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Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS

Profile image of Andreas StötznerAndreas Stötzner

2006

Related papers

Abbreviations in Medieval Medical Manuscripts
Irene Diego Rodríguez, Isabel de la Cruz Cabanillas

Selim, 2018

Understanding the large number of abbreviations present in any medieval manuscript is one of the essential skills required by any knowledgeable palaeographer. English medieval manuscripts contain a great variety of abbreviations which were transferred from Latin and applied to the vernacular. As a result, their reasonably standard Latin system lost consistency. Editorial practice should avoid intervention, as it may detract from the originality and the text distinct and stylistic features. However, it is crucial to expand abbreviations coherently to carry out further analysis from a historical linguistic perspective. Thus, this article aims to demonstrate how the way in which a palaeographer transcribes specific abbreviations has an impact on the establishment of the dialectal provenance of a Middle English manuscript. In order to do so, we shall analyse the abbreviations extracted from a corpus of medical manuscripts and bring to light their relevance as far as English historical dialectology is concerned.

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Changing Scripts: a Case Study of the Use of Different Scripts in the Bilingual Text of Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 178, Part B
Francisco Jose Alvarez Lopez
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Non-Latin alphabets sets in Early Medieval manuscripts.
Carlotta S Barbieri

2013

Greek was one of the tres literae sacrae, that is, one of the three languages inscribed on Christ's cross, and the language in which the New Testament was written. 3 In the insular context of the early middle ages, we find a Greek alphabet, flanked by its Latin counterpart, in the so-called 'Liber Commonei (Oxford, Bodleian, Auctarium, F. 4.32; Wales, s. ix)'. Both alphabets are written on the margin of a passage from the New Testament written in Greek, with its Latin translation on the adjacent column. This particular Greek alphabet is curious as it shows the letter 'koppa'; a letter that was not used to write by the Greeks since the third century BCE, but it was still used for its numerical value. 4 London, British Library, Cotton Domitian A. IX, 8r (s. xi/xii-xii 2) does also contain "LITTERAE GRECAE CUM NUMERO […] with the […] alphabet." 5 This alphabet is also transmitted alongside a Hebrew alphabet, two alphabets which are erroneously attributed to the Egyptians and the Chaldees, and a fragment of a Hebrew, Greek, and Latin Glossary. 6 Similarly, a Greek alphabet is also found alongside a Hebrew and three Runic alphabets in Exeter, Cathedral Library, 3507 (x-x 2 , S England, provenance Exeter s. xi 2) and in London, British Library, Vitellus A. XII (s. xi ex , Salisbury) (although alongside just one Runic alphabet). Additionally, we find Greek alphabets in various other contexts, such as in Cambridge, University Library, Gg. 5. 35 (s. xi med , St Augustine's, Canterbury), where the alphabet has been transmitted alongside prayers, or in Cambridge, Jesus College 28, Q.B. 11 (s. xi ex , France, provenance Durham), where it accompanies two works by Priscian, Institutione Grammaticae, and De Accentibus. We do also have Greek numbers written in Latin letter in Paris, Bibliotheque Sainte-Geneve, 2410 (s. x ex.-xi in , probably Corpus Christi or St Augustine's, Canterbury), and treatises on the Greek alphabet, such as in London, British Library, Additional 19835 (s. xi/xii, Normandy or England), as well as explanations of the alphabet like in Durham, Cathedral Library, B. II. 11 (fols. 1-108) (s. xi ex , Normandy, provenance Durham) and in Edinburgh, National Library Scotland, 18. 7. 8 (s. xi ex , provenenance Thorney).

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Digital Approaches to Manuscript Abbreviations: Where Are We at the Beginning of the 2020s?
Alpo Honkapohja

Digital Medievalist, 2021

Abbreviations have been an important qualitative means for dating and localising manuscripts. In digital scholarship, however, they have received less attention. Reasons for this range from digital resources inheriting editorial traditions from print to normalisation being a prerequisite for many research questions. The aim of this paper is to build bridges by giving an overview of scholarship into digital and quantitative approaches-taking into account English, French, Old Norse and, to a lesser extent, Dutch, German and Celtic scholarship. It also makes a theoretical contribution by placing abbreviations into a typology of writing systems and proposing that the terms conditioned and unconditioned variation in analogy with phonology could be useful for studying abbreviation.

