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Dentistry

Genetic Aspects of Tooth Eruption: A Systematic Review

Profile image of Elza Ibrahim AuerkariElza Ibrahim Auerkari

2020

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Abstract

Tooth eruption is the movement of a tooth from its growth site in the alveolar bone to its functional place in the oral cavity. This process continues for life, and does not stop even when teeth have reached the occlusal plane. It is still unclear how and when proceeds in detail the process of teeth eruption into the oral cavity, and the related studies are still rare, especially from the genetic aspects. The aim of this study is to systematically review the latest studies on the genetic aspects of tooth eruption. A systematic search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, using the Pubmed database using the keywords "genetic," "tooth eruption," and "tooth emergence." The activated Pubmed filtering criteria included the article type, publication time, subject study, and age. The filtering was carried out manually based on the factors of nonduplication, feasibility of the complete manuscript and physiological tooth eruption, and absence of dise...

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Tooth eruption versus tooth emergence
Maram Qasim, PhD, Ashraf Shaweesh

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The use of the term 'eruption' to designate the moment a tooth breaks out through the gum is a common linguistic misconception. We think the term 'emergence' is more appropriate. However, the dental literature has employed the term 'eruption' much earlier and more frequently. In this paper, we have addressed this misconception in detail, provided some statistics about the use of the two terms in the dental literature and provided our recommendations.

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Genetic analysis of familial non-syndromic primary failure of eruption
Sylvia Frazier-Bowers

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 2009

Objectives-While some eruption disorders occur as part of a medical syndrome, primary failure of eruption (PFE) -defined as a localized failure of secondary tooth eruption -exists without systemic involvement. Recent studies support that heredity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PFE. The objective of our human genetic study is to investigate the genetic contribution to PFE. Materials and Methods-Four candidate genes POSTN, RUNX2, AMELX, and AMBN) were investigated due to their relationship to tooth eruption or putative relationship to each other. Families and individuals were ascertained based on the clinical diagnosis of PFE. Pedigrees were constructed and analyzed by inspection to determine the mode of inheritance in 4 families. The candidate genes were directly sequenced for both unrelated affected individuals and unaffected individuals. A genome wide scan using 500 microsatellite markers followed by linkage analysis was carried out for one family.

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Idiopathic failure of eruption of multiple permanent teeth: Report of 2 adults with a highlight on molecular biology
Arunachalam Sivakumar

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2007

Multiple unerupted teeth with no obvious etiology is a rare dental anomaly. Various local and systemic factors have been implicated in the failure of eruption of multiple permanent teeth. But the localization of the genetic defect in the phenotype of failure of eruption is largely unknown at present. Our aims in this article were to consolidate and organize the available information regarding the molecular biology of tooth eruption and to corroborate the current evidence with the report of 2 adult cases of failure of eruption of multiple permanent teeth without a known cause.

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Eruption of Permanent Teeth
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Introduction: Tooth eruption is a long and complex physiological process whichis responsible for the tooth’s movement from its site of development in the jaw’s bone where itis formed until reaching the occlusal plane and starting its function. Objectives: The objectivesof this study were to assess the eruption of permanent teeth according to gender in localpopulation. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Three hundred School children agedbetween 6-15 years were included in this study. Period: The study was conducted in September2017. Material and Methods: Data was collected by undertaking the oral examination of eachchild present on the day of examination. Results: A sample of 300 children was studied; TheMean age and standard deviation was 9.86 ± 2.057 respectively. Frequency of male to femalesubjects remained 150 (50%) and 150 (50%) respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion we foundthat as per the normal eruption dates, delayed eruption was seen in all the teeth of both gen...

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Genome-wide association study identifies four loci associated with eruption of permanent teeth.
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The sequence and timing of permanent tooth eruption is thought to be highly heritable and can have important implications for the risk of malocclusion, crowding, and periodontal disease. We conducted a genome-wide association study of number of permanent teeth erupted between age 6 and 14 years, analyzed as age-adjusted standard deviation score averaged over multiple time points, based on childhood records for 5,104 women from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Four loci showed association at P,5610 28 and were replicated in four independent study groups from the United States and Denmark with a total of 3,762 individuals; all combined P-values were below 10 211 . Two loci agreed with previous findings in primary tooth eruption and were also known to influence height and breast cancer, respectively. The two other loci pointed to genomic regions without any previous significant genome-wide association study results. The intronic SNP rs7924176 in ADK could be linked to gene expression in monocytes. The combined effect of the four genetic variants was most pronounced between age 10 and 12 years, where children with 6 to 8 delayed tooth eruption alleles had on average 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.9-4.1) fewer permanent teeth than children with 0 or 1 of these alleles.

