff. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1986. The Idiot. Trans. D. Magarshack. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1977.
- Dretske, F., ''Change Blindness,'' Philosophical Studies 120 (2004): 1-18. ''Conscious Experience,'' in Block, Flanagan, and Güzeldere. (eds.), The Nature of Consciousness, 773-88. Explaining Behavior: Reasons in a World of Causes. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. ''Mental Events as Structuring Causes of Behavior,'' in Heil and Mele (eds.), Mental Causation, 121-36. Naturalizing the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995. Seeing and Knowing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
- Earman, J., A Primer on Determinism. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1986.
- Eilan, N., McCarthy, R., and Brewer, B., (eds.), Spatial Representation. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.
- Eliot, T. S., ''The Hollow Men,'' in T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems: 1909-1962. London: Faber & Faber, 1974, 89-92.
- Elster, J., Strong Feelings: Emotion, Addiction, and Human Behavior. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
- Evans, G., ''Demonstrative Identification,'' in Gunther (ed.), Essays on Nonconcep- tual Content, 43-74.
- Fine, K., ''Essence and Modality,'' Philosophers' Annual (1994): 151-66.
- Fischer, J. M., and Ravizza, M., Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Fodor, J. ''Making Mind Matter More,'' in J. Fodor, A Theory of Content and Other Essays. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990, 137-59.
- Frankfurt, H., ''Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility,'' in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 1-10.
- ''Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person,'' in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 11-25. ''Identification and Externality,'' in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 58-68.
- ''Identification and Wholeheartedness,'' in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 159-76. ''The Importance of What We Care About,'' in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 80-94. The Importance of What We Care About. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ''The Problem of Action,'' in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 69-79. Also in Mele (ed.), The Philosophy of Action, 42-52.
- Freeman, W., ''Emotion is Essential to All Intentional Behaviors,'' in M. Lewis and I. Granic (eds.), Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization: Dynamic Systems Approaches to Emotional Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 209-35.
- Frege, G., Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy. Trans. M. Black, et al. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. ''Concept and Object,'' in G. Frege, Translations from the Writings of Gottlob Frege. Trans. P. Geach and M. Black. Oxford: Blackwell, 1960, 42-55. ''Function and Concept,'' in Frege, Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy, 137-56. ''Logic [1897],'' in G. Frege, Posthumous Writings. Trans. P. Long, et al. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1979, 127-51.
- ''Thoughts,'' in Frege, Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy, 351-72.
- Galison, P., Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
- Gallagher, S., How the Body Shapes the Mind. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.
- Gallese, V., ''The 'Shared Manifold' Hypothesis: From Mirror Neurons to Empathy,'' in Thompson (ed.), Between Ourselves: Second-Person Issues in the Study of Consciousness, 33-50.
- Gallese, V., Keysers, C., and Rizzolatti, G., ''A Unifying View of the Basis of Social Cognition,'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 396-403.
- Gendler, T., and Hawthorne, J., (eds.), Conceivability and Possibility. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002. Perceptual Experience. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006.
- Gershon, M., The Second Brain. New York: Harper Collins, 1998.
- Ginet, C., On Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Godfrey-Smith, P., Complexity and the Function of Mind in Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- Goldie, P., The Emotions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. ''Emotions, Feelings, and Intentionality,'' Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences (2002): 235-54.
- Grahek, N., Feeling Pain and Being in Pain. 2 nd edn. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007.
- Green, O. H., ''Toe Wiggling and Starting Cars: A Re-examination of Trying,'' Philosophia 23 (1994): 171-91.
- Greenspan, P., ''A Case of Mixed Feelings: Ambivalence and the Logic of Emotion,'' in Rorty (ed.), Explaining Emotions, 223-50.
- Gregory, R. (ed.), Oxford Companion to the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
- Griffin, D., Animal Minds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Animal Thinking. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984. The Question of Animal Awareness. New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1976.
- Gunther, Y., ''Emotion and Force,'' in Gunther (ed.), Essays on Nonconceptual Content, 279-88. (ed.), Essays on Nonconceptual Content. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.
- Güzeldere, G., ''The Many Faces of Consciousness,'' in Block, et al. (eds.), The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates, 1-67.
- Haack, S., Deviant Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
- Haggard, P., ''Conscious Awareness of Intention and Action,'' in N. Eilan and J. Roessler (eds.), Agency and Self-Awareness. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003, 111-27.
- Haken, H., Principles of Brain Functioning: A Synergetic Approach to Brain Activity, Behavior, and Cognition. Berlin: Springer, 1996.
- Hammett, D., The Maltese Falcon. New York: Vintage, 1992.
- Hanna, R., ''Kant and Nonconceptual Content,'' European Journal of Philosophy 13 (2005): 247-90.
- ''Kantian Non-Conceptualism,'' Philosophical Studies 137 (2008): 41-64. Kant and the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001. Kant, Science, and Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ''Mathematical Truth and Knowledge Regained: A Positive Solution to Benacerraf 's Dilemma,'' Unpublished MS. Rationality and Logic. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.
- Hanna, R., and Ivy, D., ''Review of Rockwell's Neither Brain Nor Ghost,'' Philosophical Psychology 20 (2007): 277-82.
- Hanna, R., and Thompson, E., ''The Mind-Body-Body Problem,'' Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 7 (2003): 24-44.
- ''Neurophenomenology and the Spontaneity of Consciousness,'' in E. Thompson (ed.), The Problem of Consciousness. Calgary, AL: University of Alberta Press, 2005, 133-62.
- Hawking, S., A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam, 1988.
- Hawkins, J. M., and Allen, R., (eds.), Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
- Heidegger, M., Being and Time. Trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.
- Heil, J., and Mele, A., ''Mental Causes,'' American Philosophical Quarterly 28 (1991): 61-71. (eds.), Mental Causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- Hellman, L., ''Introduction,'' to Hammett, D., The Big Knockover. London: Orion, 2005, v-xxii.
- Helm, B., ''Emotions and Practical Reason: Rethinking Evaluation and Motiva- tion,'' Noûs 35:2 (2001): 190-213.
- Hershfield, J., ''Structural Causation and Psychological Explanation,'' Journal of Mind and Behavior 22 (2001): 249-62.
