Hazards and Safety in Process Industries

References (704)

1. 4.1 Initial Accident ...........................................................
2. 1.1 Domino Effect .............................................
3. 1.2 Safety Distance for Rescue Personnel ........
4. 4.2 Second Accident .........................................................
5. 4.2.1 Domino Effect .............................................
6. 4.2.2 Safety Distance for Rescue Personnel .....................................................
7. 5 Summary .................................................................................. References .......................................................................................... Chapter 8 Chemical Releases in a Semiconductor Plant: Emergency Response Study ..................................................................................
8. 1 Introduction .............................................................................
9. 2 Semiconductor Process Overview ...........................................
10. 3 Hazards of the Semiconductor Industry ..................................
11. 4 Chemical Hazards in a Semiconductor Plant ..........................
12. 5 Emergency Response Procedures ............................................
13. 6 Problems Faced in an Emergency Response .........................
14. 7 Common Problems During the Emergency Response Process ...................................................................................
15. 8 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Chapter 9 Thermal Hazard and Safety During Combustion of 1-Butylimidazolium Nitrate .............................................................
16. 1 Introduction ...........................................................................
17. 2 Understanding Ionic Liquids .................................................
18. 3 Experimental Studies on 1-butylimidazolium Nitrate ...........
19. 3.1 Apparatus and Materials ...........................................
20. 3.2 Preliminary Combustion Experiment .......................
21. 3.3 Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry ...............................................................
22. 3.4 Adiabatic Runaway Reaction -Experiment and Prediction .................................................................
23. 3.5 Flash Point Analyzer ................................................
24. Qualitative Investigation ...........................................
25. 4 Results and Discussions ........................................................
26. 4.1 Combustion Experiments .........................................
27. 4.2 Inherent Thermal Hazards for TGA and DSC ..........
28. 4.3 FPA Test ...................................................................
29. 4.4 Concentration of Ignition .........................................
30. 4.5 Prediction of Adiabatic Runaway Reaction ..............
31. 4.6 Estimating Safety Limits ..........................................
32. 5 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Contents xi Chapter 10 Safety and Flammability Analysis for Fuel-Air-Diluent Mixtures Plant: Safety and Flammability Analysis ..........................
33. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 10.2 Understanding the Flammability of Inert Gas Mixtures ........
34. 3 Experimental Procedures .......................................................
35. 3.1 Apparatus and Materials ........................................... 10.3.2 Spherical Explosion Vessel .......................................
36. 3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ................
37. 3.4 Theory ...................................................................... 10.3.4.1 Mathematical Model .................................
38. 4 Results and Discussions ........................................................ 10.4.1 Combustion Products of Acetone and Methylformate ..........................................................
39. 4.2 Experimental and Estimated Flammability Limits .......................................................................
40. 4.2.1 Condition for the Simulation ....................
41. 4.2.2 Radiation Heat Loss Effect on the Estimated Flammability Boundaries .........
42. 4.2.3 Steam Dilution Effect on Flammability Envelope ...................................................
43. 4.2.4 Nitrogen Dilution Effect on the Flammability Envelope .............................
44. 4.2.5 Location of the LOC and Flammability Limit at the LOC .......................................
45. 5 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Chapter 11 Advanced Calorimetric Technology for the Kinetic and Thermal Safety Analysis of Tert-butylperoxy-3,5,5- trimethylhexanoate ...........................................................................
46. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 11.2 Thermal Sensitivity And Runaway Characteristics of Tert-Butylperoxy-3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoate.....................152
47. 3 Sample Preparation ................................................................ 11.3.1 Sample ...................................................................... 11.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry ...........................
48. 4 Determination of the Kinetic Model ......................................
49. 5 Time for Maximum Rate at Adiabatic Conditions ................
50. 6 Self-accelerating Decomposition Temperature......................155
51. 7 Results and Discussion ..........................................................
52. 8 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ xii Contents Chapter 12 Thermal Hazard Analysis and its Application on Process Safety Assessments ........................................................
53. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 12.2 Organic Peroxides and Its Associated Thermal Hazards .......
54. 3 Thermal Hazard Analysis ...................................................... 12.3.1 Thermal Analysis Technology ..................................
55. 3.1.1 Experimental Setup ...................................
56. 3.2 Isothermal Calorimetry Technology ......................... 12.3.2.1 Experimental Setup ...................................
57. Adiabatic Calorimetry Technology ......................... 12.3.3.1 Experimental Setup ...................................
58. 4 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Chapter 13 Safety of Flammable Liquid Mixtures ............................................. 13.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 13.2 Flash Point Evaluation ........................................................... 13.3 Experimental Protocol ........................................................... 13.4 Flash-point Model Prediction for Partially Miscible Mixtures .................................................................. 13.4.1 Model for Aqueous-Organic Solutions ....................
59. 4.2 Model for Mixtures of Flammable Solvents ............
60. 5 Results and Discussion .......................................................... 13.5.1 Parameters Used .......................................................
61. 5.2 Partially Miscible Aqueous-Organic Mixtures ........
62. 5.3 Partially Miscible Mixtures Of Flammable Solvents ...
63. 6 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Chapter 14 Calorimetric Approach on the Thermal Hazard Assessment of Cumene Hydroperoxide ...........................................
64. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 14.2 Thermal Runaway of Cumene Hydroperoxide ......................
65. 3 Experimental Studies .............................................................
66. 3.1 Samples .................................................................... 14.3.2 DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) ................
