A Sociolinguistic Study of Language Policy in Algeria

References (136)

1. Abu-Haidar, F. (2000): ‗Arabisation in Algeria': International Journal of Francophone Studies-3(3), 151-63.
2. Ager, D. (1996): Language Policy in Britain and France. The Process of Policy. London: Cassel. Ali Chaouch, L. (2006): A Sociolinguistic Study of French: The case of Oran. Unpublished Magister thesis. University of Oran.
3. Al-Shalabi, S.A.R. (1984): ‗Modern Arabic terminology and bilingual lexicography:Activities and problems'. In J. Swales & H. Mustafa (Eds.), English for specific purposes in the Arab world (pp. 280-291). Birmingham, UK: The Language Studies Unit, University of Aston in Birmingham.
4. Bell, R. (1976): Socio-linguistics: Goals, Approaches and Problems. B.T Batsford LTD: GB Beaugé, F. (2004) : ‗Algérie, envies de la vie'. Le Monde, 7 April, 16-17.
5. Benali-Mohamed, R. (2007): A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Tamazight in Algeria with a special reference to the Kabyle Variety. Unpublished Ph. D Thesis. Oran University.
6. Bencherfa, Y. (1987) : Les algériens et leurs rapports avec la langue. Alger : Editions ENAP. Benhattab, A.E.K, L. (2005): Aspects of Code Switching, Code Mixing, and Borrowing in the Speech ob Berber Speakers In Oran. Unpublished MA Thesis. Oran University. Algeria Benmesbah, A. (2003):‗Un système éducatif en mouvement' [An educational system on the move].
7. Le Français dans le Monde 330, 12-13.
8. Benrabah, M. (2002) : ‗L'urgence d'une réforme scolaire en Algérie [Urgency for a school reform]'. Libération (2 October), 7.
9. Benrabah, M. (2007): ‗The Language Situation in Algeria'. In: Kaplan, R.B and Baldauf, R. B. (ed), Language Planning and Policy in Africa: Algeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria and Tunisia Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, Vol. 2, 25-148.
10. Bentahila, A. (1983): ‗Language Attitudes among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco'. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
11. Bentahila, A. and Davies, E. (1992): ‗Convergence and Divergence: Two Cases of Language Shift in Morocco'. In Fase, W. Jaspaert, K Kroon, S. (eds.), Maintenance and loss of minority languages, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company.
12. Bloomfield, L. (1933): Language, Holt Rinehart and Winston Ed, New York.
13. Bouamrane, A. (1988): Aspects of the Sociolinguistic Situation in Algeria . Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Aberdeen University, Scotland.
14. Bouhadiba, F. A.N. (2002): ‗Language at work: A case study'. Revue Maghrébine des Langues 1, 13-29.
15. Boukli-Hacene, A.E.S.R. (2006): Language Management, Language Planning and Social Change in Algeria: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Unpublished Magister thesis. University of
16. Oran. Campbell, L. (1998): Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
17. Camps, G. (1987) : Les Berbères. Mémoire et identité [Berbers. Past and Identity]. Paris: Errance. Camps, G. (1980) : Berbères aux marges de l'histoire, éditions des hiferides, Paris.
18. Chaker, S. (1984) : Textes en linguistique berbère. Introduction au domaine berbère. Paris: Editions du CNRS.
19. Chaker, S. (1995) : Linguistique berbère. Etudes de syntaxe et de diachronie, Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters.
20. Cooper, R. L. (1989): Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Cormack, D.F.S. (1991): (ed). The Research Process in Nursing. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
22. Creswell, J.W. (1994): Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. California: Stage Publications.
23. Crystal, D. (2000): Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Daoud, M. (1992): ‗Arabisation in Tunisia: the tug of war'. Issues in Applied Linguistics Dendane.Z. (2006): Sociolinguistic Variation and Attitudes towards Language Behavious in an Algerian Context: The Case of Tlemcen Arabic.