- Horgan, T., ''From Supervenience to Superdupervenience: Meeting the Demands of a Material World,'' Mind 102 (1993): 555-86.
- Horgan, T., and Tienson, J., ''The Intentionality of Phenomenology and the Phenomenology of Intentionality,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 520-33.
- Huemer, M., and Kovitz, B., ''Causation as Simultaneous and Continuous.'' Philosophical Quarterly 53 (2003): 556-65.
- Humberstone, L., ''Intrinsic/Extrinsic,'' Synthese 108 (1996): 205-67.
- Hume, D., Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
- Humphrey, N., Seeing Red: A Study in Consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 2006.
- Humphreys, P., ''Aspects of Emergence,'' Philosophical Topics 24 (1996): 53-70. ''Emergence, Not Supervenience,'' Philosophy of Science 64 (1997): S337-S345. ''How Properties Emerge,'' Philosophy of Science 64 (1997): 1-17.
- Hurley, S., Consciousness in Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
- Hurley, S., and Noë, A., ''Neural Plasticity and Consciousness,'' Biology and Philosophy 18 (2003): 131-68.
- Hursthouse, R., ''Arational Actions,'' Journal of Philosophy 88 (1991): 57-68.
- Husserl, E., The Phenomenology of Internal Time Consciousness. Trans. J. S. Churchill. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1964.
- Ismael, J. The Situated Self. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007.
- Jackendoff, R., Consciousness and the Computational Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987.
- Jackson, F., ''Epiphenomenal Qualia,'' Philosophical Quarterly 32 (1982): 127-36. ''Mental Causation,'' Mind 105 (1996): 377-413.
- Jantsch, E. The Self-Organizing Universe: Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution. New York: Pergamon, 1980.
- Jeannerod, M., ''Consciousness of Action as an Embodied Consciousness,'' in Pockett, Banks, and Gallagher (eds.), Does Consciousness Cause Behavior?, 25-38.
- Johnson-Laird, P., Mental Models. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983. How We Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Johnston, M., ''Better than Mere Knowledge? The Function of Sensory Aware- ness,'' in Gendler and Hawthorne (eds.), Perceptual Experience, 260-90.
- Juarrero, A., Dynamics in Action. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.
- Judson, H. F., The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.
- Kane, R., A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. The Oxford Handbook of Free Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Kant, I., ''Concerning the Ultimate Ground of the Differentiation of Directions in Space,'' in I. Kant, Theoretical Philosophy: 1755-1770. Trans. D. Walford and R. Meerbote. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 365-72. Critique of the Power of Judgment. Trans. P. Guyer and E. Matthews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. P. Guyer and A. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. M. Gregor. In Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 37-108. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Trans. J. Ellington. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1977.
- Kauffman, S. A., At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York: Oxford University Press., 1995. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press., 1993.
- Kelso, J. A. S., Dynamic Patterns. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995.
- Kenny, A., Action, Emotion, and Will. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963.
- Kihlstrom, J., ''The Cognitive Unconscious,'' Science 237 (1987): 1445-52.
- Kim, J., ''Can Supervenience and 'Non-Strict Laws' Save Anomalous Monism?,'' in Heil and Mele (eds.), Mental Causation, 19-26.
- ''Epiphenomenal and Supervenient Causation,'' in Kim, Supervenience and Mind, 92-108. ''Making Sense of Downward Causation,'' in P. B. Anderson, et al. (eds.), Downward Causation. Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 2000, 305-21. ''Mechanism, Purpose, and Explanatory Exclusion,'' in Kim, Supervenience and Mind, 237-64. Mind in a Physical World. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. ''Multiple Realization and the Metaphysics of Reduction,'' in Kim, Super- venience and Mind, 309-35. ''The Myth of Nonreductive Materialism,'' in Kim, Supervenience and Mind, 265-84. ''The Non-Reductivist's Troubles with Mental Causation,'' in Kim, Super- venience and Mind, 336-57. Philosophy of Mind. 2 nd edn. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2005. Physicalism, or Something Near Enough. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. Supervenience and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Kirk, R., Zombies and Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Korsgaard, C., The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- Koslicki, K., The Structure of Objects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Kripke, S., ''Identity and Necessity,'' in A.W. Moore (ed.), Meaning and Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, 162-91. Naming and Necessity. 2 nd edn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
- Kuhse, H., and Singer, P., ''Individuals, Humans, and Persons: The Issue of Moral Status,'' in P. Singer, Unsanctifying Human Life. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002, 188-98.
- Langton, R., and Lewis, D., ''Defining 'Intrinsic','' Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 58 (1998): 333-45.
- Lee, G., ''The Experience of Right and Left,'' in Gendler and Hawthorne (eds.), Perceptual Experience, 291-315.
- Leibniz, G. W. F., Monadology, in R. Ariew and D. Garber (eds.), Leibniz: Philosophical Essays. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989, 213-34.
- Levine, J., ''Materialism and Qualia: The Explanatory Gap,'' Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64 (1983): 354-61.
- ''On Leaving Out What It's Like,'' in M. Davies and G. Humphreys (eds.), Consciousness: Psychological and Philosopical Essays. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).
- Lewis, D., ''Mad Pain and Martian Pain,'' in Block, (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. vol. i, 216-22.
- ''What Experience Teaches,'' in Lycan (ed.), Mind and Cognition, 499-518.
- Libet, B., ''Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action,'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985): 529-66.
- Libet, B., Gleason, C., Wright, E., and Pearl, D., ''Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential). The Unconscious Initation of a Freely Voluntary Act,'' Brain 106 (1983): 623-42.
- Libet, B., and Haggard, P., ''Conscious Intention and Brain Activity,'' Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (2000): 47-63.
- Lowe, E. J., An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ''The Causal Autonomy of the Mental,'' Mind 102 (1993): 629-44.
- Lycan, W., (ed.), Mind and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
- Lyons, W., The Disappearance of Introspection. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986. Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
- McCulloch, G., The Mind and its World. London: Routledge, 1995.
- MacDonald, G., and Macdonald, C., ''The Metaphysics of Mental Causation,'' Journal of Philosophy (2006): 539-76.