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Proposal to add Medievalist and Iranianist punctuation characters to the UCS
António H F P A Emiliano, Susana Tavares Pedro
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Abbreviations in eighteenth-century letters: Graphic clues and literacy degrees
Vivian Seixas

Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 2020

This research object was the use of abbreviations in 18 th century private letters written in Portuguese. In this context, the main hypothesis was that such resources may highlight the social aspects of the scribe of past periods, thus allowing their sociolinguistic characterization. To test it, we adopted the Language Variation and Change Theory regarding the data selection, collection, and analysis. The corpus is composed of 24 private letters from the 18 th century written in Portuguese Language of Brazil and European Portuguese by men and women of higher and lower social classes and are from two sources: (i) Fundo Barão de Camargos Collection, of the Historical Archive of the Museu of the Inconfidência, and (ii) Post Scriptum Project: A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writing (Early Modern Portugal and Spain), of the Linguistics Center of the University of Lisbon. The results showed that (i) the external variables education level, socioeconomic status and gender and the internal variables typology and rule complexity interfered with the use of abbreviations; thus, (ii) the abbreviations translate linguistic and extralinguistic information about the one behind the quill and are a methodological tool for the characterization of the literacy degree of the scribe.

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Code-switching in medieval medical writing (pre-print)
Päivi Pahta

2004

The vernacularisation of medical texts in medieval England took place in a context where language contact was present in more than one form. The social context was multilingual, as several languages were in use in the country with partly overlapping social functions that at the time were undergoing dynamic change. The disciplinary context was also dominated by language contact: Latin was the main vehicle for learned discourse, both written and spoken, and continued to hold a central position in the domain long after the emergence of vernacular scientific texts. Medical texts were mostly translated from other languages, which by definition provided an immediate channel for contact phenomena in text production. Furthermore, since Latin was the primary language of the whole literary culture of the period, vernacular writing conventions, including a range of features from discourse forms and textual patterns to the physical layout of manuscript pages, were also influenced by contact.

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Spelling's Significance for Textual Studies
Jacob Thaisen

Nordic Journal of English Studies, 2004

Manuscript spellings are rarely taken into account when editors trace the stemma of their text for, if considered at all, they are used to localise the various manuscripts. From an evaluation of two Canterbury Tales manuscripts, Christ Church, Oxford, MS 152 and British Library MS Harley 7334, we seek to establish that this is an important omission in textual studies, for changes in the spelling system of a manuscript can signal whether these represent a change of exemplar and thus can control other methods of determining how many exemplars were used in its production. This conclusion is supported by evidence that changes in the spelling system coincide with changes in these manuscripts' codicology.

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Barret, Sébastien; Stutzmann, Dominique; Vogeler, Georg (eds.), Ruling the Script in the Middle Ages: Formal Aspects of Written Communication, Turnhout 2016 (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy, 35)
sébastien Barret, Dominique Stutzmann, Georg Vogeler