25. Eastman, C. M. (1983): ‗Language Planning. An introduction'. San Francisco: Chandler and Sharp Publishers Inc.
26. Edwards, J. (1994): Multilingualism. London & New York: Routledge, 97-102
27. Edwards, J. (1992): ‗Socio-political Aspects of Language Maintenance and Loss: Towards a Typology of Minority Language Situations'. In Fase, W. Jaspaert, K Kroon, S. (eds.), Maintenance and loss of minority languages, Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company
28. Eisner,E.W. &Peshkin, A. (Eds). (1990): Qualitative inquiry in education: The continuing debate. New York : Teachers College Press.
29. Al Aissati, A. (2001): ‗Ethnic identity, language shift and the Amazigh voice in Morocco and Algeria'. Race, Gender and Class 8 (3), 57-69
30. El-biad, M. (1985): A Sociolinguistic Study of the Arabisation Process and its Conditioning Factors in Morocco. Unpublished Dissertation. State University of New York. Buffalo, New York.
31. Eliman, A. (1989) : ‗Questions Linguistique et Algérianité'. In Algérie-Actrualité, (1262), Decembre 21-28 1989
32. Ennaji, M. (2005): Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco. Springer.
33. Entelis, J.P. (1981): ‗Elite political culture and socialization in Algeria: Tensions and Discontinuities'. Middle East Journal 25, 191-208.
34. Eveno, P. (1994): ‗L'Algérie'. Le Monde editions.
35. Fasold, R. (1984) : The Sociolinguistics of Society, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
36. Ferguson, C.A. (1959): Diglossia . In Word, 429-439
37. Ferguson, C.A. (1968): ‗Language development'. In: Fishman J.A., Ferguson, C.A. and Das Gupta, J. (eds) (1968).
38. Fishman, J.A. (1972): ‗Language and Nationalism. Two Integrative Essays'. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.
39. Fishman, J.A. (1980): ‗ Language policy, past, present, and Future'. In Language in the USA,C. A. Ferguson & S.B. Heath (eds.), Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 516-526
40. Fishman, J.A. (1983) ‗Sociology of English as an additional language'. In B.B. Kachru (ed.)
41. The Other Tongue. English Across Cultures (pp. 15-22). Oxford: Pergamon.
42. Fleish, H. (1964) : ‗Arabe Classique et Arabe Dialectal'. Revue de Presse, Algiers.
43. Glesne, C and Peshkin, A. (1992): Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction. New York: Longman Gordon, D.C. (1962):Africa's French Legacy 1954-1962. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Gordon, D. C. (1966): The Passing of French Algeria. London: Oxford University Press.
45. Gordon, D.C. (1978): The French Language and National Identity. The Hague: Mouton.
46. Gorman, T. P. (1973): ‗Language Allocation and Language Planning in a Developing Nation'. In: Language Planning: Current issues and Research, J. Rubin & R. Shuy (eds.), Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C., 72-82
47. Granguillaume, G. (1983) : Arabisation et Politique Linguistique au Maghreb [Arabisation and Language Policy in the Maghreb]'. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose.
48. Grandguillaume, G. (1990): ‗Language and legitimacy in the Maghreb'. In B. Weinstein (ed.) Language Policy and Political Development (pp. 150-66). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
49. Grandguillaume, G. (1991) : ‗Arabisation et langues maternelles dans le contexte national au Maghreb' [Arabisation and mother tongues in the national context in the Maghreb].
50. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, 45-54.
51. Grandguillaume, G. (1997b) : ‗Arabisation et démagogie en Algérie' [Arabisation and demagogues in Algeria].
52. Le Monde Diplomatique (February), 3.
53. Grandguillaume, G. (2002) : ‗Les enjeux de la question des langues en Algérie' [The issues of the language question in Algeria].