- McGinn, C., ''Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?,'' in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 394-405.
- Mackie, J. L., ''Causes and Conditions,'' in Sosa and Tooley (eds.), Causation, 33-55.
- McLaughlin, B., ''On Davidson's Response to the Charge of Epiphenomenalism,'' in Heil and Mele (eds.), Mental Causation, 27-40.
- ''The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism,'' in Beckermann et al. (eds.), Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1992. The Cement of the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
- Margolis, E., and Laurence, S., Concepts: Core Readings. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999.
- Matthews, G., ''Consciousness and Life,'' Philosophy 52 (1977): 13-26. Mental Content. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.
- Meinong, A., ''The Theory of Objects,'' in R. Chisholm (ed.), The Background of Phenomenology. New York: Free Press, 1960, 76-117.
- Mele, A., ''Introduction,'' in Mele (ed.), The Philosophy of Action, 1-26. Irrationality: An Essay on Akrasia, Self-Deception, and Self-Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Motivation and Agency. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. (ed.), The Philosophy of Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Melzack, R., ''Pain,'' in Gregory (ed.), Oxford Companion to the Mind, 574-5.
- Merleau-Ponty, M., Phenomenology of Perception. Trans. C. Smith. London: Rout- ledge & Kegan Paul, 1962.
- Montague, R., ''Logical Necessity, Physical Necessity, Ethics, and Quantifiers,'' in R. Montague, Formal Philosophy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974, 71-83.
- Montero, B., ''The Body Problem,'' Noûs 33 (1999): 183-200. ''Post-Physicalism,'' Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (2001): 61-80.
- Moore, G. E., ''The Refutation of Idealism,'' in G. E. Moore, Selected Writings. London: Routledge, 1993, 23-44.
- Moran, D., Introduction to Phenomenology. London: Routledge, 2000.
- Nagel, T., ''Brain Bisection and the Unity of Consciousness,'' in Nagel, Mortal Questions, 147-64.
- ''Conceiving the Impossible and the Mind-Body Problem,'' Philosophy 73 (1998): 337-52. ''Death,'' in Nagel, Mortal Questions, 1-10. Mortal Questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. ''Panpsychism,'' in Nagel, Mortal Questions, 181-95.
- ''The Psychophysical Nexus,'' in P. Boghossian and C. Peacocke (eds.), New Essays on the A Priori. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000, 433-71. ''What is it like to be a bat?,'' in Block (ed.), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology. vol. i, 159-68. Also in Nagel, Mortal Questions, 165-80.
- Nemirow, L., ''Physicalism and the Cognitive Role of Acquaintance,'' in Lycan (ed.), Mind and Cognition, 490-8.
- Nicolis, G., and Prigogine, I., Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems. New York: Wiley, 1977.
- Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil. Trans. W. Kaufmann. New York: Vin- tage, 1966.
- Noë, A., Action in Perception. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.
- O'Connor, T., ''Emergent Properties,'' American Philosophical Quarterly 31 (1994): 91-104. Persons and Causes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- O'Connor, T., and Wong, H. Y., ''Emergent Properties,'' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), E. N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato. stanford.edu/archives.win2006/entries/properties-emergent/>. ''The Metaphysics of Emergence,'' Noûs 39 (2005): 658-78.
- Olson, E., The Human Animal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Oppenheim, P., and Putnam, H., ''Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis,'' in H. Feigl, et al. (eds.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1958. Vols. 2, 3-36.
- O'Regan, K., Rensink, R., and Clark, J., ''Change Blindness as a Result of 'Mudsplashes','' Nature 398 (1999): 34.
- O'Shaughnessy, B., ''Trying (as the Mental 'Pineal Gland'),'' in Mele (ed.), The Philosophy of Action, 53-74.
- The Will. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
- Pascal, B., Pensées. Trans. A. J. Krailsheimer. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Pen- guin, 1966.
- Penfield, W., The Mystery of the Mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
- Pereboom, D., ''Robust Nonreductive Materialism,'' Journal of Philosophy 99 (2002): 499-531.
- Perry, J., Knowledge, Possibility, and Consciousness. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001. ''The Problem of the Essential Indexical,'' Noûs 13 (1979): 3-21.
- Pert, C., Molecules of Emotion. New York: Scribner, 1997.
- Place, U.T., ''Is Consciousness a Brain Process?,'' British Journal of Psychology 47 (1956): 44-50. Also in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 55-60.
- Pleydell-Pearce, I., ''Biofeedback,'' in Gregory (ed.), Oxford Companion to the Mind, 88-92.
- Pockett, S., Banks, W.B., and Gallagher, S. (eds.), Does Consciousness Cause Behavior? Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.
- Poellner, P., ''Non-Conceptual Content, Experience, and the Self,'' Journal of Consciousness Studies 10 (2003): 32-57.
- Port, R. F., and Van Gelder, T., (eds.), Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995.
- Pred, R., Onflow: Dynamics of Consciousness and Experience. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005.
- Priest, G., An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Prigogine, I., Being and Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1980.
- Prinz, J., Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Putnam, H., ''Brains and Behavior,'' in Putnam, Mind, Language, and Reality: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2, 325-41.
- Mind, Language, and Reality: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. ''The Nature of Mental States,'' in Putnam, Mind, Language, and Reality: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2, 429-40. ''There is at Least One A Priori Truth,'' in H. Putnam, Realism and Reason: Philosophical Papers, vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, 98-114. Reason, Truth, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
- Quine, W.V. O., Word and Object. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960.
- Rachels, J., The Elements of Moral Philosophy. 4 th edn. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2003.
- Rensink, R., O'Regan, K., and Clark, J., ''On the Failure to Detect Changes in Scenes Across Brief Interruptions,'' Visual Cognition 7 (2000): 17-42.
- Roberts, R., ''Solomon on Control of Emotions,'' Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 44 (1984): 395-403.
- Robinson, J., ''Emotion, Judgment, and Desire,'' Journal of Philosophy 80 (1983): 731-41.
- Rockwell, W.T., Neither Brain Nor Ghost: A Nondualist Alternative to the Mind-Brain Identity Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005.