The twenty essays brought together in this volume explore a wide range of perspectives relating to the materiality and textuality of medieval scripts and documents. The textuality and materiality of documents are an essential part of their communicative role. Medieval writing, as part of the interpersonal communication process, had to follow rules to ensure the legibility and understanding of a text and its connotations. This volume provides new insights into how different kinds of rules were designed, established, and followed in the shaping of medieval documents, as a means of enabling complex and subtle communicational phenomena. Because they provide a perspective for approaching the material they are supposed to organize, these rules (or the postulation of their use) provide powerful analytical tools for structural studies into given corpora of documents. Originating in talks given at the International Medieval Congress in Leeds between 2010 and 2012, the twenty papers in this collection offer a precise, in-depth analysis of a variety of medieval scripts, including books, charters, accounts, and epigraphic documents. In doing so, they integrate current developments in palaeography, diplomatics, and codicology in their traditional methodological set, as well as aspects of the digital humanities, and they bridge the gap between the so-called ‘auxiliary sciences of history’ and the field of communication studies. They illustrate different possibilities for exploring how the formal aspects of scripts took their place in the construction of effective communication structures. Table of Contents Preface Introduction–SÉBASTIEN BARRET, DOMINIQUE STUTZMANN, and GEORG VOGELER "Et hec scripsi manu mea propria": Known and Unknown Autographs of Charles IV as Testimonies of Intellectual Profile, Royal Literacy and Cultural Transfer—MARTIN BAUCH The ‘Empire of Letters’: Textualis and Cursiva in Pragmatic Manuscripts of Seville Cathedral, Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries—DIEGO BELMONTE FERNÁNDEZ Official Rules of Writing in the North of France? The Writing of Notarial Documents in Normandy between Practices and Regulations—ISABELLE BRETTHAUER The Practice of Writing in Regensburg: An Overview of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries—CLAIRE DE CAZANOVE Structure et style: observations paléographiques pour l’étude des écritures cursives à Florence aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles—IRENE CECCHERINI Revealing Some Structures and Rules of Book Production (France, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)—ÉMILIE COTTEREAU-GABILLET Structures of (Mutual) Inspiration: Some Observations on the Circulation of Repetitive Text Formulas in Charters from the Medieval Low Countries (Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries)—ELS DE PAERMENTIER The Writing of Obedientiary Account Rolls at Norwich Cathedral Priory (1256-1344)—HARMONY DEWEZ Charte de fondation et date de dédicace: témoignages narratifs et diplomatiques à l’abbaye Saint-Étienne de Caen—TAMIKO FOURNIER-FUJIMOTO Masters of Micrography: Examples of Medieval Ashkenazi Scribal Artists—RAHEL FRONDA Writing Angles: Palaeographic Considerations on the Inclinaison of the Script—MARIA GURRADO Les actes épiscopaux en Bretagne aux XIe et XIIe siècles: une arme pour la réforme?—CYPRIEN HENRY Königsfelden Abbey and Its First Cartulary: Dealing with Charters in the Fourteenth Century—TOBIAS HODEL The Use of Vernacular and its Graphic and Material Shape in the Epigraphic Discourse: Three Case Studies from Western France—ESTELLE INGRAND-VARENNE The Shape of the Letters and the Dynamics of Composition in Syriac Manuscripts (Fifth-Tenth Century)—AYDA KAPLAN The Parchments of Marmoutier Abbey: Preparation, Shaping, Practices (Mid-Eleventh to Mid-Twelfth Century)—CLAIRE LAMY Scribal Activity and Diplomatic Forms in Western Provence (c. 950-c. 1010)—JEAN-BAPTISTE RENAULT Hand Spotting: The Registers of the Chancery of the Counts of Holland, 1316-1337—JINNA SMIT Rule and Variation in Eleventh-Century English Minuscule—PETER STOKES Princely Communication in the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Century: A Diplomatic Study of the Charters of the Counts of Hainaut—VALERIA VAN CAMP List of Shelfmarks

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Towards regularisation: morphological spelling in several editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes
Hanna Rutkowska

2013

This corpus-based study focuses on the graphemic realisations of several derivational suffixes in thirteen editions of the Kalender of Shepherdes, an early modern almanac published between 1506 and 1656. Morphological spelling, that is, the consistent representation of particular morphemes, is considered to be one of the most important criteria in research on the orthographic standardisation in English. The analysis of the graphomorphemic information available in the documents under consideration indicates that particular printing houses applied different combinations of spelling rules with regard to the variants of suffixes and were characterised by varying levels of consistency in the use of these graphemic representations. The new spelling variants of the suffixes were adopted partly as the printers' own regularisation policy, and partly under the influence of normative writings.

