Title: UKOPA Pipeline Product Loss Incidents and Faults Report

2008

PETROLIAM Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) is Malaysia’s national oil and gas corporation and its subsidiary, PETRONAS Gas Berhad (PGB) processes, transports and supplies natural gas and utilities to petrochemical plants. PGB through its operating division, Transmission Operations Division (TOD) currently operates and maintains the nation’s 2,554 km of high pressure gas pipelines ranging from NPS 2 up to NPS 48. TOD has been operating the pipelines for over 24 years and has kept good track record with regard to pipeline safety. TOD’s management team leads a group of highly progressive and skilled engineers, technicians as well as administrative personnel. To assist the personnel in managing the integrity of the pipeline system, the management ensures that the organisation is equipped with management systems that position TOD at par with world recognized pipeline operators. The paper will emphasise and deliberate on each of the management systems as follows:

Failure in gas pipelines can potentially cause substantial human and economic losses. This work presents the failure analysis of a section of a steel pipeline buried underground. A cylindrical section of this line, failed under unknown circumstances. Chemical and mechanical characterization of the steel pipe section was performed. Optical microscopy, optical emission spectroscopy and hardness test were performed near the failure origin site in order to identify the morphology, surface texture & composition of the failure site. Based on the microscopic and visual analyses, a corrosive mechanism sequence was identified as follows: pipes outer surface was exposed to corrosive medium which initiated the corrosion sequence. The clues were traced down and failure reasons were investigated thoroughly

International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of reliability engineering to oil and gas (O&G) pipeline systems with the aim of identifying means through which reliability engineering can be used to improve pipeline integrity, specifically with regard to man-made incidents (e.g. material/weld/equipment failure, corrosion, incorrect operation and excavation damages). Design/methodology/approach A literature review was carried out on the application of reliability tools to O&G pipeline systems and four case studies are presented as examples of how reliability engineering can help to improve pipeline integrity. The scope of the paper is narrowed to four stages of the pipeline life cycle; the decommissioning stage is not part of this research. A survey was also carried out using a questionnaire to check the level of application of reliability tools in the O&G industry. Findings Data from survey and literature show that a reliability-centred approach can be applied a...

2012

Good industry standards are nowadays available to support logical and consistent approaches to many of the key processes of pipeline integrity management (PIM).This paper presents a case study within Europe where a PIM system was customized to the individual needs of a pipeline operator. It reviews the underlying principles of customization and examines how codified processes, rules and standards can be used during customization to ensure conformity with industry best practices. Moreover, the paper examines the nature, roles and interactions of the three main components of PIM people, processes and technology with the aim of improving the delivered value of the PIM program. Furthermore it describes a software-aided process of this automated geographical pipeline centerline creation as the basis for a High Consequence Area Analysis and how it is finally utilized to provide the necessary input on immediate defect criticality prioritization and a risk-based mitigation strategy.

IJRASET, 2021

Export pipelines are of inestimable value to the oil and gas industry, as they have continuously provided a path and means for hydrocarbon transportation. The most recent report from the UK HSE shows that there are about 1372 pipelines installed in the UK North-sea and about 442 of them are ageing export pipelines. The most unique function of these pipelines is to convey fluids from HC wells to the available processing facility; which are applicable for both onshore and offshore applications. During the useful life of these pipelines, they encounter various degradations that range from fatigue, corrosion, thermal expansion, spans, erosion and many other associated third-party challenges. It is the responsibility of duty holders to ensure that these degradations do not propagate into triggering hazardous and catastrophic incidents, to this effect, it is necessary for operators to protect the state of these pipelines by the application of an efficient management structure known as Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS).