- Rorty, A. O., ''Explaining Emotions,'' in Rorty (ed.), Explaining Emotions, 103-26. (ed.), Explaining Emotions. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.
- Rosenberg, G., A Place for Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Rosenthal, D., ''A Theory of Consciousness,'' in Block, Flanagan, and Guzeldere (eds.), The Nature of Consciousness, 729-53.
- ''Two Concepts of Consciousness,'' Philosophical Studies 94 (1986): 329-59.
- Rowlands, M., Body Language. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.
- Royce, J., The Letters of Josiah Royce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
- Rupert, R., ''Ceteris Paribus Laws, Component Forces, and the Nature of Special Science Properties,'' Noûs 42(2008): 349-80.
- Russell, B., The Analysis of Matter. London: Kegan Paul, 1927. Ryle, G., The Concept of Mind. London: Hutchinson, 1949.
- Sacks, O., A Leg to Stand On. New York: Summit Books, 1984. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. New York: Harper Perennial, 1987. Sartre, J.-P., Being and Nothingness. Trans. H. Barnes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1956. The Psychology of Imaginination. Secaucas, NJ: Citadel Press, 1965. The Transcendence of the Ego. Trans. F. Williams and R. Kirkpatrick. New York: Farrar, Strauss, & Geroux, 1987.
- Savitt, S., ''Introduction,'' in S. Savitt (ed.), Time's Arrows Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 1-19.
- Schaffer, J., Lewis, D., Hall, N., Collins, J., and Paul, L., ''Special Issue: Causation,'' Journal of Philosophy 97 (2000): 165-256.
- Schrödinger, E., What is Life?: The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- Schutz, A., The Phenomenology of the Social World. Trans. G. Walsh and F. Lehnert. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967.
- Searle, J., Intentionality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Mind: A Brief Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Minds, Brains, and Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984. Rationality in Action. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992.
- Sehon, S., ''An Argument Against the Causal Theory of Action Explanation,'' Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60 (2000): 67-85.
- ''Connectionism and the Causal Theory of Action Explanation,'' Philosophical Psychology 11 (1998): 511-31.
- Sellars, W., ''Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man,'' in W. Sellars, Science, Perception, and Reality. New York: Humanities Press, 1963, 1-40.
- Shakespeare, W., Hamlet. Ed. G. L. Kittredge. Lexington, MA: Xerox, 1967. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. G. L. Kittredge. Lexington, MA: Xerox, 1968.
- Shapiro, L., The Mind Incarnate. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004. ''Multiple Realizations,'' Journal of Philosophy 97 (2000): 635-54.
- Siegel, D., Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956).
- Silberstein, M., ''Converging On Emergence: Consciousness, Causation and Explanation,'' Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (2001): 61-98.
- Silberstein, M., and McGeever, J., ''The Search For Ontological Emergence,'' Philosophical Quarterly 49 (1999): 182-200.
- Simons, D., and Levin, D., ''Change Blindness,'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1 (1997): 261-7.
- Smart, J. J. C., ''Sensations and Brain Processes,'' Philosophical Review 68 (1959): 141-56. Also in Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 60-8.
- and Williams, B., Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
- Smiley, T., ''Relative Necessity,'' Journal of Symbolic Logic 28 (1963): 113-34.
- Smith, M., The Moral Problem. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.
- Solomon, R., ''Emotions and Choice,'' in Rorty (ed.), Explaining Emotions, 251-81. Not Passion's Slave: Emotion and Choice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. The Passions. Indianapolis: Hackett 1993. ''On the Passivity of the Passions,'' in Solomon, Not Passion's Slave: Emotions and Choice, 195-232. ''Thoughts and Feelings: What is a 'Cognitive Theory' of the Emotions, and Does it Neglect Affectivity?,'' in Solomon, Not Passion's Slave: Emotion and Choice, 178-94.
- Sosa, E., ''Davidson's Thinking Causes,'' in Heil and Mele (eds.), Mental Causation, 41-50.
- Sosa, E., and Tooley, M. (eds.), Causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- Speaks, J., ''Is There a Problem about Nonconceptual Content?,'' Philosophical Review 114 (2005): 359-98.
- Spinoza, B., The Ethics and Selected Letters. Trans. S. Shirley. Indianapolis: Hack- ett, 1982.
- Stapp, H., Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics. Munich: Springer, 1993.
- Stein, E., On the Problem of Empathy. Trans. W. Stein. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964.
- Stephan, A., ''Emergentism, Irreducibility, and Downward Causation,'' Grazer Philsophische Studien 65 (2002): 77-93.
- ''Emergence: A Systematic View of its Historical Facets,'' in Beckermann, et al. (eds), Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physical- ism, 25-47.
- Stoecker, R., ''Climbers, Pigs, and Wiggled Ears: The Problem of Waywardness in Action Theory,'' in S. Walter and H.-D. Heckmann (eds.), Physicalism and Mental Causation: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic, 2003, 295-322.
- Stoutland, F., ''Davidson on Intentional Behavior,'' in E. LePore and B. McLaugh- lin (eds.), Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985, 44-59.
- Strawson, P.F., Individuals. London: Methuen, 1959.
- Sudnow, D., Ways of the Hand. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
- Thelen, E., and Smith, L., A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994.
- Thomas, D., ''Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night,'' in O. Williams (ed.), The Pocket Book of Modern Verse. New York: Washington Square, 1973, 486. Thompson, E., (ed.), Between Ourselves: Second-Person Issues in the Study of Con- sciousness. Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic, 2001. ''Empathy and Consciousness,'' in Thompson (ed.), Between Ourselves: Second- Person Issues in the Study of Consciousness, 1-32. Mind in Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. ''Sensorimotor Subjectivity and the Enactive Approach to Experience,'' Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 4 (2005): 407-27.
- Thompson, E., and Varela, F., ''Radical Embodiment: Neural Dynamics and Consciousness,'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (2001): 418-25.
- Tye, M., Ten Problems of Consciousness: A Representational Theory of the Phenomenal Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
- Van Fraassen, B., Laws and Symmetry. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. The Scientific Image. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
- Van Gulick, R., ''Who's in Charge Here? And Who's Doing All the Work?,'' in Heil and Mele (eds.), Mental Causation, 233-56.
