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Generation and Authentication of Ancient Dna Data
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Anthropology
Archaeology

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Profile image of David Cuenca SolanaDavid Cuenca Solana

2024, Nature

https://doi.org/10.1038/S41586-023-06865-0
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37 pages

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Abstract

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene [4] . Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periodsfrom across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

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  128. Brock, F., Higham, T., Ditchfield, P. & Ramsey, C. B. Current pretreatment methods for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Radiocarbon 52, 103-112 (2010).
  129. Beaumont, W., Beverly, R., Southon, J. & Taylor, R. E. Bone preparation at the KCCAMS laboratory. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 268, 906-909 (2010).
  130. Reimer, P. J. et al. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725-757 (2020). March 2021 State University.
  131. Golubaya Krinitsa, Russia. Samples: NEO113. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow. Gorzsa Cukormajor, Hungary. Samples: NEO140, NEO142, NEO143, NEO145, NEO147, NEO148, NEO149. Key contact: Vaclav Smrcka. Institution: Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University. Gregorievka 1, Kazakhstan. Samples: NEO899. Key contact: Victor Merc/Emma Usmanova. Institution: Karaganda State University.
  132. Grøfte, Denmark. Samples: NEO571. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  133. Grotta Delle Mura, Italy. Samples: NEO806. Key contact: Gabriele Scorrano. Institution: University of Copenhagen.
  134. Grotta Nisco, Italy. Samples: NEO823. Key contact: Gabriele Scorrano. Institution: University of Copenhagen. Gruta do Caldeirão, Portugal. Samples: NEO631, NEO632. Key contact: Joao Zilhao. Institution: Universitat de Barcelona. Hanaskede, Sweden. Samples: NEO018. Key contact: Maria Vretemark. Institution: Västergötlands museum.
  135. Havnø, Denmark. Samples: NEO941. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Hedegaard. Institution: Bislev), Denmark. Samples: NEO013. Key contact: Bjarne Nielsen.
  136. Henriksholm-Bøgebakken. Institution: Vedbaek), Denmark. Samples: NEO745, NEO746, NEO747, NEO748, NEO749. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Hetty Pegler's Tump, UK. Samples: NEO847. Key contact: Alan Outram. Institution: University of Exeter. Hindby Mosse, Sweden. Samples: NEO036, NEO038, NEO039. Key contact: Catharina Ödman / Yvonne Magnusson. Institution: Malmö museum.
  137. Hödmezövàsàhely Kotac, Hungary. Samples: NEO137. Key contact: Vaclav Smrcka. Institution: Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University.
  138. Holmegård-Djursland, Denmark. Samples: NEO001. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  139. Hove Å, Denmark. Samples: NEO946. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Hummervik, Norway. Samples: NEO017. Key contact: Per Åke Persson. Institution: UiO: Kulturhistorisk museum.
  140. Igren, Ukraine. Samples: NEO509, NEO516, NEO518, NEO521. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  141. Itkul', Russia. Samples: NEO063, NEO064, NEO065. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  142. Jorløse Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO023. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Jørlundegaard, Denmark. Samples: NEO702. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  143. Kainsbakke, Denmark. Samples: NEO025. Key contact: Lutz Klassen. Institution: Museum Østjylland.
  144. Karavaikha, Russia. Samples: NEO555, NEO556, NEO557, NEO558, NEO559, NEO560, NEO561. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  145. Kastanjegården, Sweden. Samples: NEO051. Key contact: Catharina Ödman / Yvonne Magnusson. Institution: Malmö museum.
  146. Klaestrup Holm, Denmark. Samples: NEO951. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  147. Kleshnya III 1998, Ukraine. Samples: NEO278. Key contact: Inna Potekhina. Institution: Institute of Archaeology of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences.
  148. Klokkehøj, Denmark. Samples: NEO580. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  149. Koed I, Denmark. Samples: NEO583. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  150. Koed IV, Denmark. Samples: NEO586. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  151. Koelbjerg, Denmark. Samples: NEO254. Key contact: Jesper Hansen. Institution: Odense Bys Museer.
