Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Hybrid automata: from verification to implementation

2017, International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer

https://doi.org/10.1007/S10009-017-0458-1

Abstract

Hybrid automata are an important formalism for modeling dynamical systems exhibiting mixed discretecontinuous behavior such as control systems and are amenable to formal verification. However, hybrid automata lack expressiveness compared to integrated model-based design frameworks such as the MathWorks' Simulink/ Stateflow (SlSf). In this paper, we propose a technique for correct-by-construction compositional design of cyberphysical systems (CPS) by embedding hybrid automata into SlSf models. Hybrid automata are first verified using verification tools such as SpaceEx and then automatically translated to embed the hybrid automata into SlSf models such that the properties verified are transferred and maintained in the translated SlSf model. The resultant SlSf model can then be used for automatic code generation and deployment to hardware, resulting in an implementation. The approach is implemented in a software tool building on the HyST model transformation tool for hybrid systems. We show the effectiveness of our approach on a CPS case study-a closed-loop buck converter-and validate the overall correct-by-construction methodology: from formal verification to implementation in hardware controlling an actual physical plant. DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited. (Approval AFRL PA #88ABW-2015-2402).

References (46)

  1. Agrawal, A., Simon, G., Karsai, G.: Semantic translation of Simulink/Stateflow models to hybrid automata using graph trans- formations. Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci 109, 43-56 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2004.02.055
  2. Agut, D.E.N., van Beek, D.A., Rooda, J.E.: Syntax and semantics of the compositional interchange format for hybrid systems. J. Log. Algebr. Program 82(1), 1-52 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.jlap.2012.07. 001
  3. Alur, R., Kanade, A., Ramesh, S., Shashidhar, K.C.: Symbolic analysis for improving simulation coverage of Simulink/Stateflow models. In: EMSOFT, pp. 89-98. ACM (2008). doi:10.1145/ 1450058.1450071
  4. Annpureddy, Y., Liu, C., Fainekos, G.E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: S- TaLiRo: a tool for temporal logic falsification for hybrid systems. In: TACAS, vol. 6605, pp. 254-257. Springer (2011). doi:10.1007/ 978-3-642-19835-9_21
  5. Bak, S., Bogomolov, S., Johnson, T.T.: HYST: a source transforma- tion and translation tool for hybrid automaton models. In: HSCC, pp. 128-133, ACM (2015). doi:10.1145/2728606.2728630
  6. Bak, S., Johnson, T.T.: Periodically-scheduled controller analysis using hybrid systems reachability and continuization. In: RTSS, pp. 195-205. IEEE Computer Society (2015). doi:10.1109/RTSS. 2015.26
  7. Balasubramanian, D., Pasareanu, C.S., Whalen, M.W., Karsai, G., Lowry, M.R.: Polyglot: modeling and analysis for multiple state- chart formalisms. In: ISSTA, pp. 45-55. ACM (2011), doi:10.1145/ 2001420.2001427
  8. Bogomolov, S., Donzé, A., Frehse, G., Grosu, R., Johnson, T.T., Ladan, H., Podelski, A., Wehrle, M.: Guided search for hybrid systems based on coarse-grained space abstractions. STTT 18(4), 449-467 (2016). doi:10.1007/s10009-015-0393-y
  9. Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Greitschus, M., Grosu, R., Pasare- anu, C.S., Podelski, A., Strump, T.: Assume-guarantee abstraction refinement meets hybrid systems. In: HVC. LNCS, vol. 8855, pp. 116-131. Springer (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13338-6_10