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  49. A. Administrative
  50. Title Proposal to add the medievalist characters in the UCS.
  51. Requester's name Michael Everson et al.
  52. Requester type (Member body/Liaison/Individual contribution) Individual contribution.
  53. Submission date 2006-01-30
  54. Requester's reference (if applicable)
  55. Choose one of the following:
  56. Choose one of the following:
  57. Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement, Latin Extended Additional, Latin Extended-C, Latin Extended-D.
  58. Proposed category (see section II, Character Categories)
  59. Category B.1.
  60. Proposed Level of Implementation (1, 2 or 3) (see clause 14, ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000) Level 3 4b. Is a rationale provided for the choice? Yes. 4c. If YES, reference Combining diacritics are included.
  61. Is a repertoire including character names provided? Yes.
  62. If YES, are the names in accordance with the character naming guidelines in Annex L of ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000? Yes. 5c. Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review? Yes.
  63. Who will provide the appropriate computerized font (ordered preference: True Type, or PostScript format) for publishing the standard? Michael Everson.
  64. If available now, identify source(s) for the font (include address, e-mail, ftp-site, etc.) and indicate the tools used: Michael Everson, Fontographer.
  65. Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts etc.) provided? Yes.
  66. Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of proposed characters attached? Yes.
  67. Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input, presentation, sorting, searching, indexing, transliteration etc. (if yes please enclose information)? Yes.
  68. Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Script that will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script. Properties are of similar Latin letters and combining diacritical marks.
  69. Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before? If YES, explain. Yes, in a preliminary document N2957.
  70. Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example: National Body, user groups of the script or characters, other experts, etc.)? Yes. 2b. If YES, with whom? Peter Baker, Marcus Dohnicht, António Emiliano, Florian Grammel, Odd Einar Haugen, Diana Luft, António Martins-Tuválkin, Susana Pedro, Gerd Schumacher, Andreas Stötzner 2c. If YES, available relevant documents
  71. Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example: size, demographics, information technology use, or publishing use) is included? European medievalists 4a. The context of use for the proposed characters (type of use; common or rare) Used to write various medieval European languages. 4b. Reference 5a. Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community? Yes. 5b. If YES, where? Scholarly publications.
  72. After giving due considerations to the principles in Principles and Procedures document (a WG 2 standing document) must the proposed characters be entirely in the BMP? Yes. 6b. If YES, is a rationale provided? Yes. 6c. If YES, reference Accordance with the Roadmap; Latin and combining marks are in the BMP.
  73. Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered)? No.
  74. Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence? No.
  75. If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? 8c. If YES, reference
  76. Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either existing characters or other proposed characters? No.
  77. If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? 9c. If YES, reference
  78. Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing character? No.
  79. If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided? 10c. If YES, reference
  80. Does the proposal include use of combining characters and/or use of composite sequences (see clauses 4.12 and 4.14 in ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000)? Yes. 11b. If YES, is a rationale for such use provided? Yes. 11c. If YES, reference Combining diacritics.
  81. Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided? No. 12b. If YES, reference
  82. Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as control function or similar semantics? No. 13b. If YES, describe in detail (include attachment if necessary)
  83. Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility character(s)? No.
  84. If YES, is the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic character(s) identified?

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Encoding medieval abbreviations for computer analysis (from Medieval Latin Portuguese and Portuguese non literary sources
António H F P A Emiliano

This paper proposes a solution to the problem of handling scribal abbreviations in TEI-conformant transcriptions of medieval texts, following a conservative editorial strategy. A key distinction is drawn between alphabetic abbreviations, which represent sequences of letters, and logographic abbreviations which represent whole words. The TEI elements <expan> and <abbrev> can be used systematically to separate these two types: alphabetic abbreviations will be expanded in the main text, recording the abbreviated form (including TEI entities representing the main abbreviation marks) as an attribute of <expan>, while logographic abbreviations will be represented in their abbreviated form, with the expanded form recorded as an attribute of <abbrev>. The proposals are illustrated from common abbreviations and short text samples from tenthcentury Latin-Portuguese and thirteenth-century Old Portuguese. Lit&Ling 17/3 345-360 Final 12/2/03 12:35 pm Page 345 346

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Code-switching, lexical innovation and borrowing in medieval English
Herbert Schendl

Language contact and the history of English, ed. Gabriella Mazzon, 2023

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