  152. Køge Sønakke, Denmark. Samples: NEO759. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  153. Kolind, Denmark. Samples: NEO738, NEO739. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  154. Kongemose, Denmark. Samples: NEO587. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  155. Korsør Glasvaerk, Denmark. Samples: NEO589. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  156. Korsør Nor, Denmark. Samples: NEO791. Key contact: Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen. Institution: National Museum of Denmark. Kotias Klde Cave, Georgia. Samples: NEO281, NEO283. Key contact: David O. Lordkipanidze. Institution: Georgian National Museum. Ksizovo 6, Russia. Samples: NEO172, NEO173, NEO174, NEO175. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  157. Kumyshanskaya Cave, Russia. Samples: NEO687. Key contact: Andrej Evteev. Institution: Moscow State University.
  158. Kyndeløse, Denmark. Samples: NEO878. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  159. Laesten Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO945. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  160. Langø Skaldynge, Denmark. Samples: NEO853. Key contact: Anders Fischer/ Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  161. Lendemark, Denmark. Samples: NEO896. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  162. Lepenski Vir, Serbia. Samples: NEO669. Key contact: Dušan Borić. Institution: Columbia university.
  163. Lohals Nord, Denmark. Samples: NEO029. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Lollikehuse, Denmark. Samples: NEO857. Key contact: Kristian Gregersen. Institution: Statens Naturhistoriske Museum. Lundby-Falster, Denmark. Samples: NEO865, NEO866. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand March 2021 Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  164. Lysa Gora, Ukraine. Samples: NEO262, NEO265. Key contact: Inna Potekhina. Institution: Institute of Archaeology of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences.
  165. Maddalena, Italy. Samples: NEO695. Key contact: Alfredo Coppa. Institution: Universita di Roma Sapienza.
  166. Madesø, Denmark. Samples: NEO752. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  167. Magleø, Denmark. Samples: NEO590. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  168. Mamaj Gora, Ukraine. Samples: NEO268, NEO270. Key contact: Inna Potekhina. Institution: Institute of Archaeology of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences.
  169. Mandrin Cave, France. Samples: NEO119, NEO120, NEO121. Key contact: Ludovic Slimak. Institution: Université Toulouse. Mandzuli-Depe, Turkmenistan. Samples: NEO310. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow. Mergen' 6, Russia. Samples: NEO072, NEO073. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  170. Minino, Russia. Samples: NEO536, NEO537, NEO538, NEO539. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  171. Mora Cavorso, Italy. Samples: NEO834. Key contact: Gabriele Scorrano. Institution: University of Copenhagen. Mosede Mose. Institution: Karlslunde Mose), Denmark. Samples: NEO860. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  172. Mosede Mose III, Denmark. Samples: NEO861. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  173. Myrebjerg Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO925. Key contact: Otto Christian Uldum. Institution: Langelands Museum. Naes, Denmark. Samples: NEO792. Key contact: Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen. Institution: National Museum of Denmark. Nederst, Denmark. Samples: NEO856. Key contact: Lutz Klassen. Institution: Museum Østjylland.
  174. Neverkaer Mose I, Denmark. Samples: NEO594. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  175. Norsminde, Denmark. Samples: NEO852. Key contact: Anders Fischer/ Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Okunevo 5, Russia. Samples: NEO068, NEO077. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  176. Okunevo 7, Russia. Samples: NEO079. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  177. Omskaya Stoyanka II, Russia. Samples: NEO075, NEO078. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  178. Orehoved Sejlrende, Denmark. Samples: NEO122, NEO123. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike, Morten Johansen. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Ostrov 2, Russia. Samples: NEO076. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  179. Pad Tokui, Russia. Samples: NEO116. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  180. Pandebjerg, Denmark. Samples: NEO595. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  181. Peschanitsa, Russia. Samples: NEO202. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  182. Pogostishche, Russia. Samples: NEO554. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  183. Porsmose, Denmark. Samples: NEO795. Key contact: Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen. Institution: National Museum of Denmark.
