Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-An Analysis

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2008

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has only relatively recently been introduced into the diagnostic classification of mental disorders. Building on advances in the treatment of other anxiety disorders, a range of effective psychological treatments for PTSD has been developed. The most effective of these treatments focus on the patient's memory for the traumatic event and its meaning. This paper briefly reviews the currently available evidence for these treatments. It then illustrates the process of developing effective psychological treatments by discussing how a combination of phenomenological, experimental and treatment development studies and theoretical considerations was used to develop a trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment, Cognitive Therapy (CT) for PTSD. This treatment program builds on Ehlers and Clark's (2000) model of PTSD, which specifies two core cognitive abnormalities in PTSD. First, people with chronic PTSD show idiosyncratic personal meanings (appraisals) of the trauma and/or its sequelae that lead to a sense of serious current threat. Second, the nature of the trauma memory explains the occurrence of reexperiencing symptoms. It is further proposed that the idiosyncratic appraisals motivate a series of dysfunctional behaviors (such as safety-seeking behaviors) and cognitive strategies (such as thought suppression and rumination) that are intended to reduce the sense of current threat, but maintain the problem by preventing change in the appraisals and trauma memory, and/or lead to increases in symptoms. CT addresses the cognitive abnormalities and maintaining behaviors in an individualized, but focused, way. Four randomized controlled trials and two dissemination studies showed that CT for PTSD is acceptable and effective.

Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2005

The paper describes the development of a cognitive therapy (CT) program for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is based on a recent cognitive model (Behav. Res. Therapy 38 (2000) 319). In a consecutive case series, 20 PTSD patients treated with CT showed highly significant improvement in symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety. A subsequent randomized controlled trial compared CT (N=14)

An arguement for the use of CBT with PTSD, including case studies.

2016

Texila International Journal of Public Health, 2021

This systematic analysis seeks to describe the evidence regarding cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the recent, published, professional literature. This systematic review addressed the question of the efficacy of and evidence for CBT for the treatment of PTSD. The review incorporates a comprehensive literature review, addresses the methodological quality of the papers, and synthesizes the results by themes. After evaluation of the published and professional literature, five themes; Result of CBT for PTSD, Alternatives to CBT for PTSD, CBT in practice, Treatment of children, and CBT in tandem with medication. 11 published studies including qualitative interviews, randomized control trials, and meta-analyses were examined. CBT proved to be instrumental in alleviating PTSD symptoms in men who have been exposed to combat trauma, women who have experienced violence, veterans who have gone through combat trauma and also have disorders due to addictions, and young adults and children who have experienced trauma. Studies have shown that CBT works quite well in the case of couples where one has been diagnosed with PTSD. CBT for PTSD can be delivered face-to-face or by using telepsychiatry. CBT tends to have a higher success rate when carried out while administering appropriate drugs. Also, carrying out CBT for PTSD can bring about stronger relationships and posttraumatic stress growth.

European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2019

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be developed following exposure to an actual or threatened death, serious injuries, or sexual violence, by directly experiencing the traumatic event, witnessing the event, learning that a traumatic event occurred, or experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event. PTSD consists of symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, alteration in cognitions or mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Recent work on the conceptualization and treatment of PTSD helped to better define the clinical construct of this disorder. Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) are considered to be effective in the treatment of PTSD and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing other comorbidities and related problems such as depression, anxiety, disability or functional impairment (Cusack et al., 2016). Strategies used in CBT for PTSD generally include imaginal (e.g.: the narrative of the trauma) or in vivo exposure, in which an individual is exposed to trauma-related and fearprovoking stimuli (e.g.: locations, persons) in order to gradually reduce the distress associated with those triggers. Targeting the modification of dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs by cognitive restructuring is another common strategy in CBT for PTSD.

Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 2004

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe and chronic mental illness that is defined by four primary criteria: 1 A. the historical antecedent of a traumatic event B. persistently reexperiencing the traumatic event (e.g., intrusive memories, dissociative flashbacks, nightmares) C. the avoidance of stimuli associated with the event and/or numbing of general responsiveness D. continual symptoms of increased arousal (e.g., hypervigilance, sleep disturbance, irritability or anger). Although PTSD symptoms currently are grouped into three general clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, arousal), symptoms of reexperiencing, along with the associated physiological reactivity, are what best distinguish PTSD from other affective or anxiety disorders. 2, 3 There is also a distinct set of neurobiological markers (e.g., changes in the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, noradrenergic, and serotonergic function) that differentiates PTSD from other affective and anxiety disorders. 4, 5 Further, there is evidence supporting the prominence of autonomic symptoms of anxiety, such as heightened autonomic reactivity to trauma-related cues, in persons with PTSD. 6 The syndrome of PTSD is also associated with significant social maladjustment, 7 poor quality of life, 8 medical comorbidity, 9, 10 and general symptom severity. 11 This includes social avoidance, 12 social phobia, 13 guilt, 14 difficulties with anger and anger control, 15 cognitive impairment, 16 unemployment, and family discord. 17, 18 The syndrome is complicated by the fact that PTSD is typically accompanied by multiple comorbid Axis I and II disorders, including substance abuse, major depression, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for PTSD Among People with Severe Mental Illness: A Proposed Treatment Model The lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is about 8%-14% in the general population, and trauma victimization (51%-98%) and PTSD (up to 42%) are even more prevalent among persons treated within public-sector mental health clinics. Despite this, individuals with PTSD and severe mental illness (SMI) who are treated within the public sector tend to receive inadequate mental health services. In addition, treatments for PTSD for this population remain undeveloped, with virtually no available empirical treatment outcome data to guide clinicians. We propose a model for a comprehensive, multicomponent cognitive-behavioral treatment program for this target population that includes elements of consumer education, anxiety management training, social skills training, exposure therapy, "homework" assignments, and long-term follow-up care. Special considerations for public-sector consumers with PTSD and SMI are addressed, as are directions for future research.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1993

A review of studies of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, and social phobia indicates that CBT is consistently more effective than waiting-list and placebo control groups. In general, CBT has proved more beneficial than supportive therapy as well. Comparisons with active behavioral treatments provide more variable results. Converging evidence suggests that cognitive change may be a strong predictor of treatment outcome, but that such change may be produced by a number of therapeutic approaches. Pretest-posttest change with CBT is depicted in meta-analytic summary form for each disorder.

This case study is of a 25 year old male diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) at Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Science (Ri?'JPAS). The intervention was conducted in a hospital OPD. Treatment involved the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Different measures were used to assess the level of depression, anxiety, level of distress and level of improvement. A significant reduction in trauma symptoms, levels of distress, intrusion and avoidance were noted 3.post-li-eatme"t. Treatment gains were maintained for one month and nine month follow-up. The outcomes revealed tod .:;omb;ned treatment protocol may be quite effective in situatioDs that require rapid treatment to alleviate per~0na! and psychol0gical ui$t!"Cssd~e to aft'7rmath of large scale disasters.