INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT IN NATURAL FARMING SYSTEM

International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2017

Pesticides play important role in agricultural production by means of increasing crop yield and farmer's income. The indiscriminate use of chemicals has resulted in a reduction of biodiversity of natural enemies, outbreak of secondary pests, development of resistance to pesticides and contamination of food and ecosystem, Agronomic measures of pest management involves variations in usual farm operations which are being usually preventive and indirect, they are the cheapest of all the control measures The principle involved in the agronomic management of insect pest and disease is purposeful manipulation of the environment to make it less favorable for their incidence by exerting economic control on the pest or at least reducing their rate of increase/damage. Due to sustained increasing problems from massive applications of pesticides, like insect resistance to pesticides, resurgence of pests, pollution of food and feed, health hazards, toxicity towards plants and animals and environmental pollution. One way to minimize these effects is use of biotechnological tools for alleviating biotic stresses, which explore how the tools of biotechnology can be used in pest management for sustainable crop production and environmental conservation. Another way is through cultural control including all those techniques that will make the environment less favorable for pests to develop or multiply, but which still favors crop production. Insect pest and disease management in its broadest sense includes everything that makes the life difficult for insects that kill them or prevents their increase and make it laborious for them to spread about the world.

Agriculture changes and adds technology to increase production, the impact on ecosystems also increases, causing degradation and important losses of its main functions. These functions are represented by ecosystem services, including biological control of pests and diseases. This article aims to identify and report mechanisms triggered and responsible for the effective control of pests and diseases in an agroecological system. The pursuit of this objective took place through a bibliographic survey in databases, by subject, through the use of strings and operators to refine the searches in a previous eleven-year horizon. These searches revealed some strategies that can be used to control pests and diseases without the need for more aggressive management with the use of industrial inputs. The functionality and permanence of ecosystem services, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, microclimate regulation and increased soil fertility, depend on maintaining biodiversity in Agro-ecosystems. The adoption of such strategies by small farmers depends to a great extent on the work of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension that can promote the dissemination of the necessary knowledge for the adoption of these practices.

Perspective

2004

Ecological engineering has recently emerged as a paradigm for considering pest management approaches that are based on cultural practices and informed by ecological knowledge rather than on high technology approaches such as synthetic pesticides and genetically engineered crops (Gurr et al. 2004a). This article provides a brief summary of ecological engineering for arthropod pest management and contrasts it with its

2017

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Advances in Agronomy, 2010

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the simplification of land uses associated with a strong dependence on agrochemical inputs is decreasing environmental quality, threatening biodiversity, and increasing the likelihood of pest outbreaks. The development of farming systems with greater reliance on ecosystem services, such as biological control of insect pests, should increase the sustainability of agroecosystems. However, the factors responsible for the maintenance or enhancement of natural pest control remain unclear. The goal of this review is, therefore, to expose which elements, from the field to the landscape scale, influence natural enemy populations and pest regulation. We present here the principal effects of seminatural habitats, farming systems, and crop management on the abundance of insect pests and their biological control, with a view to evaluating their relative importance and identifying key elements that regulate natural pest control interactions. Because of the range of spatial and temporal scales experienced by these organisms, we advocate, in studies investigating trophic relations and biological pest control, a clear description of cropping systems and an explicit consideration of seminatural habitats and more generally of the surrounding landscape. Through this review, we also indicate gaps in knowledge and demonstrate the interest of linking agronomy and landscape ecology to understand trophic interactions, maximize natural pest control, and limit pesticide applications. Quantifying the relative importance of both local and landscape scales is a fundamental step in the design and assessment of ecologically sound integrated pest management strategies for farmers.

/ The article presents a holistic approach to studying and applying crop protection in agricultural systems A theoretical framework of integrated pest management (IPM) is presented that allows an understanding of pest population processes on a whole-agroecological-system basis The need for and emergence of holis-tic research on agroecosystems is discussed, as are the current trends in ecological theory and pest management

Springer eBooks, 2016

the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

NEW DELHI PUBLISHERS, 2021

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system is the best effective sustainable approach of protecting crops from the ravages of pests towards the goal of food sufficiency for the ever-increasing human population of the globe. IPM helps minimize reliance on chemical pesticides leading to elimination of several pesticide associated problems like environmental pollution, killing of non target organisms, residue problem, health hazards, development of resistant population of pest species, resurgence of pests, secondary pest outbreak and so on. Sustainability in crop production and protection can only be achieved by developing technologies that are based on locally available, easily acceptable and cost effective inputs. Therefore, development of new knowledge systems with emphasis on eco-friendly approaches and new IPM strategies are necessary to tackle the intensified pest-disease problems in the present time of climate change. The book contains twenty eight articles covering various aspects of crop protection. The topics cover fundamental as well as advanced and modern aspects of pest management. Here, an attempt has been taken to present some recent findings with review work in a manner considered suitable for the scientific community. We are thankful to the contributors for writing authoritative and informative articles for this volume. The opinions and text contained herein are those of the authors and we have tried to honour their ideas in the original shape. While dealing with such a voluminous work, errors are likely to occur despite best efforts. However, the onus of the technical contents rests with the contributors. This effort will definitely serve as an excellent reference material and also as a guide for research communities and students in the field of Agricultural science. We would very much appreciate receiving suggestions from readers so that shortcomings, if any, can be corrected in future editions. We are thankful to all the faculty members and especially to Dr. T.K. Maity, Principal, College of Agriculture, Tripura for their constant support and courage during this effort. We also highly appreciate the all-round cooperation and support of Sri Dipanjan Mukherjee, founder member of New Delhi Publishers for presenting and publishing this work with patience, care and interest.

Rainfed Farming Systems, 2011

Insect pests are estimated to cause losses of 16% to world attainable crop production with post-harvest losses another 10%, in spite of widespread use of pesticides. Losses due to pests have been estimated for key rainfed crops in different regions of the world. Pest species attack every phenological stage of crop growth; sometimes they are the same species and sometimes different. No one tool can be used to successfully control a pest; integrated pest management principles have been widely adopted and include determining the economic threshold at which control is cost effective. Chemical control is widely used but excessive use can cause resistance in the insect and adverse environmental effects. The enhancement of use of natural enemies of pest insects, and use of crop cultivars resistant to the insects are both very important. Crop management practices used to reduce the impact of pests include crop rotations, intercropping, sowing rates, sowing time and soil tillage. Management of pests requires growers to understand the interactions between the pests and crops in their regions and to use the most appropriate tools to reduce the potential damage. While no one system would be applicable to a crop or to a pest in all rainfed farming systems, some general principles are relevant across regions.