54. In R. Bistolfi and H. Giordan (eds) Les Langues de la Méditerranée (pp. 141-65). Paris: L'Harmattan.
55. Gravel, L. (1979): A sociolinguistic investigation of multilingualism in Morocco. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University Teachers College.
56. Gumperz, J. (1982): ‗Social network and linguistic shift'. In : Gumperz John (ed) (1989), Discourse Strategires, CUP.
57. Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. (eds.) (1972): Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
58. Haddadou, M. A. (2000) : Le Guide de La Culture Berbère .Paris :Edition Paris- Méditerranée.
59. Hadjarab, M (2000) : ‗L'Algérie au Péril de l'Arabisation', in Lettres sur la Loi de la Généralisation de l'Arabisation. Paris.
60. Haarmaan, H. (1990): ‗Language planning in the light of a general theory of language: a methodological framework'. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 86:103-126.
61. Hall, R. A. (1951): American linguisitics, 1925-950'. Archivum Linguisticum 4 (1): 1-16 and 2: 41-42.
62. Hammoud, M.S.D. (1982): ‗Arabicization in Morocco: A case study in language planning and language policy attitudes'. PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
63. Haugen, E. (1956): Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide. Publications of the American Dialects Society 26.
64. Haugen, E. (1966b): Language Conflict and Language Planning: The case of Modern Norwagian (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).
65. Haugen, E. (1966a): ‗Linguistics and language planning', in Sociolinguistics, W. Bright (ed.) ( The Hague: Mouton), 50-71.
66. Haugen, E. (1969): ‗Language planning, theory and practice' in: Actes du X e Congrés International des Linguistes, Bucarest, 1967, Graur (ed.) ( Bucarest: Editions de L'Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie), 701-711.
67. Haugen, E. (1971): ‗Instrumentalism in language planning', in: Can Language be Planned?, Joan Rubin and B. Jernudd (eds.)( Honolulu: East-West Centre and Univ. Press of Hawaii), 281-289.
68. Hoffman, C. (1991): An Introduction to Bilingualism. Longman group UK: England.
69. Holmes, J. (1992): Sociolinguistics: An Intoduction. London: Longmans.
70. Hornberger,N. (1994): ‗Literacy and language planning'. In Language and Education.8.75-
71. Howlett, M. and Ramesh M. (1996): Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Subsystems. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
72. Hudson, R.A. (1996): (2 nd Ed) Sociolinguistics. CUP: Cambridge.
73. Huebner, T. (1996): ‗Introduction', in T. Huebner (ed.), Sociolinguistic perspectives: papers on language in society by Charles A. Ferguson, 1959-1994. New York: Oxford University Press. 3-15.
74. Ibn Khaldoun. (1995) : Histoire des Berbères et des Dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, Trad. G. de Slane, Geuthner, 4 t. Paris -Klute (Georg).
75. Jernudd, Bjorn H. & Neustupny, Jiri V. (1986): ‗Language Planning: For Whom?' Comments presented at the International Colloquium of Language Planning in Ottawa, May 1986.
76. Jernudd, B.H. (1971): ‗Notes on economic analysis for solving language problems'. In: Can language be planned?, Joan Rubin and B. Jernudd (eds.) (Honolulu: East-West Center and Univ. Press of Hawaii), 263-276.
77. Jernudd, B.H. and Das Gupta, J. (1971): ‗Towards a theory of language planning'. In J. Rubin and B.H. Jernudd (eds) Can Language be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations (pp. 195-215). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
78. Kadri A. (1992) : Le droit à l'enseignement et l'enseignement du droit, PhD thesis under the supervision of professeur Jean-Claude Passeron, 1992-l'E.H.E.S.S.
79. Kaplan, R.B. and Baldauf, Jr. R.B. (1997): ‗Language Planning from Practice to Theory'. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
80. Kloss, H. (1966): ‗German-American language maintenance efforts'. In J. Fishman (ed.), Language loyalty in the United States. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 206-52.