  184. Protoka, Russia. Samples: NEO309. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  185. Ravnsbjerggård, Denmark. Samples: NEO960. Key contact: Anders Fischer. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Rødhals (Sejerø), Denmark. Samples: NEO645. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  186. Røntesten, Denmark. Samples: NEO019. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Roskilde Fjord, Denmark. Samples: NEO891. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  187. Rude, Denmark. Samples: NEO041, NEO043. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Department of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen university. Sakhtish 8, Russia. Samples: NEO184. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  188. Sakhtish II, Russia. Samples: NEO158, NEO178, NEO179, NEO192. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  189. Sakhtish IIa, Russia. Samples: NEO180, NEO181, NEO182, NEO183, NEO185, NEO186, NEO187, NEO188, NEO189, NEO193, NEO194, NEO195, NEO197. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  190. Salpetermosen, Denmark. Samples: NEO028. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup/Thomas Jørgensen.
  191. Santa Maira, Spain. Samples: NEO694. Key contact: Carles Lalueza-Fox. Institution: Pompeu Fabra.
  192. Sao Paulo II, Portugal. Samples: NEO603, NEO609. Key contact: Ana Maria Silva. Institution: University of Coimbra. Schela Cladovei, Romania. Samples: NEO671, NEO672. Key contact: Dušan Borić. Institution: Columbia university. Sejerby (Sejerø), Denmark. Samples: NEO757. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  193. Sigersdal, Denmark. Samples: NEO007. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Sigersdal Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO753. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  194. Sillvik, Sweden. Samples: NEO261. Key contact: Karl-Göran Sjögren. Institution: Gothenburg university.
  195. Sjauke, Kazakhstan. Samples: NEO900. Key contact: Victor Merc/Emma Usmanova. Institution: Karaganda State University. Sjauke 1, Kazakhstan. Samples: NEO902. Key contact: Victor Merc/Emma Usmanova. Institution: Karaganda State University. Sjauke settlement, Kazakhstan. Samples: NEO901. Key contact: Victor Merc/Emma Usmanova. Institution: Karaganda State University. nature portfolio | reporting summary March 2021
  196. Sjiderti 10, Kazakhstan. Samples: NEO904. Key contact: Victor Merc/Emma Usmanova. Institution: Karaganda State University.
  197. Skateholm I, Sweden. Samples: NEO679. Key contact: Douglas Price / Lars Larsson,. Institution: Lund university.
  198. Słonowice, Poland. Samples: NEO640, NEO641. Key contact: Piotr Wlodarczak. Institution: Polish Academy of Sciences. Institution: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii.
  199. Sludegård Sømose, Denmark. Samples: NEO933. Key contact: Anders Fischer / Jesper Hansen. Institution: Odense Bys museer.
  200. Sølager, Denmark. Samples: NEO598. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  201. Sope-2, Estonia. Samples: NEO306. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow. Sosnovyiy Myis, Russia. Samples: NEO841, NEO843. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  202. Stenderup Hage, Denmark. Samples: NEO943. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Storelyng. Institution: Øgårde boat III), Denmark. Samples: NEO597. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  203. Storelyng (Østrup Homo II), Denmark. Samples: NEO602. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  204. Strøby Egede, Denmark. Samples: NEO092. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Department of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen university. Strøby Grøftemark, Denmark. Samples: NEO091. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer. Institution: Department of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen university.
