Clustering and 5G-Enabled Smart Cities

Computers & Electrical Engineering, 2020

Clustering is an important concept in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) where several vehicles join to form a group based on common features. Mobilitybased clustering strategies are the most common in VANET clustering; however, machine learning and fuzzy logic algorithms are also the basis of many VANET clustering algorithms. Some VANET clustering algorithms integrate machine learning and fuzzy logic algorithms to make the cluster more stable and efficient. Network mobility (NEMO) and multi-hop-based strategies are also used for VANET clustering. Mobility and some other clustering strategies are presented in the existing literature reviews; however, extensive study of intelligence-based, mobility-based, and multi-hop-based strategies still missing in the VANET clustering reviews. In this paper, we presented a classification of intelligence-based clustering algorithms, mobility-based algorithms, and multi-hop-based algorithms with an analysis on the mobility metrics, evaluation criteria, challenges, and future directions of machine learning, fuzzy logic, mobility, NEMO, and multi-hop clustering algorithms.

2018

The Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) paradigm offers the opportunity of extending Intelligent Transport System (ITS) by supporting its applications through vehicle-to-vehicle communications, notably in the areas where the infrastructure is inexistent, in failure, or overloaded. However, the complexity induced by ad hoc network management raises many challenges that have to be solved such as the sharing of bandwidth resources, the limitations on the duration of the connections between the vehicles, and the application-specific quality of service (QoS) requirements. Recently, the Chain-Branch-Leaf clustering scheme (CBL) has been proposed for vehicle-to-vehicle ad hoc routing that combines the information of road configuration, vehicle mobility, and link quality in order to build an efficient clustering connecting the entire VANET through a flexible backbone. This work presents a comparative study between the native Multipoint relaying clustering used in the Optimized Link State Routi...

2019 UK/ China Emerging Technologies (UCET), 2019

An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) application requires vehicles to be connected to each other and to roadside units to share information, thus reducing fatalities and improving traffic congestion. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is one of the main forms of network designed for ITS in which information is broadcasted amongst vehicular nodes. However, the broadcast reliability in VANETs face a number of challenges - dynamic routing being one of the major issues. Clustering, a technique used to group nodes based on certain criteria, has been suggested as a solution to this problem. This paper gives a summary of the core criteria of some of the clustering algorithms issues along with a performance comparison and a development evolution roadmap, in an attempt to understand and differentiate different aspects of the current research and suggest future research insights.

CCNC 2006. 2006 3rd IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2006.

Inter-vehicle communication by means of wireless Ad Hoc networking has the potential to improve traffic safety and comfort tremendously. Therefore, the application of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) in the service of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has been highly focused in recent years. Derived from the successful outcome of a cluster-based framework in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), we apply this network topology to VANETs. Unfortunately, previous studies lack realistic modeling of vehicle mobility and evaluation of clustering performance so they may not correlate well with performance in a real deployment. Hence, in this paper, we propose a realistic microsimulation model with the hope of contributing to clustering research in VANETs, and demonstrate how clustering algorithms work on it. I. INTRODUCTION Mobile ad-hoc-networks (MANETs) have been investigated and applied to a lot of areas. With the burgeoning need for the service of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), communication between vehicles is considered a prime area where Vehicular adhoc-networks (VANETs) are likely to be deployed in the near future. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has recently allocated the 5.85-5.925 GHz portion of the spectrum to inter-vehicle communication (IVC) and vehicle-to-roadside communication (VRC) under the umbrella of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC [15]). This has fuelled significant interest in applications of DSRC to driver-vehicle safety applications, infotainment, and mobile Internet services for passengers.

IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2015

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), vehicles 5 driving along highways can be grouped into clusters to facilitate 6 communication. The design of the clusters, e.g. size and geograph-7 ical span, has significant impacts on communication quality. Such

Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2023

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a technique that uses cars moved in cities or highways as nodes in wireless networks. Each car in these networks works as a router and allows cars in the range to communicate with each other. As a result of this movement, some cars will become out of range, but these networks can connect to the internet and the cars in these networks can connect to each other. This research proposes a unique clustering strategy to improve the performance of these networks by making their clusters more stable. One of the biggest problems these networks face is traffic data, which consumes network resources. Agent based modeling (ABM) evaluates better networks. The evaluation showed that the proposed strategy surpasses earlier techniques in reachability and throughput, but ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) (on-demand/reactive) outperforms it in total traffic received since our hybrid approach needs more traffic than AODV.

IEEE Access

Clustering is a promising technique to manage network resources efficiently and, in vehicular communications it is used to group vehicles with similar characteristics managed by a selected vehicle called a Cluster Head (CH). Due to the highly dynamic topology in vehicular networks, a CH selection process becomes a challenging task. Thus, this paper presents a new clustering scheme, namely, Efficient Cluster Head Selection (ECHS) scheme to select the most suitable CHs. The proposed ECHS scheme introduces important conditions pertaining to the methods deployed in constructing clusters before starting the CH selection. For instance, based on the ECHS rules the ideal CH is the one that centralizes the cluster. This is because it will remain connected as long as possible with its neighbors. The ECHS scheme also guarantees proper clustering distribution in the network, so that the distance between two consecutive clusters are adjusted carefully. Such conditions are guaranteed to effectively cluster vehicles in the road and make the ECHS scheme works better than its counterpart. Simulation experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the ECHS and the results demonstrate that the ECHS scheme achieves the design objectives in terms of CH lifetime, Cluster Member Lifetime (CML), Packet Loss Ratio(PLR), Overhead for Clustering(OC), Average Packet Delay (APD), and Cluster Number (CN). INDEX TERMS Clustering, cluster head, cluster gateway candidate, vehicular ad hoc networks.

This chapter highlights the importance of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) in the context of smarter cities and roads, a topic that currently attracts significant academic, industrial, and governmental planning, research, and development efforts. In order for VANETs to become reality, a very promising avenue is to bring together multiple wireless technologies in the architectural design. Clustering can be employed in designing such a VANET architecture that successfully uses different technologies. Moreover, as clustering addresses some of VANETs' major challenges, such as scalability and stability, it seems clustering will have an important role in the desired vehicular connectivity in the cities and roads of the future. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of clustering schemes in the VANET research area, covering aspects that have never been addressed before in a structured manner. The survey presented in this chapter provides a general classification of the clustering algorithms, presents some of the most advanced and latest algorithms in VANETs, and in addition, constitutes the only work in the literature to the best of authors' knowledge that also reviews the performance assessment of clustering algorithms.

2017

Routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks resort to clustering to optimize network performance. In existing proposals, cluster-heads are chosen based on various metrics such as the number of its direct neighbors, the quality of the links, etc. Other clustering techniques consider the geographic environment of the roads, and they choose one cluster-head for each space subdivision. The clustering scheme proposed in this work combines the information on road configuration, vehicle mobility and link quality in order to build a structure similar to vehicular network infrastructure, while relying only on the vehicles. The evaluations show that this scheme allows creating and maintaining during a significant time a small number of stable connected groups, in most cases, just one in each traffic direction. This clustering scheme can be integrated into any reactive, proactive, or geographic ad hoc routing protocol in order to optimize the flooding and simplify route maintenance. And it...

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2013

Interest in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) has grown over the last few years, particularly in the context of emerging intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are highly mobile wireless networks that are designed to support vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, and other commercial applications. However, efficient routing in VANETs remains challenging for many reasons, e.g., the varying vehicle density over time, the size of VANETs (hundreds or thousands of vehicles), and wireless channel fading due to high motion and natural obstructions in urban environments (e.g., buildings, trees, and other vehicles). Within VANETs, vehicle mobility will cause the communication links between vehicles to frequently be broken. Routing becomes an important issue in VANET. If the network has very less vehicle then it becomes more challenging to send a packet from source to destination. In such scenarios efficient routing plays an important role. With efficient...