- Varela, F., Principles of Biological Autonomy. New York: Elsevier/North- Holland, 1979.
- Varela, F., Thompson, E., and Rosch, E., The Embodied Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991.
- Velleman, D., ''The Way of the Wanton'' (Aug. 13, 2007). Available at SSRN: <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1006893>.
- Wallace, R. J., ''Addiction as Defect of the Will: Some Philosophical Reflections,'' Law and Philosophy 18 (1999): 621-55.
- Watkins, E., Kant and the Metaphysics of Causality. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2005.
- Watson, G. (ed)., Free Will. 2 nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Weatherson, B., ''Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties,'' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2007 Edition), E. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato. stanford.edu/archives/spr2007/entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/>.
- Weber, A., and Varela, F., ''Life After Kant: Natural Purposes and the Autopoietic Foundations of Biological Individuality,'' Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1 (2002): 97-125.
- Weber, B., ''Life,'' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2006 Edi- tion), E. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/ entries/life/>.
- Wegner, D., The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002. ''The Mind's Best Trick: How We Experience Conscious Will,'' Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003): 65-9.
- Wegner, D., and Wheatley, T., ''Apparent Mental Causation: Sources of the Experience of Will,'' American Psychologist 54 (1999): 480-92.
- Weiskrantz, L., Blindsight. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
- Whitehead, A. N., Process and Reality. New York: Free Press, 1978.
- Wider, K., The Bodily Basis of Consciousness. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
- Wilson, C., The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
- Wilson, G., The Intentionality of Human Action. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1980.
- Wittgenstein, L., Philosophical Investigations. 3 rd edn. Trans. G. E. M. Anscombe. New York: Macmillan, 1953. Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology. 2 vols. Trans. G. E. M. Anscombe.
- Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Trans. C. K. Ogden. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
- Wolf, S., ''Moral Saints,'' Journal of Philosophy 79 (1982): 419-39.
- Yablo, S., ''Concepts and Consciousness,'' Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 59 (1999): 455-63.
- ''Is Conceivability a Guide to Possibility?,'' Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53 (1993): 1-42. ''Mental Causation,'' Philosophical Review 101 (1992): 245-80.
- Yeats, W. B., ''Among School Children,'' in Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. London: Macmillan, 1973, 242-5.
- Zemach, E., ''What is Emotion?,'' American Philosophical Quarterly 38 (2001): 197-207.
- Zhu, J., and Thagard, P., ''Emotion and Action,'' Philosophical Psychology 15 (2003): 19-36.
- Anscombe, E. 106n9
- Anti-Cartesian principle 8n7 anticipation of immediate future 84 Anticipations of Perception 96
- Anti-End-of-the-World Principle, the 279 anti-realism, causal 260, 285, 289n47 A Priori Argument Logic, the, a.k.a. the APA Logic 249-253, 279-282, 284, 304, 322, 330, 335, 338, 353-354, 379-380 Arbib, M. 20n3 arc of reflex action, see reflex action, arc of Aristotelian hylomorphism 345 Aristotle 5, 13-15, 22, 345 arm-raising 10, 15, 101-103, 109, 156-157, 177-179, 196-197, 200, 212-213, 257, 293, 309-310, 352, 370-386 vs. arm-rising 10, 101-103, 173, 196-197 Arpaly, N. 381n46 A series and B series, McTaggart's 83 see also: McTaggart, J. M. E. aspectual shape 66
- Aspectual Shape Thesis, the, see aspectual shape asymmetry 351 see also thermodynamic asymmetry irreversibility of time, the ATLiens 383 attention 22, 28, 41, 61, 63, 87-88, 92-96, 202, 220, 231, 234, 253
- Audi, R. 153n82, 175n19
- Augustine's Confessions 198
- Austen, J. 234-235
- Austin, J. L. 155n84 authenticity 137, 147, 151, 200 automatism 28, 92, 204 autonomy 105, 110-111, 136-137, 273 see also mental causation Awakenings 85
- Baier, A. 225
- Baker, L. 346
- Banks, W. B. 191n44
- Barbara, who is angry at Ben's comments 220
- Bass, S. 321
- Bayne, T. 191n44
- Bealer, G. 353
- Beckermann, A. 356n19 Behaviorism 132, 170, 202, 206-207, 214-215, 242 being-towards-death 368 belief-desire pairs, see action, Davidson's theory of Ben, who makes certain comments to Barbara 220
- Bergson, H. 86n54
- Bermúdez, J. 73n34 Bernanos, G. 29
- Bickhard, M. 365n31
- Big Bang, the 117, 120-121, 261, 264, 268, 369 and General Relativity 261 Big Boi 341 Billy Pilgrim 85 Biofeedback 40 biological conception of the mind 13-14, 16, 305, 317, 322, 327, 343, 345-347, 352, 356, 371 biology as a basic natural science 22, 308, 318-319
- Blackburn, S. 110n13 black holes 117, 120-121, 261, 264, 268 and General Relativity 261
- Bladerunner 280, 282 see also Scott, R. see also Bladerunner Argument, the Bladerunner Argument, the 280-282
- Blakesee, S. 50n48, 355n14 blindsight 62-63 superblindsight vs. superduperblindsight 62
- Block, N. 48n43, 271n19, 277, 353n13 Bob the Zero, a.k.a. Bob the Z, a.k.a. Bob the Zed 252-254 bodily self-consciousness lo or self-reflection 43, 68-69, 81, 89
- ''body,'' concept of , and the physical world 3-4, 22-23 body image 43, 69, 71-72, 81, 89 see also body schema body movements 63, 65, 69, 71-72, 120-125, 129, 159-194 passim, 370-386 and emotions 197-222 passim and empathic mirroring 77 covert vs. overt 102 intentional 3, 10-11, 15-16, 121-122 pre-reflective or spontaneous 32-33, 116-152 passim aimless 172-174, 191 impulsive 172-174, 191 purposive 161-162, six varieties in minded animals 174 unintentional 105, 133, 154-156 Body Problem, the 302, 306 body schema 69, 70-73, 82, 88-91 see also body image Bogardus, B. viii Boghossian, P. 332n29
