Gender and property rights: Overview

Science-based Policies 8. Fairness: Adequate Distribution of Benefits and Non-discrimination 9. Comparing the Approaches 10. Conclusion 140 2 Stephen Krasner, 'Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables'(1982) 36(2) International Organisation 1, 2. 3 David Humpreys, 'Know Your Rights. Earth Jurisprudence and Environmental Politics'(2015) 10(3-4) The International Journal of Sustainability Policy and Practice 1 , distinguishing between rights of states, human rights, property rights, and corporate rights; Sabrina Safrin, 'Hyperownership in a Time of Biotechnological Promise: The International Conflict to Control the Building Blocks of Life' (2004) 98(4) American Journal of International Law 641, identifying global commons, individual intellectual property rights, collective intellectual property rights, and states' sovereign rights. 1 Governance can be defined as 'the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement or reproduction of social norms and institutions'; see Marc Hufty, 'Investigating Policy Processes: The Governance Analytical Framework (GAF)' in Urs Wiesmann and Hans Hurni (eds), Research for Sustainable Development: Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives (Geographica Bernensia 2010) 403. On 405-407 he specifies six requirements to be applied when studying and analyzing governance processes: realistic (nonnormative); interdisciplinary, reflexive, comparative, generalisable and operational. 'The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources' (2004) 58(2) International Organisation 277.

The fact that natural resources are divided by national borders makes the accessibility of natural resources not possible for everyone. Next to with other factors such as climate change and overpopulation it crystallises one of the causes of the problem as the uneven distribution of natural resources. Not only minerals such as gold, coal and oil, which are important for economic prosperity, but also basic resources, such as safe drinking water, which is intrisic for human survival, are affected by this. The purpose of this essay is to explore ownership concepts alternative to current state (national) ownership over natural resources and to find out which one of them is more suitable for water.

ender relations shape identities, norms, rules, and responsibilities for women and men, and mediate access to, use, and management of water resources, as well as ownership, tenure, and user rights to land and forests (and related infrastructure, services, technologies innovations and interventions). Natural resource management (NRM) interventions thus have important implications for women's labor, time, decision-making, and transformational gains. In the current context of fluid economic and political changes, together with changes to climate, the gendered dynamics of natural resource use, allocation, and management are also evolving. There are rapid shifts in livelihoods, mobility, and migration for women and men, as well as differing vulnerabilities and capacities for resilience in climate change processes and emergencies. Gender in its intersections with class, race, religion, ethnicity, age, disability, and other dimensions of difference determines who gains and who loses "in the rapid restructuring of economies, ecologies, cultures and polities from global to local levels" (Rocheleau et al. 1996, 3). These intersecting inequalities point to the complex and dynamic character of spaces of assumed common interest, such as "the community" and "households," as well as to the plurality in interests, needs, vulnerabilities, and agency of diverse groups of women and men (Elmhirst 2015). The upcoming decade of 2021-2030 is dedicated globally to restoring the ecosystem: "to scale up the restoration of degraded and destroyed ecosystems as a means to fight the climate crisis and enhance food security, water supply and biodiversity." 1 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicate a broad policy consensus among development actors that the ecological resilience of the planet is not disassociated from people's well-being.

2012

About this compendium Critical Gender Issues with regard to Land, Food and Water aims to highlight important gender issues that should be considered by policy-makers, NGOs and researchers whose work relates to land, food and water. Each topic is represented in separate glossaries. Since all three issues are interlinked, with research fi elds like agriculture touching on all three, there will be overlaps between the glossaries. Some issues might be discussed thoroughly in one glossary and only mentioned in the others (always with a reference to the more detailed glossary). The glossaries aim to provide brief, up-to-date information that can serve as entry points for professionals in the development community. They are not intended to deliver exhaustive comments. For more in-depth and detailed information, users should refer to the bibliographies at the end of the document. All the glossaries have the same structure. They focus on 2-3 important sub-categories, which are introduced in an introductory section. The glossary then provides an overview of important developments, as well as the constraints, threats and opportunities women and men face within the particular sub-categories. Small case study sections are included in order to highlight certain issues. Finally, some practical gender-sensitive policy options for development practitioners, government offi cials and researchers are provided. The concluding remarks summarize research fi ndings across the different domains and highlight shortcomings and future areas of interest. Each glossary is followed by its own bibliography. The glossary on land discusses important and upcoming gender issues in the areas of land rights and land grabs. The section on gender and food focuses on agriculture, food security and food value chains, and the section on water discusses issues surrounding water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), as well as the water-related aspects of climate change (e.g. rainfall variability, droughts, fl oods etc.).

1995

Published with partial support from the Moriah Fund. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of ICRW or the Moriah Fund. INTRODUCTION Environmental degradation and natural resource loss are widespread, growing problems throughout the world. Topsoil is being lost at the rate of 24 million tons per year. Arable land is declining by an estimated 5-7 million hectares a year and 6 million hectares of new desert emerge every year (United Nations 1991). Tropical forests have shrunk to half their original size and continue to decline by about 17 million hectares a year (Ryan 1992). Meanwhile, the world's population has grown dramatically-doubling to over 5 billion people in the short space of 40 years. According to some estimates, global population is expected to almost double by the year 2050 (WRI 1994). For planners and policymakers seeking to improve economic and living conditions in developing countries, issues of population g...

Human rights are very strongly related to sustainable development, which is a subject related mostly with economy and environment, where natural resources, mainly land and water are scared resources. In Albania there is not a clear situation about relations between human rights, sustainable development and natural resources management, especially on Land Use Planning and Water Resources Management, especially in terms of decision making. It is evident that there are not strong relationslinks between decision making process in national, regional, communal and village level about LUP and WRM, as important concepts, logical application of which creates opportunities having a long term sustainable development, guaranteeing normal life of future generations, without environmental pollution, respecting human rights. In Albania there is not any experience on application of these concepts.

Thesis Pre-Synopsis , 2016

1989

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The natural resources and environment gives the essential and elements for economic activities and livelihood options of the population of a society, who are often stratified in different social and wealth categories and compete for resources, wealth, wellbeing and power. The 1992 Earth summit was an encouraging landmark event for women in that it achieved consensus on the important role of women in promoting sustainable development and recognized the need for strengthening women's expertise in the fields of environment and development as well as enhancing their legal and administrative capacities for decision making and managerial roles. Everything from sustainable agricultural, rural development, small business to assist the poor, problem solving concerning fresh water, resources, deforestation, fragile ecosystem and the transfer of environmentally sound technologies involves women. African rural women through a reciprocal and creative interaction with nature are significant providers of family subsistence. Perhaps the most striking images engendered by the popular notions of women's role, are those of women as victims, as villains, and fixers in the process of environmental degradation and related decline in agricultural fields. However, this provisioning has been in the face of considerable odds, because women have fair less access than men to productive resources especially land and technology. Added to which there has been a growing depletion due to over exploitation of natural resources. It is from this view that the paper examines the positives and negatives impacts of women in the conservation of natural resources and speculates on better policy that can involve the management of environmental resources. The results indicate that economic emancipation of women will allow and act together as a catalytic factor in ensuring sustainability of natural resources.