81. Kumar, R. (1996): Research Methodology. A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. London: Sage Publications.
82. Lakehal-ayat, K. (2008): Is the Algerian Educational SystemWeakening? An Investigation of the High School Curricula and their Adequacy with the University Curricula. PhD Unpublished thesis. University of Constantine.
83. Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. (1985): Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage Publications.
84. Marçais, W. (1930) : ‗La Diglossie Arabe'. In : L'Enseignement Public, Janvier 1931, 401- 409. Marçais, W. (1958): ‗ The western dialects'. Encyclopedia of Islam, 1958, 578-83.
85. Marshall, C and Rossman, G. (1980) : Designing Qualitative Research. California: Sage Merriam, S.B. (1988): Case Study Research in education: A Qualitative Approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Miles and Huberman. (1994): Qualitative Data Analysis. Newbury park, CA: Sage.
86. Miliani, M. (2001): 'Teaching English in a multilingual context : the Algerian case'. In Mediterranean Journal of Education Studies. Vol 6/1: 13-29 Malta.
87. Miller, G.A. (1950): ‗Language Engineering'. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 22(6): 720-5.
88. Mostari, H.A, (2005): ‗The Language Question in the Arab World: Evidence from Algeria'. Journal of Language and Learning Vol.3 No.1 2005 ISSN 1740-4983. 36-52.
89. Mostari, H.A. (2004): ‗A sociolinguistic perspective on Arabisation and language use in Algeria'. Language Problems and Language Planning 28 (1), 25-43.
90. Mouhleb, N. (2005): Language and Conflict: Kabylia and the Algerian State. MA Thesis in Arabic. University of Oslo.
91. MucLaughlin, L.J. (1972): ‗Towards a definition of Modern Standard Arabic'. In: Archivum Linguisticum, Vol III, 57-74.
92. Murphy, D. F. (1977): -Colonial and Post Colonial Language Policies in the Maghreb‖. In Maghreb Review, 2 (2), 1-9.
93. Myers-Scotton, C. (1993): ‗Elite closure as a powerful language strategy: The African case'. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 103, 149-63.
94. Neustupny, J.V. (1970): ‗Basic types of treatment of language problems'. In Linguistic Communications, 1, 77-98.
95. Noss, R. (1967): ‗Language Policy and Higher Educaation'. Vol. 3. Paris: UNESCO and the International Association of Universities.
96. Paulston, C. B. (1983): 'Language Planning'. In Language Planning and Language Education, ed. Chris Kennedy, 55-65. London: George Allen & Unwin.
97. Pratt, M.L. (1987 ): ‗Linguistic Utopias'. The linguistics of writing: Arguments between Writing and Literature ed. By Nigel Fabb et al., 48-66: Manchester: Manchester University Press.
98. Ray, P.S. (1963). ‗Language standardization'. Studies in Perspective Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
99. Roberts, H. (1980): ‗Towards an understanding of the Kabyle question in contemporary Algeria'. Maghreb Review, 5(5-6), 115-124
100. Rubin, J. (1971): ‗Evaluation and Language Planning', in : Can Language be Planned?', Joan Rubin and B. Jernudd (eds.) (Honolulu: East-West Center and Univ. Press of Hawaii), 217-252. Reprinted in: Advances in the Sociology of Language II, J. A. Fishman (ed.) (The Hague: Mouton, 1972).
101. Rubin, J. and Jernudd, B.H. (1971): ‗Introduction: Language planning as an element in Modernization'. In J. Rubin and B.H. Jernudd (eds) Can Language be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations (pp. xiii-xxiv). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
102. Saad, Z. (1992): ‗Language planning and policy attitudes: A case study of arabization in Algeria'. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Columbia University Teachers College.
103. Saadi-Mokrane, D. (2002): ‗The Algerian linguicide'. In A.E. Berger (ed.) Algeria in Others'Languages (pp. 44-59). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
104. Salomon , G. (1991): ‗Transcending the qualitative -quantitative debate : The analytic and systemic approaches to educational research'. Educational Researcher , 20(6), 10-18.