  205. Strøby Ladeplads, Denmark. Samples: NEO093. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Department of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen university.
  206. Svinninge Vejle, Denmark. Samples: NEO898. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  207. Tepe Guran, Iran. Samples: NEO816, NEO817, NEO819. Key contact: Peder Mortensen, Pernille Bangsgaard. Institution: Statens Naturhistoriske Museum.
  208. Tingbjerggård Vest, Denmark. Samples: NEO957. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  209. Tissøe, Denmark. Samples: NEO942. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Niels Lynnerup. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Toftum, Skanderborg, Denmark. Samples: NEO870, NEO872, NEO875, NEO876. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  210. Toral III, Spain. Samples: NEO648, NEO649, NEO650, NEO653. Key contact: Igor Gutiérrez Zugasti. Institution: Universidad de Cantabria. Troldebjerg, Denmark. Samples: NEO934. Key contact: Anders Fischer/Otto Uldum. Institution: Langelands Museum, Rudkøbing.
  211. Tudse Hage, Denmark. Samples: NEO932. Key contact: Anders Fischer. Institution: Museum Vestsjaelland, Museum Vestsjaelland.
  212. Tybrind Vig, Denmark. Samples: NEO683. Key contact: Anders Fischer. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  213. Tysmosen II, Denmark. Samples: NEO790. Key contact: Lasse Sørensen, Anders Fischer, Poul Otto Nielsen. Institution: National Museum of Denmark. Ural River Beach, Russia. Samples: NEO100. Key contact: Mikhail Sablin. Institution: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Ust'-Isha, Russia. Samples: NEO067. Key contact: Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  214. Vaengesø II, Denmark. Samples: NEO003. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Vanløse Mose II, Denmark. Samples: NEO599. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  215. Vasagård, Denmark. Samples: NEO815. Key contact: Lasse Sørensen. Institution: National Museum of Denmark.
  216. Vasilevka-I, Ukraine. Samples: NEO492, NEO494, NEO496, NEO497, NEO501, NEO545, NEO549, NEO550. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  217. Vasilevsky, Ukraine. Samples: NEO305. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow. Vasilyevskiy kordon 17, Russia. Samples: NEO160, NEO162, NEO163, NEO164, NEO166, NEO167, NEO168, NEO170, NEO171. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  218. Vattenledningen, Sweden. Samples: NEO052. Key contact: Catharina Ödman / Yvonne Magnusson. Institution: Malmö museum. Vedbaek Boldbaner, Denmark. Samples: NEO600. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen.
  219. Vedrovice, Czech Republic. Samples: NEO128. Key contact: Vaclav Smrcka. Institution: Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University.
  220. Vengerovo-2, Russia. Samples: NEO907, NEO910, NEO911, NEO912, NEO915, NEO916, NEO917, NEO918, NEO921, NEO922, NEO923. Key contact: V. I. Molodin. Institution: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch. Vibygårds Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO935. Key contact: Anders Fischer / Per Lotz. Institution: Vaerløse Museum.
  221. Viksø Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO601. Key contact: Niels Lynnerup, Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/ University of Copenhagen.
  222. Vittrup Mose, Denmark. Samples: NEO033. Key contact: Anders Fischer, Pia Bennike. Institution: Sealand Archaeology/University of Copenhagen. Vlasac, Serbia. Samples: NEO655, NEO657, NEO658, NEO677. Key contact: Dušan Borić. Institution: Columbia university.
  223. Volnensky, Ukraine. Samples: NEO300, NEO302, NEO304. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.
  224. Voloshskoe, Ukraine. Samples: NEO522, NEO527. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University.
  225. Vovnigi, Ukraine. Samples: NEO498, NEO502, NEO503, NEO507, NEO508, NEO514, NEO524, NEO528, NEO529, NEO551, NEO552, NEO553. Key contact: Alexandra Buzhilova. Institution: Lomonosov Moscow State University. Zamostje 2, Russia. Samples: NEO087, NEO088. Key contact: Alisa Zubova/Vyacheslav Moiseyev. Institution: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and ethnography (Kunstkamera).
  226. Zhindo, Russia. Samples: NEO115, NEO117. Key contact: Sergey Vasilyev. Institution: Inst. of Ethnography and Anthropology, Moscow.

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