Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Natural Language Generation

2005, Oxford Handbooks Online

https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199276349.013.0015

Abstract

Communication via a natural language requires two fundamental skills, producing 'text' (written or spoken) and understanding it. Th is chapter introduces newcomers to the fi eld of computational approaches to the former-natural language generation (henceforth NLG)-showing some of the theoretical and practical problems that linguists, computer scientists, and psychologists have encountered when trying to explain how language works in machines or in our minds. ¹ Authors in alphabetical order     . G I: W  N L G (C, L,  S D)

References (45)

  1. 'practical NLG' (http: //www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/projects/rags); the Scottish and German NLG sites (http: //www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~jo/gen/snlg/nlg.html and http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/ ~stede/nlg-ger.htm respectively) have a variety of useful pointers to systems, litera- ture, and researchers in their respective countries; and the RST site off ers a wide range of information, both computational and linguistic, concerning all aspects of rhetori- cal structure theory and its application (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/RST). A range of papers are available on-line at http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~scriptum/Publica- tionsMembres.html, and for pointers on AI in general http://www.norvig.com/ is very useful. Finally, we also maintain an almost complete list of NLG systems with linked bibliographical data and pointers to further web-based information at http: //purl.org/net/nlg-list-to which additions are welcome at any time! R
  2. Adorni, G., and M. Zock (eds.). . Trends in Natural Language Generation: An Artifi cial Intelligence Perspective. New York: Springer Verlag.
  3. Andriessen, J., K. de Smedt. and M. Zock. . 'Discourse planning: empirical research and computer models' . In T. Dijkstra and K. de Smedt (eds), Computational Psycholinguistics: AI and Connectionist Models of Human Language Processing, London: Taylor and Francis.
  4. Bateman, J. . 'Enabling technology for multilingual natural language generation: the KPML development environment' . Journal of Natural Language Engineering, (), -.
  5. --. ' Automated discourse generation' . In A. Kent (ed), Encyclopedia of Library and Infor- mation Science, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
  6. Bock, K. . 'Language production: methods and methodologies' . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, , -
  7. Cahill, L., C. Doran, R. Evans, C. Mellish, D. Paiva, M. Reape, D. Scott, and N. Tipper. . 'Towards a reference architecture for natural language generation systems: the rags project' . Technical Report: ITRI--, Brighton.
  8. Cawsey, A. . 'Using plausible inference rules in description planning' . Proceedings of the th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics (EACL '). Berlin, Germany.
  9. Cole, R., J. Mariani, H. Uszkoreit, A. Zaenen, and V. Zue (eds.). . Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http: //www.cse.ogi.edu
  10. Dalianis, H. . ' Aggregation in natural language generation' . Journal of Computational Intel- ligence, ().
  11. Danlos, L., , 'G-TAG: a lexicalized formalism for text generation inspired from tree adjoining grammar: TAG issues' . In A. Abeillé, and O. Rambow (eds.), Tree-Adjoining Grammars, Stanford, Calif: CSLI.
  12. de Smedt, K., H. Horacek. and M. Zock. . 'Some problems with current architectures in Natural Language Generation' . In: G. Adorni and M. Zock (: -).
  13. Elhadad, M., and J. Robin. . 'SURGE: a comprehensive plug-in syntactic realization com- ponent for text generation' . Technical Report, Computer Science Dept., Ben-Gurion Uni- versity, Beer-Shiva, Israel.
  14. Gal, A., G. Lapalme, P. Saint Dizier, and H. Somers. . PROLOG for Natural Language Processing. Chichester: J. Wiley and Sons.
  15. Halliday, M. A. K. . An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Arnold.
  16. Harbusch, K., W. Finkler, and A. Schauder. . 'Incremental syntax generation with tree adjoining grammars' . W. Brauer and D. Hernandez (eds.), Verteilte Kuenstliche Intelligenz und kooperatives Arbeiten, Berlin: Springer, -.
  17. Hovy, E. . 'Planning coherent multisentential text' . Buff alo: ACL.
  18. --. ' Automated discourse generation using discourse structure relations' . Artifi cial Intel- ligence, , -.
  19. --. 'Language generation' . In Cole et al. (: -).
  20. Iordanskaija, L., R. Kittredge, and A. Polguère. . 'Lexical selection and paraphrase in a meaning-text generation model' . In Paris (: -).
  21. Kölln, M. . 'Textproduktion als intentionaler, benutzerorientierter Prozess' . St. Augustin: Infi x: DISKI, .
  22. Levelt, W. . Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  23. McDonald, D. . 'Natural language generation' . In R. Dale, H. Moisl, and H. Somers (eds.), A Handbook of Natural Language Processing Techniques. New York: M. Dekker Inc.
  24. McKeown, K. . 'Discourse strategies for generating natural-language text' . Artifi cial Intel- ligence, , -
  25. Mann, W., and C. Matthiessen. . 'Demonstration of the Nigel Text Generation Computer Program' . In J. Benson and W. Greaves (eds.), Systemic Functional Approaches to Discourse, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publ. Company.
  26. --and S. A. Th ompson. . 'Rhetorical structure theory: description and construction of text structures' . In G. Kempen (ed.), Natural Language Generation: Recent Advances in Artifi cial Intelligence, Psychology, and Linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, -.
  27. Maybury, M. . Planning multisentential English text using communicative acts, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
  28. Mel'čuk, I. . Dependency Syntax: Th eory and Practice. New York: State University of New York Press.
  29. Meteer, M. . Expressibility and the Problem of Effi cient Text Planning, London: Pinter.
  30. Moore, J. D., and C. L. Paris. . 'Constructing coherent texts using rhetorical relations' . Pro- ceedings of the th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
  31. ----. 'Planning text for advisory dialogues: capturing intentional and rhetorical information' . Computational Linguistics, ().
  32. Nogier, J. F., and M. Zock. . 'Lexical choice by pattern matching' . Knowledge Based Systems, (): -.
  33. Nicolov, N. . ' Approximate text generation from non-hierarchical representation in a declarative framework' . Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh.
  34. Paiva, D. . ' A survey of applied natural language generation systems' . Technical Report ITRI--, Brighton. http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/techreports.
  35. Paris, C. L. . User Modelling in Text Generation. London: Frances Pinter.
  36. --W. Swartout, and W. Mann (eds.). . Natural Language Generation in Artifi cial Intel- ligence and Computational Linguistics. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  37. Reiter, E., and R. Dale . Building Natural Language Generation Systems. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press.
  38. Sacerdoti, E. . A Structure for Plans and Behavior. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  39. Stede, M. . Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation in Multilingual Text Genera- tion. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
  40. Stone, M., and C. Doran. . 'Sentence planning as description using tree adjoining gram- mar' . Proceedings of the th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Lin- guistics (ACL-EACL '), -. Madrid: Spain.
  41. Teich, E. . Systemic Functional Grammar in Natural Language Generation: Linguistic Description and Computational Representation. London: Cassell Academic Publishers.
  42. Vander Linden, K. . 'Natural language generation' . D. Jurafsky and J. Martin (eds.), Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Speech Recognition, Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  43. Wanner, M. . 'Lexical choice in text generation and machine translation' . Machine Transla- tion. (-), -.
  44. Zock, M. . 'Th e power of words in message planning' . Proceedings of the th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Copenhagen.
  45. --and G. Adorni. . 'Introduction' to Adorni and Zock ().