Detailed shelter response profile Nepal

BASIC INFRASTRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TEMPORARY ACCOMMODATION OF DISASTER VICTIMS AND TO DEMONSTRATE THE FUNCTIONING OF AN NGO, 2024

In this paper, we define the concept of natural and humanitarian disasters, their historical and civilisational context, their consequences, and their impact on people and their environment. Protection agencies run by states, together with civil society organisations (CSOs), must provide the necessary infrastructure to accommodate displaced people and meet their needs until they can return to their homes. Disaster refugees are not a modern phenomenon, we have seen them in every period of history, but we are now aware of the causes and consequences of natural and humanitarian disasters and are consciously working to prevent, avert, and recover from them. This paper, by examining international practice, identifies the basic infrastructure requirements necessary for the temporary housing of refugees and, in the practice of one NGO, describes the infrastructure tools used.

2017

The effectiveness and efficiency of interventions supporting shelter self-recovery following humanitarian crises: An evidence synthesis. Humanitarian Evidence Programme. Oxford: Oxfam GB. shaped the research questionswe hope the answers to some of the questions you put to us are in this report. We would also like to thank Eleanor Ott, Roxanne Krystalli and the team at Oxfam GB and Feinstein for their support throughout this process. Series editors The report forms part of a series of humanitarian evidence syntheses and systematic reviews covering child protection, market support, mental health, nutrition, pastoralist livelihoods, shelter, urban contexts, and water, sanitation and hygiene.

Meeting housing demands in normal times are difficult but it is even more challenging when resources are stretched thin in the aftermath of disasters and demands become greater. This exploratory research is aimed at finding the problems involved in the implementation of disaster housing programs in order to help improve upon delivery. Using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT), County Directors of Emergency Management Agencies in Ohio were asked to recall and retell their experiences with sheltering/housing in the aftermath of the last disaster that occurred in their county. The study found out that some of the barriers to successful implementation of shelters and housing programs in the aftermath of disasters were politics and bureaucracy; lack of adequate knowledge about laws governing recovery; lack of recovery plans for functional/special needs population; lack of backup power to operate emergency operation centers; adoption of forward mapping approach instead of backward mapping approach to implementation and political interference in the hiring of personnel working for county EMAs leading to less qualified people being hired. Recommendation for success and directions for future research were also suggested. This article discusses housing recovery after disasters and the problems that have afflicted the implementation of such programs. Eventually all recovery efforts are geared towards long term recovery of the devastated community. When a community experiences a disaster that wipes out or damages lots of houses, the process of recovery has always been very painful and slow. The process is sometimes embedded with bureaucracy/politics and the impacted victims sometimes become very angry when government response does not come in handy. The Center for Research into the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) defines a disaster as situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to national or international level of assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering (CRED 2006). Dyson(2005); Enarson and Morrow(1998) said that while no one in its path can expect to escape the wrath of natural disasters, and wealth is no answer, disasters especially afflict the vulnerable who happens to be the poor, women and children. There are many definitions for recovery, but Mileti (1999) said that the recovery phase of disaster management kicks in when fire and police officials(first responders) have gone back to their stations and local public officials are dealing with debris removal, infrastructure, economic development and housing. It also includes temporary housing, food and clothing, debris clearance, psychological counseling, job assistance and loans to restart small businesses. Smith and Wenger (2006) also described the recovery phase as the process of restoring, rebuilding and reshaping the physical, social, economic, and natural environment through pre-event planning and post-disaster actions. 1.1 The Right to Shelter and Housing Gould (2009) said that the right to housing does not spring whole from a disaster but is grounded in the well-established right to housing under international law. While the right to housing is among the most recognized of the economic, social, and cultural rights, this is not the same as saying that the right to housing has been realized. The basis for the right to housing under international law is propounded by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Article 11 of the ICESCR asserts that " the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions " (p.5).

After the devastating 2010 earthquake in Haiti, a common shelter response among large aid agencies was to build standalone single storey structures, often built of timber or steel frame. These are widely known as transitional shelters, or T-shelters, provided by agencies as a supposed 'stop-gap' between temporary tents and long term permanent housing. While the T-shelter approach, increasingly adopted since 2004, is popular among agencies and donors, others argue that T-shelter programs as currently enacted can detract attention away from long-term recovery. Shelter after disaster is complex: recognising this, the 2011 UK Humanitarian Emergency Response Review (HERR) noted that 'Providing adequate shelter (after disaster) remains one of the most intractable problems in international humanitarian response' (25). The situation is more still complex still in urban areas, where varied forms of living take place (such as multi-occupancy, squatting, tenancy), and for poorer households living is rarely in a single storey 'detached house'. Yet this essentially rural approach to housing, in the form of T-shelters, was adopted in Port-au-Prince, often to the exclusion of many other options. This paper, in three parts, explores this recent experience and asks what can be learnt from Haiti. Part one, Principles, examines the transitional shelter concept and finds that the original definition offers far more options for actions than those commonly used in Haiti. Part Two, Practice, reviews the decision-making processes that led up to the adoption and usage of T-shelters in their present form in Haiti. Part Three, Lessons, considers what can be learnt from other previous responses to urban disasters. The paper asserts the need for clarifying the terminology and principles of post disaster shelter, and drawstwolessons for improving shelter response in future urban disasters: widening transitional shelter options beyond shelter as an object (in accordance with the full definition) through facilitation of long term housing over building of short term shelters; and the adoption of urban planning principles in post-disaster recovery, more comprehensive neighbourhood redevelopment and the building of knowledge, skills and capacities.

