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Languages and Linguistics
Discourse Analysis

Foreshadowing a problem: Turn-opening frowns in conversation

Profile image of anssi peräkyläanssi peräkylä

2014, Journal of Pragmatics

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PRAGMA.2014.08.002
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Abstract

Occasionally in conversation, a participant starts to frown during a silence between utterances, before starting to talk. The purpose of our study was to determine how these frowns contribute both to the upcoming turn and to the larger conversational context. The results suggest that these frowns mark the following utterance as dealing with something problematic in relation to the expectations created in the preceding talk. As pre-beginning elements, these frowns anticipate utterances that involve difficulties associated with negative evaluation, disaffiliation, or epistemic challenge. All three types of problem involve some complication that arises in the expected course of events within the interaction. These frowns seem to foreshadow utterances that somehow deviate from the recipient's routine expectation. As these frowns persist into the utterances they anticipate, they become intertwined with what is being said. Furthermore, the utterance or utterances that follow(s) the turn-opening frown expose(s) the grounds for that problem. Turn-opening frowns are typically produced by the frowning participant gazing downward and away from the recipient. The recipients of these frowns do not typically reciprocate them even though they notice the frown. However, these facial expressions work as an important interactional resource for the interlocutors, hinting beforehand at a problem in the conversation that will be addressed in the upcoming turn of talk.

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  35. Timo Kaukomaa is a doctoral candidate at the Department of Social Research at the University of Helsinki, and a member of the Finnish Centre of Excellence on Research on Intersubjectivity in Interaction. His doctoral dissertation deals with facial expressions and emotions in mundane interactions. Anssi Peräkylä is Professor of Sociology at the University of Helsinki and the vice director of the Finnish Centre of Excellence on Research on Intersubjectivity in Interaction. His research interests include emotion in interaction, psychotherapy, and conversation analysis. He has recently co-edited ''Conversation Analysis and Psychotherapy'' (Cambridge University Press 2008) and ''Emotion in Interaction'' (Oxford University Press 2012). Johanna Ruusuvuori is Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Tampere. Her research interests include professional-client interaction in health care encounters (general practice, homoeopathy, maternity health care, psychotherapy), interaction in multiprofessional meetings, emotion in social interaction, intertwine of facial expression and spoken interaction, qualitative methodology and conversation analysis. She has published in journals such as Social Psychology Quarterly, Social Science & Medicine, and Journal of Pragmatics. In her current research, she develops evaluation methods for occupational health promotion.

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