Policy Instruments and Financial System

Environmental Quality Management, 2000

A study of "harmless" odors was utilized as a platform for determining the cost impact of environmental effects resulting from management decisions. The cost to society of "harmless" odors eventually leads to internal costs for companies emitting the odors. It is easier to determine societal costs for "harmless" odors than to estimate the internal costs that eventually accrue to a company. However, larger societal costs will lead to larger company costs; larger societal costs probably also lead to faster company internalization of costs.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Social and Economic Impacts of Air Pollution, 2024

Air pollution is a grave global problem with serious socioeconomic and public health consequences, especially in economies undergoing rapid industrialization like India. This study examines the multiple effects of air pollution focusing on health, economic, and social costs, while proposing sustainable solutions to avert the crisis. The analysis incorporates data from 2019 to 2021 with indicators concerning air quality (such as AQI, PM2.5) and their short- and long-term effects on respiratory, cardiovascular, and mental health. Econometric models including time series and panel data methods examine direct and indirect costs such as rising healthcare expenses, reduced productivity of the workforce, and agricultural loss. The case studies from Chennai, Muzaffarnagar and Nagpur illustrate the success of localized interventions, including stringent emission controls and the use of technological innovations such as AI-enabled air quality monitoring. Among other recommendations are promotion of renewable energy, improvement in public transportation, adoption of electric vehicles, and, never to forget, crop residue management practices. The study calls for harmonized action between governments, industries, and communities to keep economic growth and environmental sustainability in equilibrium. Its conclusions typified the transformation of the air pollution crisis in India into an opportunity for leading sustainable development backed by technological advances, raising of public awareness, and systematic reforms.

Abdella Mohammed Ahmed (M.Sc.), 2024

 Pollution may be defined as addition of undesirable material into the environment as a result of human activities. There are, also, other definitions. Some of them are; → Pollution is the contamination of soil, water, or air by discharging harmful substances. → Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment, of whatever predetermined or agreed upon proportions. This occurs when only short-term economic gains are made at the cost of the long-term ecological benefits for humanity. → Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings. “Harmful” mean an adverse effect on adverse effect on anthropogenic or natural non-living structures, or a reduction in the air‟s visibility  Pollution can happen in different form. o These contaminants, in general, cause instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms therein.  The agents which cause environmental pollution are called pollutants. → Pollutants may be defined as a physical, chemical or biological substance unintentionally released into the environment which is directly or indirectly harmful to humans and other living organisms. → Pollutants can be classified into

Globalisation, Transport and the Environment, 2010

Infrastructure and the Complexity of Economic Development, 1996

2015

The environmental and economic effects of European emissions trading 441

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2002

A framework that allows a simple qualitative assessment of both technical and socioeconomic aspects of environmental harm has been developed; that is a framework that captures not only the physical aspects of damage but also how society may feel about it, Technical characteristics of harm include spatial and temporal extent, severity, irreversibility and uniqueness. Social aspects include dread, distrust, equity and imposition, By plotting these on separate axes of a graph it is possible to assess those attributes of greatest concern, draw conclusions as to the nature of the harm, and public perception of it, as well as gaining some insight into appropriate courses of action. The results of applying the methodology to a radioactive release are presented and placed in the context of a range of other air pollution hazards.

for helpful comments. Andres Gonzalez and Eva Lyubich generously provided research assistance for this project. All errors are our own. 1 As we will discuss in the next section, we use "damage function" to refer to a function that translates exposure into differences in individual well-being or welfare (i.e., social costs).

Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 2018

This paper attempted to present a simple workable accounting framework for allocating the costs of pollution damages on various polluting sources .The government and specialized authorities can use the cost allocation models to impose tax and fees on pollutant sources. Accordingly, pollutant sources are obliged to disclose taxes and fees explicitly in its financial statements as part of product or service costs. At the same time, the accounting profession could develop these measures while considering new projects that are expected to produce potential pollution damages. These measures will help as control devices to issuing licenses for establishment and operation of new enterprises. Also, usage of the proposed framework over a period of time will help in control the pollutant emissions within permissible levels internationally which is one necessary step of applying the concept of green accounting and sustainable development. A simple numerical example illustrates the theoretical ...

Air Quality - Measurement and Modeling, 2016