- Bohm, D. 365 bottle opener 48 see also multiple embodiability vs. multiple realization Bovens, L. viii boy named 'clyde', the 225
- Brading, K. 359n21 brain 35-36, 38-41, 49-50 embedded vs. envatted 49 brain-body-world nexus, the 349 see also Embodied Cognition Theory Brasil-Neto, J. 191n46
- Bratman, M. 128
- Brentano, F. 91, 223
- Bresson, R. ix, 29 Bridge on the River Kwai 178
- Brown, D. 52n49
- Bruntrup, G. 365n33 brute necessity 328 see also necessity Bub, J. 304n11 Buddhist meditation 91, 244
- Buffalo Trace Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whisky 232
- Buridan's Ass 231
- Campbell, D. 365n31
- Campbell, J. 189n40 capacity, disposition, or power for consciousness like ours, a.k.a. consciousness lo 28 see also consciousness like ours, a.k.a. consciousness lo , natural matrix of care and caring 195, 204-205 see also emotions see also Cogito, Essentially Embodied Cartesian Materialism 49
- Cartesian Mistakes, the 50-58
- Castellani, E. 365n22 cat named 'otis', the 225 Causal Closure of the Physical a.k.a. CCP 258, 272-275, 284-285, 287-289, 296-299, 306-308, 311-313 causal-dynamic coupling 36 causal exclusion problems, Kim's 286-313 Causal Failure of the Mental a.k.a CFM 272, 311-312 causal laws 104, 108, 112, 117-122, 182, 260-263, 268-269, 276, 288, 290-291, 293-294, 313, 317, 319, 324, 352, 361, 379 causal overdetermination 265, 267, 285, 287, 288-290, 292-294, 299, 308-310 Causal Physicality of the Mental a.k.a CPM 272, 289n47, 311 causal theory of action, see action, causal theory of causation 257-271 causal efficacy vs. causal relevance 270-271 circular, see circular reciprocal causality efficient material vs. structuring 343, 366, 369, 372 mental, see mental causation simultaneous and continuous 162, 265-266 synchronous, in intentional action 103, 107, 109, 124-125, 156-157, 162-163, 167, 173, 175, 183-187, 192-193, 308, 311, 326, 375-377, 384-385 see also Amazingly Hard Problem, the Center for Consciousness Studies viii Chalmers, D. 7n5, 7n6, 8n7, 24, 45n37, 53, 54n54, 55n55, 61, 76, 248n68, 275n22, 277, 278n29, 278n34, 284n43, 301, 329n24, 329n25, 332, 337n34, 337n35, 337n36, 350n12 see also Zombie Argument, the change-blindness or difference-blindness 188 chemistry as a basic natural science 22-23, 308, 322
- Chief Executive Officer, a.k.a., CEO, analogy with causal role of brain 39
- Chisholm, R. 103n4
- Chomsky, N. 301
- Churchland, Patricia 8n9
- Ginet, C. 106, 177n25
- Gleason, C. 190n41 God 85 Godfrey-smith, P. 327
- Goldie, P. 203-204, 210n19, 211, 212, 213n25, 220n39, 232-233
- Gorsuch, W. viii Goya, F. 239
- Grahek, N. 77n43 Great apes 143
- Green, O. H. 177n24
- Greenspan, P. 218, 220n39 guidance 107, 110, 122, 124-126, 154-157, 159-193 passim, 196-199, 201-202, 204, 206, 233, 241, 245, 254, 308, 311, 371, 375-377, 385
- Gunther, Y. 91n60 gut reactions 79 see also emotions, Prinz's theory of
- Haack, S. 248n70
- Haggard, P. 190n41
- Haken, H. 323n19
- Hammett, D. 148n71, 216
- Harrison, R. viii Hawthorne, J. 332n29 Heal, J. viii Heidegger, M. 15, 50n48, 195, 204, 216n28, 223, 368
- Heinämaa, S. viii Helen Keller 79
- Hellman, L. 148
- Hempel's Dilemma 302 hierarchical desire theories of emotion, practical reasons, and the will 139, 141, 143, 184, 201
- Hitchcock, A. 314
- Hobson's Choice 10
- Horgan, T. 43-45
- Hornsby, J. 176n21 Howry, A. viii Huemer, M. 162n9, 266n14
- Hume, D. 96-97, 110, 131, 138, 146-147, 149, 151, 209, 239
- Humphrey, N. 46n40
- Humphreys, P. 12n14, 303
- Hurley, S. 73n34, 355
- Hursthouse, R. 130, 132n49, 133
- Husserl, E. 15, 60n4, 84, 97 hylomorphism, neo-Aristotelian see neo-Aristotelian hylomorphism hyperbolic or Lobachevskian world, the 304 ''I am here now'' 72-73, 82 ''I am my world'' 81 Idealism 12 Identity 7n6, 8, 9n11, 12n15, 24, 49, 54-56, 84-85, 87, 107-109, 111, 248, 250, 253, 275, 277, 281, 286, 288, 290, 304-306, 328, 337-339, 344, 348, 377
- ''Identity and Necessity'' 55 ''I desire, therefore I am'' see also Cogito, Essentially Embodied ''I effectively desire, therefore I am simultaneously moving my body'' see also Cogito, Causal-Intentional I lo P lo Thesis, the, see Intentionality lo of Phenomenology lo Thesis, the immanent reflexivity 68 Indeterminism 117, 119, 120-122, 139, 260, 261-262, 263-264, 268, 378-379 see also Determinism see also Open Future Rule, the insufficient but non-redundant part of an unnecessary but sufficient cause, a.k.a. INUS cause 267 integrated trousers-upholding system, a.k.a. ITUS 287 integrity, see authenticity, moral intentional action 1, 10, 101-158 passim, 159-194 passim, 197-223, 255-256, 257-258, 268, 272-273, 295, 298, 308, 311, 313, 334, 370-385
- Intentional Causation Thesis, the 16, 371-372, 378 intentionality and intentionality like ours, a.k.a. intentionality lo 1, 3-4, 43-45, 60, 65-68, 74-75, 89-93, 223-238 Intentionality of Phenomenology Thesis, the, a.k.a. the IP Thesis 43
- Intentionality lo of Phenomenology lo Thesis, the, a.k.a. the I lo P lo Thesis 44 Internalism about reasons see also Desire-Overriding Internalism Intrinsic Structural Properties Argument, the 280, 283-284 INUS cause, see insufficient but non-redundant part of an unnecessary but sufficient cause, a.k.a. INUS cause Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The 252 see also Siegel, D. Inverted Qualia Argument, the 247, 275, 277-278, 283-284
- Ivy, D. viii Jackendoff, R. 30, 31n14
- Jackson, F. 46n41, 270n17, 277, 278n34, 279, 291-292, 294n56
- Jacques le Fataliste et son Maître ix James, W. 203
- Jane, the doughnut eater 110
- Jane, the photograph defacer 211-213
- Jantsch, E. 325n20 Jastrow duck-rabbit phenomenon 231
- Jean-Paul 382 je-m'en-foutisme 204
- Jimmy the sailor 85
- John, my next door neighbor who wears suspenders 260
- Johnson-Laird, P. 336
- Johnston, M. 189n40
- Juarrero, A. 295, 298, 323n19
- Judy, who did not win the award that John won 218
- Judson, H. F. 325n20
- Kafka, F 30.
