Active Particles, Volume 1

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Canadian Mineralogist, 1998

A scientific response to suggested modifications of the fundamental particles theory for clay minerals, and lTitations regarding its usage in the literature, Gmonstrat"r that such modifications may be unnecessary, and potentially harmful to communication of research results. The value of this mineralogical model, as well as ia physical description of complex clay rnineral properties in diagenetic and other environments, would be compromised or unduly restricted by adopting the suggested criteria iorits u*ag". In the absence of a demonstrably superior and confirmed altemative model, it is recommended that the fundamental particle hypothesis have priority within geoscience disciptnes, as it provides a quantitative, verifie4 and independently validated basis from which to evaluated the nature, behavior, and origin of clay minerals in a variety of geological settings.

2018

This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication.

Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 2002

If one performs a computerized literature search on the string 'particle', one will be partly lost in physics and comparable fields. The linguistic results of the search will fall apart in two types of reference: on the one hand studies that have to do with verbal particles, as they occur in cover up and cool down, and on the other hand with those particles that are of interest to those who participated in the conference entitled 'Discourse particles, modal and focal particles and all that stuff …', which was held in Brussels, December 8 and 9, 2000, and on which the present volume is based. With the rather long and open-ended title of the conference, the organizers wanted to indicate that 'our' particles come in different sorts and that it is still unclear which and how many types should be distinguished. The awareness that there are words that are 'different' in the sense that they do not fit in standard word class systems seems to have been present for more than two millennia. Dionysios Thrax devoted the last section of his Teknè Grammatikè (around 100 B.C.) to the 'sundesmoi', and the last type of the 8 subtypes that he distinguishes is reserved for the 'parapleromatikoi', the really difficult particles (cf. Kärnä (2000)). Taking into consideration that Dionysios started his treatment of the parts of speech with the noun, we could say that already at that time grammatical descriptions started with the accessible and ended with the least accessible part of the language, 'accessible' in the sense of descriptive accessibility. This is not the place to recapitulate the whole history of particle research. If we restrict ourselves to recent history, Denniston's 1934 monumental study of the Greek particles deserves being mentioned first. It brought together the detailed knowledge that Graecists had built up in the course of a long tradition, which was continued, since Denniston, into the present time, cf. Rijksbaron (ed.) (1997). Second in line come the early studies on German modal particles by Krivonosov (1963) and Weydt (1969). The latter also played a stimulating role as an organizer of a series of conferences, which took in place in Berlin from 1977 onwards (cf. Weydt (ed.) 1979 and later volumes). These conferences functioned as discussion platforms for papers on different types of particles in German and other languages. In the 1980s particle research really got steam. The new fields of Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis stimulated the study of conversational interaction, a form of language use in which particles are most frequent. Against this empirical background, particle research arose in different theoretical frameworks: Argumentation theory (cf. Ducrot et al. (1980)); the

Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2021

2020