67. 3.3 TAM (Thermal Activity Monitor) ............................
68. 3.4 Applications .............................................................
69. 4 Results and Discussion .......................................................... 14.4.1 Significance and Applications of CHP Derived by DSC and TAM .....................................................
70. 4.2 Comparison of Thermokinetic Parameters for CHP Derived From DSC and TAM ....................
71. 5 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Contents xiii Chapter 15 Evaluation of the Information System of Maintenance Efficiency in Petrochemical Plants ................................................... 15.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 15.2 Maintenance Management of Facilities ................................. 15.3 Preliminary Design and Index Establishment ....................... 15.4 Design of System ................................................................... 15.4.1 Index Design ............................................................. 15.4.2 System Development ................................................ 15.4.3
72. Data Requirements ................................................... 15.4.4 Function Requirements ............................................
73. 5 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Chapter 16 A Study on the Challenges in Emerging Economies to Industry 4.0 Initiatives for Supply Chain Sustainability ..............
74. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 16.2 Understanding Industry 4.0 ...................................................
75. 2.1 Industry 4.0 ............................................................... 16.2.2 Challenges to Industry 4.0 Initiatives for Sustainability in Supply Chains ..........................
76. 3 Methodology ..........................................................................
77. 4 Data Collection and Results .................................................. 16.4.1 Instrument Development and Data Collection .........
78. 4.2 Reliability, Validity and Non-biasness......................230 16.4.3 Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA)..........................230 16.4.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) .......................
79. 5 Discussion ..............................................................................
80. 6 Summary ................................................................................ 16.6.1 Theoretical Benefaction ........................................... 16.6.2 Managerial Benefaction ...........................................
81. 6.3 Shortcomings and Future Proposals .........................
82. References ........................................................................................ Chapter 17 A Detailed Study on the Spatial Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk of Mining Area ......................
83. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 17.2 Heavy Metal Pollution ........................................................... 17.3 Sample Collection and Analysis ............................................
84. 3.1 Location .................................................................... 17.3.2 Sample Collection and Analysis ...............................
85. 3.3 Data Source and Processing .....................................
86. 4 Research Survey .................................................................... 17.4.1 Data Processing ........................................................ 17.4.2 Potential Ecological Risk Index Method ..................
87. 4.3 IDW Interpolation of Heavy Metals in Soil .............
88. 5 Detailed Analysis of Results .................................................. 17.5.1 Soil Heavy Metal Pollution ......................................
89. 5.1.1 Characteristic Value Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil ............................
90. 5.1.2 Heavy Metal Pollution in the Case Study Area ..................................
91. 5.2 Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals ......... 17.5.2.1 Single Factor Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil ........
92. 6 Risk Assessment and its Adjustment at the Township Scale .....254 17.6.1 Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Arsenic .................................................................
93. 6.2 Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Mercury ................................................................
94. 6.3 Comprehensive Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil ..........................
95. 7 Results and Discussion .......................................................... 17.7.1 Heavy Metals in Soil Based on Township Scale ......
96. 7.2 The Adjustment of the Potential Ecological Risk Assessment Domain .........................................
97. 7.3 Selection of Spatial Interpolation Methods for Heavy Metals in Soil ...........................
98. 8 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................ Chapter 18 Evaluation of Human Factors Risk and Management in Process Safety in Engineering ......................................................
99. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 18.2 Assessment of Human Factors .............................................. 18.3 Human Factors Risk Assessment Model ...............................
100. 4 Applied Methodology ............................................................
101. 4.1 Set Pair Analysis (SPA) ............................................
102. 4.2 Risk Trend Analysis ................................................. 18.4.3 SPA-Markov Risk Prediction Method .....................
103. 5 Assessment and Management Procedure ..............................
104. 5.1 Assessment Procedure .............................................. 18.5.2 Management Procedure ............................................
105. 6 Application ............................................................................ 18.6.1 Determine the Factor Weight (W) and the Identity- Discrepant-contrast Assessment Matrix (R) .............
106. 6.2 Calculate the Connection Number and Partial Connection Number .................................................
107. 6.3 Risk Analysis ............................................................
108. 6.4 Risk Trend Analysis .................................................
109. 6.5 Risk Prediction .........................................................
110. Risk Management .....................................................
111. 7 Discussion ..............................................................................
112. 8 Summary ................................................................................
113. Appendix 18A .................................................................................. References ........................................................................................ Chapter 19 Analysis of Off-Site Emergency Procedures and Reciprocation for Nuclear Accidents .......................................................................
114. 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 19.2 Study on Nuclear Accidents ..................................................
115. 3 Different Phases of a Nuclear Accident .................................
116. 3.1 Planning Phase .........................................................
117. 3.1.1 Requirements ............................................
118. 3.1.2 Contents of An Emergency Plan ...............
119. 3.2 Response Phase ........................................................ 19.3.2.1 Pre-Release Phase .....................................
120. 3.2.2 Post-Release Phase ...................................
121. 3.3 Recovery Phase ........................................................
122. 4 Economic Cost Analysis ........................................................ 19.4.1 EFactors Affecting the Economic Costs of a Nuclear Accident ...............................................
123. 4.2 Economic Modelling in the UK ...............................
124. Factors Impacting Health and Economic Cost ......................
125. 5.1 Siting and Demography ............................................
126. 5.2 Source Terms ............................................................
127. 5.3 Weather and Dispersion ............................................ 19.5.4 Food ..........................................................................318
128. 6 Summary ................................................................................ References ........................................................................................
129. Index ......................................................................................................................
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