- Kane, R. 10n13
- Kant, I. 15, 59-60, 87-88, 96-97, 99, 136-137, 138n63, 149, 151, 265, 288, 330, 336-339, 345, 368n36
- Karl, who is jealous of Kevin and Kate 246
- Kauffman, S. A. 325n20
- Kelso, J. S. 324n19
- Ken, who falsely believes he loves Karen 226
- Kenny, A. 224
- Keysers, C. 207n17
- Kihlstrom, J. 34n20
- Kim, J. 7n6, 8n7, 9n11, 45n37, 48n43, 48n44, 89n57, 114, 170n16, 197, 256, 258, 265, 274-275, 278n30, 281n37, 286-291, 293, 295-297, 307-308, 315, 359, 362-263
- Kim's causal exclusion problems 114, 197, 265, 286-294, 298-312
- Kirk, G. 55n56 kiss, friendly vs. lovers' 228 knowing the dancer from the dance 103, 109, 200 see also Yeats, W. B. Knowledge Argument, the 247, 275, 277-279, 283 see also Jackson, F. Korman, D. viii Korsgaard, C. 150n75
- Koslicki, K. 23n9
- Kovitz, B. 162n9, 266n14
- Kripke, S. 53, 55, 56n57, 247, 277, 298, 329, 331-332, 337-338 see also Modal Argument, the Kubrick, S. 10
- Kuehn, M. 338
- Langton, R. 23n10
- Laurence, S. 170n17 laws, see causal laws Layered World, the 303, 315-317, 320, 326, 360, 362, 364
- Lazarus, P. 236
- Lean, D. 178 learning how to play a flute, and causal relevance 292 learning how to walk again, after a serious leg injury 91
- LeBel, R. viii Leibniz, G. W. F. 23
- Levin, D. 188n38
- Levine, J. 279n33 Lewis, D. 23n10, 258n8 Liberal Naturalism 11, 312-313
- Libet, B. 190, 191n44, 192-193 loop-the-loop, metaphysical and causal-dynamic 14
- life viii, 3, 5, 13, 15, 20, 22, 28, 47, 59, 64-65, 68, 79, 86-89, 93, 97, 117, 122, 134, 148, 182, 185, 196, 198, 203, 215-216, 246, 252-254 little bangs 369
- Living Body Functionalism, see Functionalism, Living Body locked-in syndrome 87, 242, logic 248-251, 328-338 logical possibility and conceivability, see conceivability and possibility index 413
- Los Caprichos 239 see also Goya, F. Louise, the party hostess 138
- Lowe, E. J. 6n3
- Lyons, W. 206n11, 219, 225, 229
- Macdonald, C. 290-292
- Macdonald, G. 290-292 machine-in-the-machine, the 9-11, 343 see also ghost-in-the-machine, the
- Magritte, R. 170
- Malle, B. 191n44 Manchurian Candidate, The 380 March of Time newsreels 87 marathon runner 123, 128-129
- Margolis, E. 170n17
- Mary, the beer drinker 111, 114-116
- Mary, the co-worker of Mike 210, 218
- Materialism ix, 6n4, 7-12, 49, 57, 265, 276, 281, 285-286, 289-290, 296, 301-302, 305, 308-310, 313, 316-318, 326, 344, 353
- McCulloch, G. 350n11
- McGeever, J. 364n30 McGinn, C. McLaughlin, B. 356n17
- McTaggart, J. M. E. 83
- Meditation VI 37, 53, 59 Meditations on First Philosophy 6, 37, 51, 59
- Mele, A. 191n44 Memento 85 mental causation 255-294 passim and the Amazingly Hard Problem 295-313, 370-385 mental modelling 335-337, 339 mental-physical property fusion see also Mind-Body Animalism mental world see ''mind,'' concept of, and the mental world Merleau-Ponty, M. 15, 72, 241
- Mike, the co-worker of Mary 210, 218 ''mind'', concept of, and the mental world 3-4, 26-27 Mind: A Brief Introduction 74 see also Searle, J. Mind & Cognition Research Group viii Mind-Body Animalism 11, 12n15, 13, 16, 52, 57, 342, 343-356, 371
- Mind-Body Animalism Thesis, the 161 mind-body problem, the 1-18 minded animals, definition of 19-20 Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of the Mind vii see also Thompson, E. mind-in-life thesis, the 327-328 minds like ours, a.k.a., minds lo , definition of 1-2 minds lo -in-life thesis, the 327, 345
- Mind-Mind Problem, the 30-31 minimal physical duplicate 293 Möbius strip 368 Modal Argument, the 53, 275, 277, 283 see also Kripke, S. Modal Dualism vs. Modal Monism 53-55, 303, 328-340
- Moffett, M. viii Monism 112, 279, 301, 321, 361-362
- Montague, R. 53n53
- Montero, B. 283n40, 302
- Monty Python's Flying Circus 382
- Moore, G. E. 81
- Penfield, W. 171, 373 perception 68-69, 90, 94, 97, 180, 186-187, 189, 193, 199n6, 205, 220, 225-228, 233, 245
- Pereboom, D. 290, 292, 294
- Perry, J. 283n42 personhood 142