  10. Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Grosu, R., Ladan, H., Podelski, A., Wehrle, M.: A box-based distance between regions for guiding the reachability analysis of SpaceEx. In: CAV. LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 479-494. Springer (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31424-7_35
  11. Bogomolov, S., Schilling, C., Bartocci, E., Batt, G., Kong, H., Grosu, R.: Abstraction-based parameter synthesis for multiaffine systems. In: HVC. LNCS, vol. 9434, pp. 19-35. Springer (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26287-1_2
  12. Bouissou, O., Chapoutot, A.: An operational semantics for Simulink's simulation engine. In: LCTES, pp. 129-138. ACM (2012). doi:10.1145/2248418.2248437
  13. Carloni, L., Di Benedetto, M.D., Pinto, A., Sangiovanni- Vincentelli, A.: Modeling techniques, programming languages, design toolsets and interchange formats for hybrid systems. Tech. Rep. (2004)
  14. Carloni, L.P., Passerone, R., Pinto, A., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L.: Languages and tools for hybrid systems design. In: Founda- tions and Trends in Electronic Design Automation 1(1/2) (2006). doi:10.1561/1000000001
  15. Chen, M., Ravn, A.P., Wang, S., Yang, M., Zhan, N.: A two-way path between formal and informal design of embedded systems. In: UTP. LNCS, vol. 10134, pp. 65-92. Springer (2016)
  16. Chen, X., Ábrahám, E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Flow*: an analyzer for non-linear hybrid systems. In: CAV. LNCS, vol. 8044, pp. 258- 263. Springer (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39799-8_18
  17. Clarke, E.M., Zuliani, P.: Statistical model checking for cyber- physical systems. In: ATVA. LNCS, vol. 6996, pp. 1-12. Springer (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24372-1_1
  18. Donzé, A.: Breach, a toolbox for verification and parameter syn- thesis of hybrid systems. In: CAV. LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 167-170. Springer (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14295-6_17
  19. Duggirala, P.S., Mitra, S., Viswanathan, M.: Verification of anno- tated models from executions. In: EMSOFT, pp. 26:1-26:10. IEEE (2013). doi:10.1109/EMSOFT.2013.6658604
  20. Fisher, M.E.: A semiclosed-loop algorithm for the control of blood glucose levels in diabetics. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 38(1), 57-61 (1991)
  21. Frehse, G., Guernic, C.L., Donzé, A., Cotton, S., Ray, R., Lebeltel, O., Ripado, R., Girard, A., Dang, T., Maler, O.: SpaceEx: Scalable verification of hybrid systems. In: Gopalakrishnan, G., Qadeer, S. (eds.) CAV. LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 379-395. Springer (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22110-1_30
  22. Hamon, G.: A denotational semantics for Stateflow. In: EMSOFT, pp. 164-172. ACM (2005). doi:10.1145/1086228.1086260
  23. Hamon, G., Rushby, J.M.: An operational semantics for Stateflow. STTT 9(5-6), 447-456 (2007). doi:10.1007/s10009-007-0049-7
  24. Hybrid Automata: From verification to implementation- supplementary material. http://swt.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/ tool/spaceex/ha2slsf
  25. Jiang, Z., Pajic, M., Alur, R., Mangharam, R.: Closed-loop verifi- cation of medical devices with model abstraction and refinement. STTT 16(2), 191-213 (2014). doi:10.1007/s10009-013-0289-7
  26. Johansson, K.H., Egerstedt, M., Lygeros, J., Sastry, S.: On the regularization of zeno hybrid automata. Syst. Control Lett. 38(3), 141-150 (1999)
  27. Larsen, K.G., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: UPPAAL in a nutshell. STTT 1(1-2), 134-152 (1997). doi:10.1007/s100090050010
  28. Lavalle, S.M., Kuffner, J.J., Jr.: Rapidly-exploring random trees: progress and prospects. In: Donald, B., Lynch, K., Rus, D. (eds.) Algorithmic and Computational Robotics: New Directions, pp. 293-308. A K Peters/CRC Press (2000)