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A study on the eruption sequence of primary and permenant teeth in a group of children in kafr el sheikh governorate, Cairo Egypt
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Brief Communication: The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption
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The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive evidence-based atlas to estimate age using both tooth development and alveolar eruption for human individuals between 28 weeks in utero and 23 years. This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study of archived material with the sample aged 2 years and older having a uniform age and sex distribution. Developing teeth from 72 prenatal and 104 postnatal skeletal remains of known age-at-death were examined from collections held at the Royal College of Surgeons of Eng-land and the Natural History Museum, London, UK (M 91, F 72, unknown sex 13). Data were also collected from dental radiographs of living individuals (M 264, F 264). Median stage for tooth development and eruption for all age categories was used to construct the atlas. Tooth development was determined according to Moor-rees et al. (J Dent Res 42 (1963a) 490–502; Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (1963b) 205–213) and eruption was assessed relative to the alveolar bone level. Intraexa-miner reproducibility calculated using Kappa on 150 teeth was 0.90 for 15 skeletal remains of age <2 years, and 0.81 from 605 teeth (50 radiographs). Age categories were monthly in the last trimester, 2 weeks perinatally, 3-month intervals during the first year, and at every year thereafter. Results show that tooth formation is least variable in infancy and most variable after the age of 16 years for the development of the third molar. Am J Phys Anthropol 000:000–000,

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Phenotypes, Genotypes, and Treatment Options of Primary Failure of Eruption: A Narrative Review
Roberto Vernucci

Oral

Tooth eruption is a complex process, during which a series of factors can cause a failure of it. Among this, primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a non-syndromic condition that leads to an incomplete tooth eruption despite the presence of a clear eruption pathway. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overall view about clinical considerations, genetics-related aspects, and possible treatments of PFE based on the latest findings. A literature search using the PubMed/Medline and Scopus database was performed. The search terms used were “PFE”, “orthodontics”, “primary failure of eruption”, and “treatment”, and all the articles, according to the inclusion criteria, from 2008 until June 2022 were screened. Among them, 12 articles were considered useful to highlight some of the main genotypical and phenotypical aspects and several treatment options. Indeed, if there is a suspicion of primary failure of eruption, a PTH1R screening should be performed, because a mutation in thi...

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The Eruption Sequence of Primary and Permanent Teeth in a Group of Children
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2021

Aim: Determine eruption dates & sequence and to correlate between chronological and developmental age of eruption of primary and permanent teeth. Methods: Study sample consisted of 1526 apparently healthy children of both genders, 1020 children were selected from schools, and 506 children were selected from children attending Maternal and Child Welfare Centers. Results: Eruption sequence in primary teeth in both genders was: lower primary central incisor (LA), Upper primary central incisor (UA), upper primary lateral incisor (UB), lower primary lateral incisor (LB), upper primary first molar (UD), lower primary first molar (LD), Upper primary canine (UC), lower primary canine (LC), lower primary second molar (LE), and upper primary second molar (UE). Sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in boys was: lower permanent first molar (L6), lower permanent central incisor (L1), lower permanent lateral incisor (L2), upper permanent central incisor (U1), upper permanent lateral incisor (U2...

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CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF TOOTH ERUPTION
Sylvia Frazier-Bowers

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 2002

Given that the unerupted tooth is encased in alveolar bone, an understanding of the biology of bone resorption to form an eruption pathway is a central theme in tooth eruption. To that end, Cahill (1969) dissociated tooth movement from eruption pathway formation by placing transmandibular wires over dog premolars prior to the onset of eruption. An eruption pathway formed in the alveolar bone above the temporarily impacted premolars, and when the wires were removed, the tooth rapidly erupted. In succedaneous dentition, this pathway follows the gubernacular canal above each tooth; i.e., bone resorption widens this canal to allow the crown to move through it and exit the alveolar bone . Thus, there is a template (gubernacular canal) for the eruption pathway, and, at a given time, bone resorption by osteoclasts will ABSTRACT: Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Mononuclear cells (osteoclast precursors) must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. These cells, in turn, fuse to form osteoclasts that resorb alveolar bone, forming an eruption pathway for the tooth to exit its bony crypt. Some of the molecules possibly involved in the signaling cascades of eruption have been proposed in studies from null mice, osteopetrotic rodents, injections of putative eruption molecules, and cultured dental follicle cells. In particular, recruitment of the mononuclear cells to the follicle may require colony-stimulating factor-one (CSF-1) and/or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Osteoclastogenesis is needed for the bone resorption and may involve inhibition of osteoprotegerin transcription and synthesis in the follicle, as well as enhancement of receptor activator of NFB ligand (RANKL), in the adjacent alveolar bone and/or in the follicle. Paracrine signaling by parathyroid-hormone-related protein and interleukin -1␣, produced in the stellate reticulum adjacent to the follicle, may also play a role in regulating eruption. Osteoblasts might also influence the process of eruption, the most important physiologic role likely being at the eruptive site, in the formation of osteoclasts through signaling via the RANKL/OPG pathway. Evidence thus far supports a role for an osteoblast-specific transcription factor, Cbfa1 (Runx2), in molecular events that regulate tooth eruption. Cbfa1 is also expressed at high levels by the dental follicle cells. This review concludes with a discussion of the several human conditions that result in a failure of or delay in tooth eruption.