105. Sebaa, R. (2002) : L'Algérie et la langue Française. L'altérité partagée. Editions Dar El Gharb Schiffman, H.F. (1996): Linguistic Culture and Language Policy. London: Routledge.
106. Sherman , L. (1988) : A comparative study of cooperative and competitive achievement in two secondary biology classrooms : ‗The group investigation model versus and individually competitive goal structure'. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 26(1). 55-64.
107. Shouby, E. (1951): ‗The influence of the Arabic language on the psychology of the Arabs'. Middle East Journal 5, 284-302 1973 Year 1973: increasing popularity for the Berber militant song; most popular singer: Aït Menguellet.
108. March, decision requiring competence in Arabic by civil servants in the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education, and the Ministry of the Interior. September, Mouloud Mammeri's teaching of Berber language and culture in the University of Algiers, tolerated since October 1965, was abolished by the Ministry of Higher Education.
109. October, Ruling N° 73-55 turned all national seals in Arabic in the administration.
110. November, the National Commission for Arabisation was created under the auspices of the FLN party. 12-20 December, Algiers is the site for the 2nd Pan-Arab Congress for Arabisation. 1974 5 December, report of the National Commission for Arabisation on the state of Arabisation in Algeria. 1975 14-17 May, the government convened the First National Conference for Arabisation to accelerate the Arabisation process. May, total Arabisation of the judicial system was implemented. September, Arabisation of humanity subjects (geography, history and philosophy) in the secondary cycle. 1976 1 March, all public signs (streets, highways, stores, administrative buildings) and car licence plates were Arabised.
111. April, private and religious schools banned by decree.
112. April, Algeria's Official Journal published the re-organisation of the educational system based on 'Arabo-Islamic values and the socialist conscience'. June, the police affixed seals on the Berber publication known as the 'Fichier berbère' (created in 1946 and was mainly concerned with the study of the Kabylian language).
113. June, the National Charter approved by referendum with 98.5% of the votes. On page 65, centralisation and monolingualism in Arabic are reaffirmed, Tamazight is totally ignored and French is referred to as a 'foreign language'. July, inauguration of the first promotion of completely Arabised magistrates. 27 August, Thursday-Friday becomes weekend, instead of Saturday-Sunday. September, reform of the educational system and implementation of an experimental schooling system ('Fundamental School').
114. November, the second Constitution of Algeria was acclaimed by referendum (99.18%). Article 3 reads: 'Arabic is the national and official language. The state must see to generalise its use.' 21 December, the Ministry of the Interior recruited 50 Arabised female police inspec- tors.
115. 1977 January, total Arabisation of the regional daily (Oran) paper El Djoumhouria. 25 February, election of the Popular National Assembly (parliament).
116. -27 April, cabinet reshuffle and Mostefa Lacheraf became Minister of Primary and Secondary Education: pause in the overhasty process of Arabisation.
117. June, demonstration of Kabylian football supporters in Algiers stadium in the pres- ence of President H. Boumediene; among slogans chanted: 'The Berber language will live', 'Down with dictatorship', 'Long live democracy'.
118. 1979 March, the old opposition party, the FFS, reactivated in 1977, demanded in its 'Political Platform Pre-Project': 'The Berber language has the right of citizenship in the Berber polity, an inalienable right that neither internal colonialism nor foreign colonialism can ban. It must be institutionalised and developed as a national language [ . . . ]. Only obscurantist's apprentices and mercenary flunkeys would like to oppose the Arabic language to the Berber language.'
