Super-Finite Engineering

Journal of Applied Physical Science International, 2015

A few applications of the concept of super acceleration in the field of classical mechanics have been presented. Super acceleration (As), defined as the time rate of change of acceleration, will be the characteristic of motion with which an object will be moving when it is acted on by an ever-changing force with respect to time. In the case of rotational motion the ‘AS’ could be produced by the application of a time-varying torque. The extent to which the expressions corresponding to the Newton’s equations of motion, the simple harmonic motion and the rotational motion should get modified when the concept of ‘As' is taken into consideration, has been discussed.

In this writing, a geometrically definitive system assembled from simple mass parts of basic mathematical forms would be presented. The definiteness of the geometrical configuration of the system as described in the writing makes it possible to mathematically determine all the dynamic parameters including the angular acceleration, either analytically or numerically. By ignoring friction, we might obtain the analytical solution of the angular acceleration of the system, from which we might find that, except for few isolated points of zero angular acceleration, this system only has one direction (clockwise) accelerations which makes those isolated points of zero acceleration to be unstable equilibrium positions, and thus once the system starts to rotate, it would keep running with ever increasing angular velocity until the system collapses due to material failure. Thus this system would substantially breach thermodynamics laws.

Natural Science, 2012

The second law of thermodynamics, i.e. the law stating that the entropy in isolated macroscopic system can never decrease, is tightly connected to the work of the device called perpetual motion machine of second kind. Often this law is also defined as the inability to construct such a device. In the current paper we give complete, independent and consistent definitions of static, stationary and changing physical field. Based on that for the first time we give summarising, correct and complete definitions of natural resource machine and perpetual motion machine of second kind as well as motion machine of second kind in the set of tardyons and luxons. We present a principal structure of a motion machine of second kind using which we show that the Clausius statement and its equivalent statements in the thermodynamics can be violated for a practically big interval-time even under equilibrium fluctuations.

IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 2004

Thermodynamics laws have been one of the pillars of the modern science and a foundational block of the modern social philosophy for centuries. Nevertheless, we do not really have logically rigorous reason to complete exclude any chance for the synthetically induced empirical laws to be locally violated somewhere in nature, even if those laws are well observed in the grand universe at large. The direct downwind faster than the wind (DDWFTTW) phenomenon that has been repeatedly observed in many demonstrations and has baffled the scientific community for more than a decade could indeed serve as an example of the nominal local violation of the generally observed thermodynamics laws, which is the manifestation of the more general mechanism in nature for nominally perpetual motion to happen. This paper would offer a careful mechanical analysis about how it is possible for the DDWFTTW vehicles to achieve the direct downwind faster than the wind effect through the unintentionally implemented self-feedback mechanism, as well as an in depth dynamic discussion on how the self-feedback mechanism would help the DDWFTTW vehicle to replenish its needed energy to make possible a nominal perpetual motion in violation of the thermodynamic laws and thus to make the DDWFTTW vehicle qualified as perpetual motion machine. Further, this paper would also discuss how the mechanism behind the originally ideal sportive DDWFTTW vehicles could be applied to build viable power generation facilities and public transportation vehicles.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

In this research paper, we wanted to show that a perpetual motion for the shaft of the machine doesn't require expensive energy sources.The infinite amount of external energy supply is achieved; by designing a machine that uses the freely available natural energy from the surrounding, and this machine must be a hybrid one. This hybrid machine contains a mechanical system, an electrical system, and a switching device. The rotating mass is in the vacuum chamber, it rotates on the bearing supports with the energy obtained from the conservative work done due to gravity, the electrical system uses electrical energy, and this electrical energy is for the magnetic force to repel and attract the rotating mass which is attached, with a permanent magnet at its tip. This electrical energy must be from the solar cell to charge the battery for the electrical energy. The switching device is for periodically switching on and off; the timing of switching on and off for the electrical circuit is by sensing the position of the permanent magnet; when it is near the electromagnet or within the magnetic field for repulsive or attractive force. And the outcome of this is the continuous supply of shaft power for perpetual motion of the shaft that is an integrated structure with the rotating mass. I. INTRODUCTION When we talk about the perpetual motion machine we know that; an infinite amount of external energy is supplied to cause such a motion. The structural strength of the machine is vital because it should not break when operated for an infinite time. From this motion machine much useful work can be assigned and achieved, especially the energy conversion part. In this research paper, we concentrate on how to extract the crude and natural free form of energy which is available infinitely in the surrounding for perpetual motion by using the hybrid machine. This hybrid machine, as the name suggests is a combination of two or more system that operates on a different principle. According to the energy input, these systems of the machines operate differently; one works only on mechanical energy, whereas the other works on electromagnetism. The mechanical system has a shaft integrated with a rotating arm, and at the tip of this arm; a permanent magnet is attached. The shaft rotates to convert the potential energy of the mechanical system mass to kinetic energy, and this mechanical system is supported by the bearings that are attached to the main support. The ball bearings are for friction reduction. The electrical system with the electrical energy input from the battery is charged by the solar cells and has a supporting stand to support the electromagnet. The electromagnet has a core of ferrous metal and winding. This system is also equipped with a sensor switch to on and off the circuit of the electrical system periodically when the rotating arm reaches the space of the magnetic field of the electromagnet.