Self-recovery in post-disaster shelter is not the exception but the norm. Following earthquake, flood or storm, the majority of affected families will inevitably rebuild their homes themselves, using their own resources, but there is little support from the international community to encourage good safe building practice.

Disasters, 2019

The humanitarian sector is increasingly aware of the role that good quality evidence plays in the underpinning of effective and accountable practice. This review addresses the need for reliable evidence by evaluating current knowledge about the intersection of two key outcome targets of post-disaster shelter response: supporting shelter self-recovery and building back safer. Evidence about post-disaster shelter programmes that aim to improve hazard resistance while supporting shelter self-recovery has been systematically analysed and evaluated. Technical support, especially training in safer construction techniques, was found to be a central programme feature, but the impact of this and other programme attributes on building safety was largely not ascertainable. Programme reports and studies lack sufficient detail, especially on the hazard resistance of repaired houses. Accounts of shelter programmes need to include more reliable reporting of key activities and assessment of outcomes, in order to contribute to the growing evidence base in this field.

2022

No one can avoid disasters that could happen to anyone, anywhere, and anytime. Disasters might destoy people's homes which are the primary need of human being. Therefore, people affected by disaster need new shelters to live in. Providing a shelter is not merely building a structure. However, shelter is a process of providing a better place for people especially those who are affected by disasters. Shelters and settlement assistance need to support a secure, dignified, and comfortable life. Ministry of Social Affairs Republic of Indonesia, coordinating with Indonesian Red Cross Society, published the Humanitarian Shelter Guidelines book in Indonesian version. This book contains informations regarding the basic understanding and paradigm of shelter, leading to determining the needs of shelters, guidelines on designing and planning shelter programs, implementing shelters and exit strategy, monitoring, and evaluating shelter and settlement assistance. All the informations completes the main purpose of providing better shelter for population affected by disaster. Therefore, this book is inclusively a pertinent reference to improve humanitarian shelter in Indonesia and worldwide.

IJASS JOURNAL, 2022

Indonesia is one of the countries with a high threat of disaster risk. When a disaster occurs, directly or indirectly, the destruction of houses and public facilities makes the need for shelter the greatest and most urgent need. Therefore, shelter interventions need to be integrated with other interventions such as clean water and sanitation, child protection, protection of women's rights, disabilities, and other vulnerable groups, recovery, health, livelihoods, and other sectors in the national disaster management cluster. The novelty of this research is the Strategy and Intervention of Humanitarian Shelters for Natural Disasters During the Covid-19 Pandemic by integrating aspects of the risk of Covid-19 transmission. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach with secondary data sources in answering research problems. Research answers will be described based on the data and facts obtained in the data collection process, which will then draw conclusions based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out. The data analysis used is the data analysis technique developed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014), which consists of data collection activities, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification or concluding. The results of this study indicate that strategies and interventions for humanitarian shelters for natural disasters are needed during the Covid-19 pandemic. These strategies or interventions include shelter needs that are following the needs of the community,

2006

Die Schäden der weltweit ansteigenden Naturkatastrophen sind erschütternd. Marginale Armensiedlungen in Entwicklungsländern sind gegenüber diesen Naturkatastrophen am anfälligsten und somit am stärksten betroffen. Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht im Detail die dem Katastrophenrisiko und -vorkommen in Slums zugrundeliegenden Hauptvariablen und deren kausale Beziehungen, zu deren Analyse sogenannte "causal loop diagrams" herangezogen werden. Die Sicht und das Wissen von Slumsiedlern in El Salvador stehen im Fokus dieser Untersuchung. Ein besseres Verstehen dessen, wie betroffene Familien Katastrophenrisiko und -vorkommen wahrnehmen und erfahren, gibt wichtige Einblicke, welche für die Verbesserung von Entwicklungshilfe -einschließlich sozialen Wohnungsbaus und Stadtplanung -von entscheidender Bedeutung sind.

Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management (AJEDM) - Focusing on Pro-active Risk Reduction in Asia, 2014

Most households affected by disasters reconstruct their houses themselves by self-building or employing local labour: they 'self-recover'. Humanitarian agencies' experience in assisting self-recovery in urban communities is limited; little is known about how to support it in practice. This study draws on the experiences and perspectives of households recovering from Typhoon Haiyan (Philippines 2013) and the Gorkha Earthquake (Nepal 2015). It reflects on challenges faced by households to self-recover from major disasters in urban environments, their interactions with humanitarian agencies, national and local institutions, infrastructures, markets and communities, and the influence of national and local governments' policies and practices on self-recovery opportunities. Most of these challenges cannot be addressed by adopting current humanitarian shelter response models, largely developed for rural contexts. Humanitarian agencies should put greater emphasis on facilitation rather than implementation, and respond more flexibly to the complexity of post-disaster urban contexts.