Chapter 10. DESIGN OF MONITORING PROGRAMMES

Water Research, 2012

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2020

Worldwide, water resources for drinking water supply are severely impacted by multiple anthropogenic pressures. Cyanobacteria blooms can generate serious health risks. Current methods for determining toxic species are based on microscope identification. These require specialized skills and are time-consuming. Thus, easy to implement methods must be developed such as those based on fluorescence probes of chlorophyll and cyanobacteria-specific pigments. Collected data are very variable depending on the hardware characteristics and may be affected by large errors. In order to investigate their reliability, a field survey has been performed for 2 years, in a small experimental lake (Great Paris, France). This included high-frequency measurements of both Chl-a and phycocyanin fluorescence. Lab analysis and Fluorescent Excitation-Emission Matrices (F-EEM) were also realised. The dataset was analysed in order to define sensor reliability conditions for assessing the cyanobacteria biomass.

Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2014

w a t e r r e s e a r c h 5 6 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 9 8 e1 0 8 http://dx.

Limnological Review, 2020

The purpose of the study was to ascertain the effect of cyanobacterial abundance and its taxonomic structure on the results of measurements made by a fluorometric device designed to detect in situ chlorophyll a and phycocyanin. A multiparameter water quality probe was tested at 10 lakes located in the Wel River catchment. We found a strong correlation between the chlorophyll a concentration determined by laboratory procedure (CHL-a) and that obtained as a result of the probe measurements (YSI CHL-a) (R=0.78) as well as between the YSI CHL-a and the total phytoplankton biomass (R=0.73), whereas YSI CHL-a was not a good predictor of cyanobacterial biomass (R=0.24). The phycocyanin recorded by the probe was proportional to the total biomass of cyanobacteria (R=0.86); however, this cyanobacterial taxonomic structure influenced the fluorometric signal. Nevertheless, our study showed significant differentiation of phycocyanin measurement distribution at different levels of cyanobacterial abundance (<2 mg L-1 , between 2 and 10 mg L-1 , and >10 mg L-1), which indicates that the PC-YSI measurements are valuable in the detection of increased risk of exceeding health alert thresholds recommended by the WHO.

2011

Cyanobacteria are seemingly ubiquitous in nature, being found in hot springs, fresh and saline surface water bodies, both as a liquid or as ice, as well as soil and rock. The composition and abundance of component species in a particular ecosystem can be very dynamic in response to nutrient availability and weather. In fresh water systems used for drinking or aquaculture, cyanobacterial blooms can be problematic due to the release of toxins or off-flavor metabolites. One very rich environment for the study of cyanobacterial communities is aquaculture ponds in the southeastern United States. Aquaculture farms are comprised of multiple ponds that are arranged in close proximity, but usually have different populations of cyanobacteria. In an effort to begin to understand the dynamics of cyanobacterial population fluxes, we examined the composition of the community in twenty ponds on a commercial aquaculture farm in southern Louisiana using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) during weekly sampling over approximately a 8 month period. We found that Microcystis sp. predominated, but several innocuous and other harmful species were present at varying times during the study.

2005

This manual serves as a practical guide for the monitoring of harmful cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and their toxins. It is one of the deliverables of the research project "TOXIC-Barriers against Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water". The TOXIC project was funded by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme (contract number EVK1-CT-2002-00107) in 2002-2005. The TOXIC project involved ten European research groups in nine countries and comprised four programmes focussing on Raw Water Quality, Analysis, Treatment and Exploitation. This manual presents the core methods which have been developed, standardised and used within the Raw Water Quality and Analysis programmes. The research on raw water quality was coordinated by Prof. Geoffrey A.

Biodiversity and Conservation, 2015

Knowledge of the incidence of anthropogenic pressure on water ecosystems is one of the main focus of integrated water resource management. The use of biological methods to assess water quality is of particular importance since organisms show an integrating response to their environment. Tolerances or ecological ranges of individual species can differ depending on the taxon, which leads to distinct bioindicator values of cyanobacterial taxa. In addition, a number of morphological and physiological features are known to relate with the environment in which they occur, which makes them excellent environmental indicators. Therefore, we review literature data of the main cyanobacterial methods used to obtain information about changes in running water quality, mainly related to eutrophication processes, which are found as the main cause of disturbance in rivers, with the focus on benthic cyanobacteria, as habitat recommended for monitoring studies. Further, their trophic independence and ease of cultivation make them very useful in the field of bioreporters of environmental monitoring and ecotoxicology. In fact, several cyanobacterial strains have been already genetically engineered to construct bioreporters which respond to different types of pollutants as well as limiting nutrients. The potential of cyanobacteria both as in situ bioindicators as well as bioreporters of environmental analysis in aquatic ecosystems will be discussed. Keywords Environmental monitoring Á Eutrophication Á Nutrients Á Toxicology Á Transgenic cyanobacteria Abbreviations BMWPc Biological Monitoring Working Party adapted to Catalonian streams IBD Biological Diatom Index (Indice Biologique Diatomées) Communicated by Anurag chaurasia.

Environ Monit Assess, 2017

Climate change has been causing the increase in frequency, severity, and duration of harmful algal blooms, which makes the establishment of water management strategies indispensable. For cyanobacteria, several methods are currently used in monitoring programs. However, these methods are time-consuming and require specialists, and results are usually not provided within an adequate timeframe for taking timely mitigation actions. This work proposes a strategy for a faster, easier, and more cost-effective monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms, using a stepwise approach based on fluorometric determination of phycocyanin at an early stage. Complementary parameters (chlorophyll a, enumeration of dominant cyanobacterial species and cyanotoxin potential and quantification) are determined when necessary, thus progressively allocating human and financial resources within the monitoring program. This strategy was applied and validated using nine lentic eutrophic freshwater bodies prone to the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms. Samples were sequentially evaluated, and the study ended up with two samples that showed high health risks. However, according to WHO guidelines, eight of the nine samples would be classified as having Bmoderate risk of adverse health effects^and could lead to preventive measures that would have an important regional economic impact. Therefore, the present approach proved to be a promising alternative to increase the effectiveness and accuracy of the risk assessment process in water bodies where cyanobacterial blooms occur.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2014

Cyanobacteria blooms are since early times a cause for environmental concern because of their negative impact through the release of odors, water discoloration, and more dangerously through the release of toxic compounds (i.e. the cyanotoxins) that can affect both human and animal welfare. Surveillance of the aquatic ecosystems is therefore obligatory, and methods to achieve such require a prompt answer not only regarding the species that are producing the blooms but also the cyanotoxins that are being produced and/or released. Moreover, besides this well-known source of possible intoxication, it has been demonstrated the existence of several other potential routes of exposure, either for humans or other biota such as through food additives and in terrestrial environments (in plants, lichens, biological soil crusts) and the recognition of their harmful impact on less studied ecosystems (e.g. coral reefs). Nowadays, the most frequent approaches to detect toxic cyanobacteria and/or their toxins are the chemical-, biochemical-, and molecular-based methods. Above their particular characteristics and possible applications, they all bring to the environmental monitoring several aspects that are needed to be discussed and scrutinized. The end outcome of this review will be to provide newer insights and recommendations regarding the methods needed to apply in an environmental risk assessment program. Therefore, a current state of the knowledge concerning the three methodological approaches will be presented, while highlighting positive and negative aspects of each of those methods within the purpose of monitoring or studying cyanobacteria and their toxins in the environment.