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1981

The superconducting linear synchronous machine (LSM) has been shown t o be a h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t means o f p r o p u l s i o n f o r a p p l i c a t i o n t o advanced ground t r a n s p o r t systems. W e have shown t h a t i t would also appear to have s i g n i f i c a n t advantages i n marine engineering, e.g. f o r t h e p r o p u l s i o n o f l a r g e c o m m e r c i a l s h i p s , t a n k e r s and m i l i t a r y v e s s e l s , where the basic requirements of h i g h t o r q u e a t r e l a t i v e l y l o w s h a f t speeds, together w i t h t h e ease o f r e v e r s i b i l i t y , a r e r e a d i l y met. A d e s i g n u t i l i s i n g t h e c i r c u l a r f o r m o f t h e LSM as a s h i p ' s d r i v e m o t o r has been proposed and t h e d e t a i l s o f a s p e c i f i c f o r m o f t h e LSM, namely t h e l i n e a r commutator machine (LCM) are discussed. The many advant a g e s o f t h i s t y p e o f h e t e r o p o l a r machine a r e 1 i s t e d and compared with the superconducting homopolar motors which have been developed f o r s h i p p r o p u l s i o n . I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t s f l e x i b i l i t y i n d e s i g n , t h e b u i l t -i n redundancy factors , hence r e 1 i a b i 1 i ty, t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r d e s i g n d e t a i l s o f t h e c r y o g e n i c magnets and t h e armature winding are described. I n t r o d u c t i o n Large commercial ships, tankers and military v e s s e l s a l l r e q u i r e h i g h powers f o r p r o p u l s i o n a t l o w p r o p e l l e r speeds, e.g. .high torque at low revolutions. Superconducting motors can be designed t o meet these requirements without the use of the mechanical gearboxes r e q u i r e d i n conventional drive systems and, l i k ewise, they can be readily driven i n reverse. Superconducting motors f o r m a r i n e p r o p u l s i o n can be r o u g h l y d i v i d e d i n t o homopolar machines and t h e linear, synchronous and commutator types. The homopolar motor has been pioneered and thoroughly investigated i n t h e UK by Appleton e t a l l y 2 who have stressed t h e b e n e f i t s o f t h i s m o t o r i n t h e i r p u b l i c a t i o n s . Some o f t h e s e can be summarized as f o l l o w s :any form o f p r i m e mover can be employed t o power the motor and the units, consisting of prime mover/generator, can be l o c a t e d anywhere i n t h e employed f o r t h e d i s c h a r g e of cargo i n p o r t s thus obviating the need t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l a u x i l i a r y power f o r t h i s purpose, t h e r e 1 i a b i l i t y o f t h e p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m c a n b e i n c r e a s e d b y p r o v i d i n g f o r a number o f power units to supply the propulsion motors, reversing and other gearboxes can be eliminated, (vi) the system can be c o n t r o l l e d t o o p e r a t e w i t h maximum f u e l economy a t a l l times. A l l these advantages hold, not only for homopolar but also for heteropolar linear synchronous and commutator motors having superconducting field windings. However, t h e r e a r e some a d d i t i o n a l a d v a n t a g e s f o r t h e l a t t e r two because o f t h e h e t e r o p o l a r n a t u r e o f t h e i r f i e l d windings. For example, t h e homopolar machine w i l l o n l y have one o r p o s s i b l y two s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g f i e l d c o i l s , so t h a t , i n t h e case o f a c o i l f a i l u r e , t h e m o t o r c a p a c i t y i s reduced by 100 t o 50 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y . The h e t e r o p o l a r f i e l d w i n d i n g s , on t h e o t h e r hand, can be b u i l t as an array of separate standard units (10 or more) so t h a t f o r one o r more f a i l u r e s o n l y r e l a t i v e l y small reduction i n t h e t o t a l o u t p u t c a p a c i t y of the motor w i l l result. Another advantage of these machines i s t h e i r v e r y h i g h e f f e c i e n c y i n t h a t t h e a r m a t u r e one has the freedom to design the heteropolar motor for e i t h e r h i g h c u r r e n t and low voltage or alternatively, low current and high voltage; the homopolar marine propulsion system, on t h e o t h e r hand, i s e s s e n t i a l l y a low voltage, high current device. Although the heteropolar machine has the disadvant a g e o f p o s s i b l e a.c. losses i n the superconductor these can be reduced t o n e g l i g i b l e amounts by the proper designing of an eddy current screen. Design Details E i t h e r t h e l i n e a r s y n c h r o n o u s o r t h e l i n e a r commutator machine can be designed i n a r o t a r y f o r m f o r ship propulsion.

Mechanics of Materials, 2005

The Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering of the US Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored a workshop to identify cutting-edge research needs and opportunities, enabled by the application of theoretical and applied mechanics. The workshop also included input from biochemical, surface science, and computational disciplines, on approaching scientific issues at the nanoscale, and the linkage of atomistic-scale with nano-, meso-, and continuum-scale mechanics. This paper is a summary of the outcome of the workshop, consisting of three main sections, each put together by a team of workshop participants.

New scientist (1971), 2014

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017

We have developed a new type of superconducting synchronous rotating machine whose self-induction is cancelled out, with the intention of achieving a very high power-to-weight ratio including the weight of the cooling system. Magnetic cores are used to direct the magnetic field from permanent magnets on the rotors onto superconducting wires on the stator, and the reaction of the Lorenz force is used to drive the rotors. Cancellation of self-induction in the cores enables the elimination of core-losses and magnetic saturation, permitting the core mass to be reduced significantly, and also reducing ac losses in the superconducting wires. In this work a prototype prepared using 100 m of second generation high temperature superconductor (2G-HTS) wire is described, and its characteristics are measured and compared with a numerical simulation. The ac losses in the superconducting wires, which dominate internal losses in this machine, are estimated at about 1 W/Hz at 77 K. We conclude that electrical rotating machines with power-to-weight ratios comparable to jet engines could be developed with 2G-HTS wire.