Mass Defect

THE NUCLEAR MASS DEFECT A SCIENTIFIC MISCONCEPTION , 2019

Voyage into the unknown universe of the nucleus of the atom WHAT IS IT ALL ABOUT "The nuclear mass defect is a non-existent physical property". An exceptional conclusion that will raise quite a bit of controversy, supported by a somewhat out of the box example that exposes the incorrect interpretation of the theoretical mass difference of an atom (element / isotope) and the weighted average of that same atom (element / isotope). In the aftermath of that finding, it was necessary to consider whether the nuclear binding energy should also be questioned. Before that could be answered it was necessary to explore new horizons and dive into the world of the atomic nucleus. It was like throwing a stone in a puddle, the results will cause ripples in the scientific community with supporters and opponents … but it has yielded surprising results that gave a very different look at the inner workings of the atomic nucleus. EINSTEIN…. …. argued that the nuclear mass defect of a nucleus corresponds to a certain amount of binding energy for that nucleus which is the energy released with the formation of that nucleus from its nucleons, or is the energy required to break that nucleus into its individual components, but is that really the case? This is a search for the answer to that question. It is up to the reader if he is ready to embrace a new direction in nuclear physics or to keep walking on the trodden paths.

Physical Systems, 2012

Chapter 5 examined the history of Newtonian mass and Ernst Mach's critique of quantity of matter. Leaving aside the gravitational role of mass, the concept of mass carries two significant connotations: the quantity of matter and the inertial mass. Newton first conceived of matter as impenetrable places. He then dubbed the size of the impenetrable place as the quantity of matter, and took it to represent the amount of "stuff" there is in a body, in analogy to the volume that bodies occupy. Today such a conception seems outdated. First, particles such as electrons are structureless particles, and carry distinct mass parameters while only occupying a single point in spacetime. The notion of mass as an impenetrable region of space does not make sense if the mass parameter is assigned to a dimensionless object. Second, Mach's critique of Newtonian mass had a lasting influence on interpretations of Newtonian physics. Mach's overall strategy of emphasizing the inertial role of mass over its role as quantity of matter is widely accepted. The essential character of the concept of mass is said to be determined by Newton's Second Law of Motion. According to this approach, mass relates the force impressed on the body to the acceleration it experiences. The additive and conserved nature of the mass parameter is an additional law of nature, a law that does not express the meaning of the concept but some experimental truth about it. Taking the inertial role of mass as the essential meaning of mass seems to be in line with empiricist principles, according to which measured accelerations of bodies are directly observed empirical facts (or if they are not directly observed are at least very close to the bedrock of our experiences). Third, the preference toward the inertial role of mass seems in line with the advent of the Special Theory of Relativity, where the notion of rest mass is not necessarily conserved given the supposed equivalence between mass and energy. Mass can no longer be considered as the quantity of matter if some of it can transform into energy, or vice versa, energy transformed into mass. (The role of mass in the Special Theory of Relativity will be considered in Chapter 8.)

Although the mass of an object is defined to represent the equivalent of 3D matter it contains, it is often considered as the quantity of 3D matter contained in the object. Mass is the mathematical relation between an external linear effort on an object and the rate of the rate of its displacement in the direction of the external effort. This relationship is often ignored, and the value of mass is regarded in almost all academic fields as the quantity of 3D matter present in the object. The dependency of the mass of an object on its linear speed introduces changes in the value of its mass depending on the initial speed of the object considered.

Although mass is a very common and fundamental concept, but the problem of mass is still one of the key problems of modern Physics, up to the present the experts are not able to reach a consensus. In this paper, we have discussed the problems relating to mass, energy and matter, and been aware that mass is neither the amount of matter an object has, nor the measure of inertia and the source of gravitational field, whereas energy is the measure of the inertia of an object and also is the source of gravitational field. As before, Mass being used to measure the inertia and to calculate gravitational force is just an approximate method only for very slowly moving bodies and particles for which the rest energy is much larger than the kinetic energy. Actually the concept of mass is a superfluous artificial concept, just rest energy divided by a constant 2 c (If selecting , the mass is exactly equal to the rest energy), does not have any other meaning. If the concept of mass is completely superseded by energy(or more precisely, rest energy), the physical equations are completely perfect, their meanings are clearer, and the puzzles such as the relationship of mass and energy, nature of matter, the essence of the weak equivalence principle, the physical meaning of Higgs mechanism, etc., can be made clearer.

International Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 2012

Electron, proton and neutron are described in terms of energy densities on least-action paths to show that their charges, magnetic mo ments and masses are man ifestations of quantized geodesics. According to this geometric understanding of matter, the mass of a part icle depends on how much the particle-associated curved path projects onto the straight paths of the universal surrounding energy density. The reference density of free space is embodied by the most elementary actions, the photons in propagation on their least-time paths. The vacuum density with rando m distribution of photon phases displays no electromagnetic field, yet the propagation of its force carriers will level off density differences. This manifests itself as gravitation. Transformations fro m one particle to another, for examp le oscillations, are described according to Noether's theorem as changes from one action to another. This physical portrayal of quantized nature, where every entity comprises mu ltip les of the most elementary action, parallels the atomistic tenet.

The Unified Framework for the Graviton Pressure Theory, 2025

Within Graviton Pressure Theory (GPT), mass is redefined as a field-dependent resistance to directional graviton flow—one that depends on structural coherence and field impedance. Rejecting traditional interpretations that treat mass as an intrinsic scalar or as a curvature-inducing quantity, GPT introduces a mechanistic understanding: mass becomes the measurable impedance a structure presents against a real, anisotropic pressure field of self-repulsive, massless gravitons. Rather than being a static property of matter, mass emerges dynamically from the structural coherence, phase alignment, and impedance profile of matter interacting with graviton pressure. Structures that disrupt, reflect, or resist graviton flow exhibit high mass signatures, while those that allow coherent passage of gravitons appear massless or inertially neutral. In this paradigm, inertia and gravity are unified as expressions of the same underlying mechanism—graviton impedance. The document explores mass as a situational resonance, modulated by temperature, internal order, and environmental graviton density. It explains classical and relativistic mass phenomena, such as binding energy loss, inertial resistance, and high-speed mass amplification, as field interactions rather than intrinsic material properties. Photons and other massless particles are reinterpreted as fully graviton-aligned systems exhibiting zero impedance, while neutrinos, electrons, and protons are described by their specific graviton interaction signatures. This reframing permits mass variation, coherence engineering, and potential technological manipulation of inertial and gravitational behavior. GPT reveals mass as neither substance nor placeholder, but as the dynamic shadow of structure against cosmic pressure. It unifies motion, gravity, and energy within a singular causal architecture, establishing mass as a field-defined phenomenon—measurable, tunable, and ontologically complete.

Having mass stands for having the capability to deform the living space of the owner of the mass. This description makes mass a very transient property that recurrently must be regenerated because deformations spread over the living space. Consequently, deformations quickly fade away. It looks as if mass generates out of nothing and then dilutes into nothing. Due to their simple structure, the generation of electrons encounters little problems. This enables the computation of the generation rate of their constituents.

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2008

A short survey is given on mass units and recommendations on the proper use of the notations mass and weight. Whereas mass is an inertial physical quantity in classical mechanics, weight is a force due to the gravitational field and depending on the geographic situation.

2019

In contemporary physics mass is a basic property of any physical object, but there is no consistent definition of what mass is. This article formulates a new concept of mass based on the statement that space and force field are synonyms, i.e., mass is the charge of gravity.

Attempts to define 'matter' were unsuccessful throughout development of natural philosophy. As advancement in physics called for speedier pace, one attribute of matter – the mass – was accepted as a substitute. Mass of a body (an assumed relation that exists in mathematical analyses and in the minds of analyzers) is considered as an equivalent that can represent body's 3D matter-content. Mass has successfully usurped rightful place of 3D matter in all contemporary theories to increase their complexity and confusion. In material world, existence of matter is nearest to absolute truth. Defining matter on this basis can provide logical foundations to physical theories.