119. March, cabinet reshuffle: Mohamed Cherif Kharroubi replaced Mostefa Lacheraf as Minister of Primary and Secondary Education: implementation of total Arabisation, religious instruction and the Fundamental School. June, violent incidents among the Berber-speaking community. September, French was taught as the first obligatory foreign language in the Fourth Grade and English in the Eighth Grade. November, Arabised students at the University of Algiers go on strike: they demand immediate Arabisation of administration. 1980 3 January, the FLN Central Committee made public its decisions on education: it re-launched Arabisation.
120. January, the Ministry of the Interior sent a circular to all government agencies and administrations concerned with employment urging them to consider Arabised candidates for job recruitments.
121. 9-22 February 1980, the Commission for Education and Culture of the FLN party announced its national plan for the Arabisation of the administration. 10 March, the authorities banned Mouloud Mammeri's conference on ancient Berber poetry to be held in the university of Tizi Ouzou (the administrative centre of Kabylia).
122. April, general strike in Tizi Ouzou and Kabylia ('Berber Spring').
123. -31 August, many militants of democracy and the Berber cultural movement organ- ised the first independent meeting on the issue of language and identity in Algeria (Seminar in Yakouren, Kabylia); the platform demanded, among other things, the 'institutionalisation of the people's languages (Algerian Arabic and Tamazight) as national languages'.
124. September, Decree for the Arabisation of the first year in the following university disciplines: social sciences, law and administration, political sciences, and economic information;
125. November, the Ministry of Higher Education created the Permanent Commission for Arabisation. December, creation of the High Council for the National Language following the recommendation of the Central Committee of the FLN Party (meeting of June 1980). 1981
126. March, Decree N° 81-28 relating to the transcription of proper names in Arabic. 14 March, the Arabisation of the milieu was decreed (Decree N° 81-36). May, the transcription of names of towns and localities in Latin letters based on Arabic pronunciation (Decree N° 81-27).
127. September, the Minister of Higher Education announced the creation of four university Departments for the study of popular cultures and dialects (Algiers, Oran, Constantine and Annaba).
128. 1982 7 July, a Master's degree on popular culture was established in the Institutes of Arabic Language and Culture in the universities of Algiers, Oran, Constantine and Annaba. 1984 9 June, the National Assembly passed the Family Code based on Shari'a. 1986 1986, new National Charter was promulgated which read: 'the Arabic language is an essential constituent part of the cultural identity of the Algerian people' (p. 51);
129. 'Alge- rians are Arab and Moslem people' (p. 109).
130. August, foundation of the Algerian Academy for the Arabic Language under the patronage of the President of the Republic (Law N° 86-10).
131. September, 'minority foreign languages' (German, Italian, Russian, Spanish) were removed from Middle Schools.
132. 1987 February, the Ministry of Higher Education opened the Higher National Institute for Popular Culture in Tlemcen. November, foundation of Bendali School (private institution) for the education of political military and educational elites' children.
133. 1988 September, government's banning of Algerians' enrolment in educational institutions controlled by the Office Universitaire et Culturel Français. 4-10 October, riots in Algiers and other large cities (600 dead) followed by political liberalisation. 1989 23 February, new (third) Constitution passed by referendum; in Article 3, Arabic remained the single national official language.
134. 2003 March, creation of the National Association for the Defence of Francophonia in Alge- ria. 13 August, Article 6 of Ruling No. 03-09 legalised private schools which had existed in a legal vacuum. September, implementation of parts of the recommendations made by the CNRSE: French introduced as the 1st obligatory foreign language in 2nd year in primary cycle, English in 1st year in Middle School as the 2nd obligatory foreign language. 2004 26 December, Abderrazak Dourari became Head of the Institute for the Planning of Tamazight 2005 August, after the last round of talks between Kabylia's representatives and the Prime Minister: agreement on making Tamazight official without resorting to a referendum.
135. In Benrabeh 2007: 72-77, from Chaker, 1998: 209; Cherrad Benchefra & Derradji, 2004: 160-4;
136. Grandguillaume, 1983: 184-93; Guenoun, 1999: 14-89; Mansouri, 1991: 167-173