This research work on the analysis of oil pipeline failures in oil and gas industries in the Niger delta area of Nigeria was carried out to ascertain the causes of these failures. Information on pipeline conditions was gathered for the period between 1999 and 2010. Observations showed that the major causes of failure include: Ageing, Corrosion, Mechanical failures-welding defects, pressure surge problems, stress, wall thickness, etc. From the data got and results that were obtained, recommendations were given on measures to minimize these failures. According to the Gas and Oil Pipeline Standards (GOST) of Nigeria, the standard lifetime of a pipeline is 33 years but this research findings revealed that 42% of failures were mechanically induced, 18% by corrosion, third party activity contributed 24%, 10% through operational error and 6% by natural hazards. Besides applying good cathodic protection, or anti-corrosive agents, reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) seems to be the best remedy, as it is able to withstand many factors that lead to failures. The use of RTPs is therefore recommended as a good measure against pipeline failures in the Oil and Gas Industries in Nigeria.

African Journal of Engineering and Environment Research Vol.6(2) 2024, 2024

The quest for continuous managing our operating plants systems to achieve a greateroutput optimization of process operation and systems maximization, the need for researches on quality mitigation of unforeseen system operation faults. Several research studies have been conducted over the years using several methods to mitigate the system-faults that may occur. However, the methods adopted in this study are: risk assessment framework, determination of risk level and analysis of data. The Maiduguri depot plant is a vital component of the NorthEast regional petroleum distribution network. Unfortunately, it faces distinctive challenges concerning of illoperations that requires the determination of acceptable risk levels for its pipeline and operations. Other challenges encompass geographical vulnerability, security threats, operational significance, regulatory compliance, and data limitations. In summary, the comprehensive risk assessment of Maiduguri Refinery Depot's pipeline systems has provided valuable insights into the varying risk levels associated with each segment. The findings indicate that Segment 2 poses a high risk due to a combination of elevated probability and severe consequences, necessitating immediate attention and targeted risk mitigation efforts. On the other hand, Segments 1 and 3 align with acceptable risk criteria, reflecting relatively lower likelihoods and less severe consequences. The incident frequency and severity rates further underscore the importance of a nuanced approach to risk management, tailored to the specific characteristics of each segment. These results align with existing studies as seen in the open literatures.

2008

This article presents the failure investigation of internal pitting corrosion on a 30-in (0.762-m) diameter sibsea oil pipeline in western offshore India. Detailed laboratory and analytical studies were made on the failed sample to establish the cause and mechanism of failure. This article describes the analysis methodology, the probable corrosion and failure mechanism, and recommended presentive measures.

2010 8th International Pipeline Conference, Volume 1, 2010

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a major concern for most gas and oil pipeline operators. Extensive efforts continue to be made to develop strategies for a better management of the problem. The quantification of the life cycle and risk of SCC rupture for a post inspection integrity assessment requires knowledge of (1) Quality of Inspection, namely POD (Probability of Detection), POI (Probability of Identification) and Actual Sizing Tolerance (2) Material and Metallurgy; (3) Appropriate Assessment Methods; and (4) Crack Growth Rates. Previous experience gained from the crack detection inspections showed POD and POI for deep cracks are generally high, with sizing limited up to 40% wt. The uncertainty in sizing for shallow cracks is usually higher, and may not meet the specified tolerance at a specified certainty and confidence level. POD, POI and sizing accuracy can be affected by the inspection operation including speed, other defects and geometry irregularity along the pipeline. T...

Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2003

T his paper examines the key parameters for risk assessment near to oil=gas pipelines with particular reference to ames. In particular it examines out ow characteristics of the different uids handled. It then examines the consequence modelling; more particularly the surface emissive powers of the ames, the failure rate data, the consequences using the Piper Alpha reball and nally failure statistics. It is shown that the out ow characteristics are more complex than might be expected; the assessment of surface emissive powers has to be done with care; and nally, older pipelines distort the failure rate statistics or failure modes which are not relevant to a modern pipeline system. One speci c conclusion of this paper is that the land-use planning zones round modern landlines may be reduced by more rigorous analysis of both effects of the leakage and the appropriate pipeline failure data, both in frequency and spectrum. This paper uses hitherto unpublished information and therefore some of the sources must remain con dential.