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Title
Abstract
Introduction
Receiving, Cataloging and Testing Procedures
PMT Testing and Characterization: Bare PMT Results
Summary
References
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Physics
Optics

Mass testing and characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO

Profile image of Giuseppe AndronicoGiuseppe Andronico

The European Physical Journal C

https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJC/S10052-022-11002-8
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42 pages

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Abstract

Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20 kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-...

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Cecilia Landini

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The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector in a laboratory at 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in neutrino and astroparticle physics. With six years of data, the neutrino mass ordering can be determined at a 3-4σ significance and the neutrino oscillation parameters sin 2 θ 12 , ∆m 2 21 , and |∆m 2 32 | can be measured to a precision of 0.6% or better, by detecting reactor antineutrinos from the Taishan and Yangjiang nuclear power plants. With ten years of data, neutrinos from all past core-collapse supernovae could be observed at a 3σ significance; a lower limit of the proton lifetime, 8.34 × 10 33 years (90% C.L.), can be set by searching for p → νK + ; detection of solar neutrinos would shed new light on the solar metallicity problem and examine the vacuum-matter transition region. A typical core-collapse supernova at a distance of 10 kpc would lead to ∼ 5000 inverse-beta-decay events and ∼ 2000 (300) all-flavor neutrino-proton (electron) elastic scattering events in JUNO. Geoneutrinos can be detected with a rate of ∼ 400 events per year. Construction of the detector is very challenging. In this review, we summarize the final design of the JUNO detector and the key R&D achievements, following the Conceptual Design Report in 2015 . All 20-inch PMTs have been procured and tested. The average photon detection efficiency is 28.9% for the 15,000 MCP PMTs and 28.1% for the 5,000 dynode PMTs, higher than the JUNO requirement of 27%. Together with the > 20 m attenuation length of the liquid scintillator achieved in a 20-ton pilot purification test and the > 96% transparency of the acrylic panel, we expect a yield of 1345 photoelectrons per MeV and an effective relative energy resolution of 3.02%/ E(MeV) in simulations [3]. To maintain the high performance, the underwater electronics is designed to have a loss rate < 0.5% in six years. With degassing membranes and a micro-bubble system, the radon concentration in the 35 kton water pool could be lowered to < 10 mBq/m 3 . Acrylic panels of radiopurity < 0.5 ppt U/Th for the 35.4-m diameter liquid scintillator vessel are produced with a dedicated production line. The 20 kton liquid scintillator will be purified onsite with Alumina filtration, distillation, water extraction, and gas stripping. Together with other low background handling, singles in the fiducial volume can be controlled to ∼ 10 Hz. The JUNO experiment also features a double calorimeter system with 25,600 3-inch PMTs, a liquid scintillator testing facility OSIRIS, and a near detector TAO.

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Optimization of the JUNO liquid scintillator composition using a Daya Bay antineutrino detector
Paolo Saggese

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2021

To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were increased in 12 steps from 0.5 g/L and <0.01 mg/L to 4 g/L and 13 mg/L, respectively. The numbers of total detected photoelectrons suggest that, with the optically purified solvent, the bis-MSB concentration does not need to be more than 4 mg/L. To bridge the one order of magnitude in the detector size difference between Daya Bay and JUNO, the Daya Bay data were used to tune the parameters of a newly developed optical model. Then, the model and tuned parameters were used in the JUNO simulation. This enabled to determine the optimal composition for the JUNO LS: purified solvent LAB with 2.5 g/L PPO, and 1 to 4 mg/L bis-MSB.

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    Validation and integration tests of the JUNO 20-inch PMT readout electronics
    Riccardo Bruno

    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

    The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large neutrino detector currently under construction in China. JUNO will be able to study the neutrino mass ordering and to perform leading measurements detecting terrestrial and astrophysical neutrinos in a wide energy range, spanning from 200 keV to several GeV. Given the ambitious physics goals of JUNO, the electronic system has to meet specific tight requirements, and a thorough characterization is required. The present paper describes the tests performed on the readout modules to measure their performances.

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