- Phaedrus, The 239 see also Plato phantom limb illusion 42, 89 phenomenal character 64, 66, 76-81, 91-92, 97-100 phenomenology, see neurophenomenology Phenomenology of Intentionality Thesis, the, a.k.a. the PI Thesis 45 Phenomenology lo of Intentionality lo Thesis, the, a.k.a. the P lo I lo Thesis 45 Phenomenology of Perception, The 241 see also Merleau-Ponty, M. Philosophical Investigations, The 132 see also Wittgenstein, L. philosophy of mind, as classical philosophical reasoning plus cognitive neuroscience plus phenomenology 26-27 see also Science of Minds lo Philosophy of Mind Discussion Group viii Philosophy of Mind Group viii physical world, see ''body,'' concept of, and the physical world Physicalism, see materialism Physics, The 345 see also Aristotle physics, as a basic natural science 22 see also biology as a basic natural science see also chemistry as a basic natural science picture, in the philosophical sense 132-133, 207-208, 211-213, 215, 251
- Plato 239 plumping, see akrasia, impulsiveness of the will vs. weakness of the will Pockett, S. 191n44
- Port, R. F. 324n19
- Post-Fundamentalism 297, 300-301, 303, 312, 321 post-functionalist philosophy of mind 48 see also Functionalism Potter, M. viii Powell, M. 47
- Pred, R. 44n34 Pride and Prejudice 234 see also Austen, J. Principle of the Anomalism of the Mental, the 104, 112, 275-276, 278, 288 see also mental causation Principle of the Causal Closure of the Physical, a.k.a. CCP 271-194 passim Principle of the Nomological Character of Causality, the 112 see also mental causation Priest, G. 248n70
- Prigogine, I. 118n25, 118n26, 323n19 primitive bodily awareness 4, 32-33, 35, 42, 61, 68-69, 71-73, 75, 77-82, 88-92, 97-100
- Principles of Philosophy, The 300 see also Descartes, R. Prinz, J. 40n27, 235-238 problem of action, the 1, 10, 47 ''The Problem of Action'' 160 see also Frankfurt, H. properties 23-26 emergent 356-370 fusion of 12, 14, 16, 341-342, 344-345, 354, 356, 364, 371, 377, 384
- Property-Dualism-Without-Substance- Dualism 6-7 Proprioception 4 Prosopagnosia 30 Prosthesis 355
- Putnam, H. 22, 36, 48n43, 215, 248n69, 249n71, 277, 281, 353n13 qualia 76-78 qualia eliminativism 76 quantum entanglement 304, 364 quantum field theory 364-365
- Quine, W. V. O. 330
- Ramachandran, V. S. 50n48, 355n14
- Randy, who is afraid of spiders 220
- Rasmussen, J. viii Rationality 111, 126, 130-131, 133, 136-137, 142, 147n69, 150n77, 200, 205, 209, 219, 239-241, 249
- Raymond, who is very shy 233 ''Raymond, why don't you play a little solitaire?'' 380 reading as an intentional act 254 readiness potential of the brain, a.k.a. RP 190-194 reasons 112-153 passim Rediscovery of the Mind, The 74 see also Searle, J. Red Shoes, The 47 reduction, see non-reductive arguments, the reflex action 28, 40 reflexivity of desires see also hierarchical desire theory of will, the Renée, who feels guilty for no good reason 220
- Rensink, R. 188n38 Republic, The 239 see also Plato respect, Kantian (Achtung) 149 reverse-engineering, as a method in the philosophy of mind 11 right out to the skin, see essential embodiment, the
- Rizzolatti, G. 21n3
- Robb, D. viii Robby I, Robby II, Robby III, Robby III * , Robby IV, Robby IV * , Robby V * , Robby VI, Robby VI * 372-381
- Roberts, R. 220n38, 221n40, 227
- Robinson, B. viii Robinson, J. 219
- Rockwell, Teed, a.k.a. Rockwell, W. T. 41, 49n46, 51n48, 349n9
- Rosenberg, G. 301, 312
- Rosenthal, D. 63n13
- Ross, P. 191n44
- Rowlands, M. 349n10
- Roy, J.-M. viii Royce, J. 320 Royce's definition of ''idealism'' 320
- Rupert, R. viii Russell, B. 301
- Rutherford-Bohr atomic theory of matter 316
- Ryle, G. 9 Sacks, O. 50n48, 85, 91n63
- Sam, who is in love with Sarah 231
- Sarah, who is in love with Sam 226
- Sartre, J.-P. 81, 137n61, 223
- Savitt, S. 359n21
- Schiller, F. ix Schneider 72
- Scholasticism, bad Schopenhauer, A. 239
- Schrödinger, E. 327n23
- Schutz, A. 60n6 Science of Minded Animals, see Science of Minds lo Science of Minds lo 26
- Scientific Essentialism 329, 334, 337-339 Scientific Image, the 22
- Scott, R. 280n35
- Scream, The 208 see also Munch, E.
- Searle, J. 43n32, 48n45, 50n48, 65-66, 68n22, 74-76, 79, 87, 91, 94, 99, 116-117, 123, 129, 131n47, 137-140, 149, 151, 178
- Seeing and Knowing 225 see also Dretske, F. seeing red 46-47 self-determinism 121-126 self-organizing thermodynamic systems, see dynamic systems theory, a.k.a. DST Sellers, P. 10 semi-determinism and semi-indeterminism 121-122
- Seminar in the Epistemology of the Cognitive Sciences viii separable noûs, in Aristotle's metaphysics 345
- Shadow, Eliot's 116-117, 123 see also Gap, Searle's Shakespeare, W. 17 short-term memory of immediate past, see temporal consciousness lo Shylock 17
- Siegel, D. 252
- Silberstein, M. 364n30
- Simeon Stylites 147 Simone 382
- Simons, D. 188n38
- Shapiro, L. 48n45