  29. Manamcheri, K., Mitra, S., Bak, S., Caccamo, M.: A step towards verification and synthesis from Simulink/Stateflow models. In: Pro- ceedings of the 14th international conference on Hybrid systems: computation and control HSCC'11, pp. 317-318. ACM (2011). doi:10.1145/1967701.1967749
  30. Minopoli, S., Frehse, G.: From simulation models to hybrid automata using urgency and relaxation. In: HSCC, pp. 287-296. ACM (2016). doi:10.1145/2883817.2883825
  31. Minopoli, S., Frehse, G.: SL2SX translator: from Simulink to SpaceEx models. In: HSCC, pp. 93-98. ACM (2016). doi:10.1145/ 2883817.2883826
  32. Nguyen, L.V., Johnson, T.T.: Benchmark: DC-to-DC switched- mode power converters (buck converters, boost converters, and buck-boost converters). In: ARCH. EPiC Series in Computing, vol. 34, pp. 19-24. EasyChair (2014). http://www.easychair. org/publications/paper/Benchmark_DC-to-DC_Switched-Mode_ Power_Converters_-Buck_Converters-_Boost_Converters-_and_ Buck-Boost_Converters
  33. Pajic, M., Jiang, Z., Lee, I., Sokolsky, O., Mangharam, R.: From verification to implementation: a model translation tool and a pace- maker case study. In: RTAS, pp. 173-184. IEEE Computer Society (2012). doi:10.1109/RTAS.2012.25
  34. Pajic, M., Jiang, Z., Lee, I., Sokolsky, O., Mangharam, R.: Safety- critical medical device development using the UPP2SF model translation tool. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 13(4s), 127:1- 127:26 (2014). doi:10.1145/2584651
  35. Pajic, M., Mangharam, R., Sokolsky, O., Arney, D., Goldman, J.M., Lee, I.: Model-driven safety analysis of closed-loop medical sys- tems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 10(1), 3-16 (2014). doi:10.1109/ TII.2012.2226594
  36. Pinto, A., Carloni, L.P., Passerone, R., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L.: Interchange format for hybrid systems: abstract semantics. In: HSCC. LNCS, vol. 3927, pp. 491-506. Springer (2006). doi:10. 1007/11730637_37
  37. Pinto, A., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L., Carloni, L.P., Passerone, R.: Interchange formats for hybrid systems: review and proposal. In: HSCC. LNCS, vol. 3414, pp. 526-541. Springer (2005). doi:10. 1007/978-3-540-31954-2_34
  38. Sampath, P., Rajeev, A.C., Ramesh, S.: Translation validation for Stateflow to C. In: DAC, pp. 23:1-23:6. ACM (2014). doi:10.1145/ 2593069.2593237
  39. Sanfelice, R.G., Copp, D.A., Nanez, P.: A toolbox for simulation of hybrid systems in Matlab/Simulink: hybrid equations (HyEQ) tool- box. In: HSCC, pp. 101-106. ACM (2013). doi:10.1145/2461328. 2461346
  40. Schrammel, P., Jeannet, B.: From hybrid data-flow languages to hybrid automata: a complete translation. In: HSCC, pp. 167-176. ACM (2012). doi:10.1145/2185632.2185658
  41. Severns, R.P., Bloom, G.: Modern DC-to-DC Switchmode Power Converter Circuits. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York (1985)
  42. Simulink Design Verifier. http://www.mathworks.com/products/ sldesignverifier/
  43. Tiwari, A., Shankar, N., Rushby, J.M.: Invisible formal methods for embedded control systems. Proc. IEEE 91(1), 29-39 (2003)
  44. Yan, G., Jiao, L., Li, Y., Wang, S., Zhan, N.: Approximate bisimula- tion and discretization of hybrid CSP. In: Fitzgerald, J., Heitmeyer, C., Gnesi, S., Philippou, A., (eds.) FM. LNCS, vol. 9995, pp. 702- 720.
  45. Springer, Cham (2016) doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48989-6_43
  46. Zou, L., Zhan, N., Wang, S., Fränzle, M.: Formal verification of Simulink/Stateflow diagrams. In: Finkbeiner, B., Pu, G., Zhang, L. (eds.) ATVA. LNCS, vol. 9364, pp. 464-481. Springer, Cham (2015) doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24953-7_33