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Genetic Etiology Of Development Alterations Affecting The Number, Size, Form, Structure And Eruption Of The Teeth
Blanca Urzua

2020

Teeth develop in the mammalian embryo via a series of interactions between the odontogenic epithelium and the neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme of the early jaw primordia. The molecular interactions required to generate a tooth are mediated by families of signaling molecules, which often act reiteratively in both a temporal and spatial manner. In humans, the process of odontogenesis lasts approximately 18 years, beginning in the 6th-8th week in the uterus and ending with the formation of the third molars in late adolescence. Each tooth passes through a series of stages that follow the same pattern, beginning with the formation of the bud, then cap and bell, followed by the deposit of enamel and dentin on the crown of the tooth. After the crown is formed, the development of the roots continues and finally the teeth emerge in the oral cavity, when about 2/3 of the roots have formed. Alterations in the indicated processes lead to a wide range of abnormalities that affect the number, size, shape of teeth and structural defects in mineralized tissues, as well as failures in dental eruption. The prevalence of these disorders may be as common as 2, 4% in hypodontia or extremely rare as 1 in 100,000 in dentin dysplasia. The spectrum of these anomalies, which may A

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Genome-wide association study of primary tooth eruption
Inga Prokopenko

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Twin and family studies indicate that the timing of primary tooth eruption is highly heritable, with estimates typically exceeding 80%. To identify variants involved in primary tooth eruption we performed a population based genome-wide association study of 'age at first tooth' and 'number of teeth' using 5998 and 6609 individuals respectively from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and 5403 individuals from the 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC1966). We tested 2,446,724 SNPs imputed in both studies. Analyses were controlled for the effect of gestational age, sex and age of measurement. Results from the two studies were combined using fixed effects inverse variance meta-analysis. We identified a total of fifteen independent loci, with ten loci reaching genome-wide significance (p<5x10 -8 ) for 'age at first tooth' and eleven loci for 'number of teeth'. Together these associations explain 6.06% of the variation in 'age of first tooth' and 4.76% of the variation in 'number of teeth'. The identified loci included eight previously unidentified loci, some containing genes known to play a role in tooth and other developmental pathways, including a SNP in the protein-coding region of BMP4 (rs17563, P= 9.080x10 -17 ). Three of these loci, containing the genes HMGA2, AJUBA and ADK, also showed evidence of association with craniofacial distances, particularly those indexing facial width. Our results suggest that the genome-wide association approach is a powerful strategy for detecting variants involved in tooth eruption, and potentially craniofacial growth and more generally organ development.

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Mechanism and control of tooth eruption: overview and clinical implications
Sylvia Frazier-Bowers

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 2009

Authors -Proffit WR, Frazier-Bowers SA Objectives -To review pre-and post-emergent eruption, with particular emphasis on distinguishing isolated molar ankylosis from primary failure of eruption (PFE) and genetic considerations in eruption problems. Material and Methods -Radiographic review of eruption failure patients; animal and human experiments; high precision observations of movements of erupting teeth.

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The etiology of eruption disorders - further evidence of a 'genetic paradigm
Sylvia Frazier-Bowers

Seminars in orthodontics, 2010

The clinical spectrum of tooth eruption disorders includes both syndromic and non-syndromic problems ranging from delayed eruption to a complete failure of eruption. A defect in the differential apposition/resorption mechanism in alveolar bone can cause conditions such as tooth ankylosis, primary failure of eruption, failure of eruption due to inadequate arch length and canine impaction. As our knowledge of the molecular events underlying normal tooth eruption has increased, so too has our understanding of clinical eruption disorders. The recent finding that one gene, parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R), is causative for familial cases of primary failure of eruption (PFE) suggests that other disturbances in tooth eruption may have a genetic etiology. In this report, we evaluated the current terminology (ankylosis, PFE, secondary retention, etc.) used to describe non-syndromic eruption disorders, in light of this genetic discovery. We observed that some individuals previously diag...

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