Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Analysis Procedure
Results
Conclusion
References
All Topics
Computer Science
Computer Vision

Quality of Experience in a Stereoscopic Multiview Environment

Profile image of Jonathan GoisJonathan Gois

2017, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia

https://doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2017.2714425
visibility

…

description

14 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

In this paper we investigate how visualization factors, such as disparity, mobility, angular resolution and viewpoint interpolation, influence the Quality of Experience (QoE) in a stereoscopic multiview environment. In order to do so, we set up a dedicated testing room and conducted subjective experiments. We also developed a framework that emulates a super-multiview environment. This framework can be used to investigate and assess the effects of angular resolution and viewpoint interpolation on the quality of experience produced by multiview systems, and provide relevant cues as to how the baselines of cameras and interpolation strategies in such systems affect user experience. Aspects such as visual comfort, model fluidity, sense of immersion, and the 3D experience as a whole have been assessed for several test cases. Obtained results suggest that user experience in an motion parallax environment is not as critically influenced by configuration parameters such as disparity as initially thought. In addition, extensive subjective tests have indicated that while users are very sensitive to angular resolution in multiview 3D systems, this sensitivity tends not to be as critical when a user is performing a task that involves a great amount of interaction with the multiview content. These tests have also indicated that interpolating intermediate viewpoints can be effective in reducing the required view density without degrading the perceived QoE.

Related papers

Impact of disparity error on user experience of interacting with stereoscopic 3D video content
Haiyue Yuan

2013 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW), 2013

The stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) displays can offer immersive experience to the audience by artificially stimulating binocular stereopsis in the human visual system. The binocular disparity between the left and right view is the key factor in creating the impression of depth, distinguishing the stereo 3D video from other types of video paradigms. Taking into consideration of the imperfections of current disparity estimation algorithms, this paper focus on the impact of disparity error on the user experience of pointing and selecting stereo 3D content. The conducted user study into perception tolerance suggests that users can tolerate disparity errors to a certain degree, where the level of tolerance varies with perceived distance from the screen. In addition, the study demonstrates that for a typical interaction task, reduction of accuracy is proportional to the disparity level of targeted 3D objects.

View PDFchevron_right
Enhancement of viewer comfort in stereoscopic viewing: parallax adjustment
Janusz Konrad

1999

abstract One of the major deficiencies of stereoscopic visualization, viewer discomfort, can be caused by the non-robustness of human perception or by excessive 3D cues in the viewed images. In order to minimize this discomfort, the amount of parallax within each stereo pair needs to be reduced. Similarly to the case of'continuous look-around', parallax adjustment requires the knowledge of images from virtual cameras. In the case of parallel geometry, the virtual cameras are located on the line between the true cameras.

View PDFchevron_right
An experimental study on the relationship between maximum disparity and comfort disparity in stereoscopic video
Zq Chen

It is well known that some viewers experience visual discomfort when looking at stereoscopic displays. The disparity is one of the key factors that affect visual comfort in 3D contents, and there is a comfortable disparity range for a person. In this paper, we explore the comfort disparity, which correlates with the optimal viewing distance, as a function of the maximum disparity for an individual. Firstly, the individual maximum disparities of 14 subjects were measured. Then the subjects were asked to rate the comfort scores for a 3D video sequence with different disparity, to evaluate the individual comfort disparity. The results show that as the individual maximum disparity increased, the corresponding comfort disparity increased, and we found a correlation coefficient of r=0.946. The average ratio between the comfort disparity and the maximum disparity was approximately 0.72, and this ratio can be used for one to determine the optimal 3D viewing distance by a rapid method.

View PDFchevron_right
The effect of stereoscopic acquisition parameters on both distortion and comfort
Rob Black

The purpose of our experiments was to investigate the effect of interaxial camera separation on the perceived shape and viewing comfort of 3D images. Horizontal Image Translation (HIT) and interaxial distance were altered together. Following Banks et al (2009), our stimuli were simple stereoscopic hinges and we measured the perceived angle as a function of camera separation. We compared the predictions based on ray tracing with the perceived 3D shape obtained psychophysically. 40 participants were asked to judge the angles of 250 hinges at different camera separations (interaxial and HIT linked a 20-100mm; angle range: 50°-130°). Comfort data was obtained using a five point Likert scale. Stimuli were presented in orthoscopic conditions with screen and observer Field of View (FOVO) matched at 45°. Our main results are: (1) For the 60mm camera separation, observers perceived a right angle correctly, but at other camera separations right angles were perceived as larger than 90° (camera separations > 60mm) or smaller than 90° (camera separations < 60 mm).

View PDFchevron_right
A comprehensive database and subjective evaluation methodology for quality of experience in stereoscopic video
Touradj Ebrahimi

2010

ABSTRACT While objective and subjective quality assessment of 2D images and video have been an active research topic in the recent years, emerging 3D technologies require new quality metrics and methodologies taking into account the fundamental differences in the human visual perception and typical distortions of stereoscopic content.

View PDFchevron_right
Re-viewing 3D - Implications of the Latest Developments in Stereoscopic Display Technology for a New Iteration of 3D Interfaces in Consumer Devices
Andreas Kratky

2010

The wide-spread interest in 3D imagery that was proliferated by successful recent film experiences has triggered a wave of research and investment in immersive 3D visualization techniques. A new domain of deployment for these display systems will be that of handheld mobile devices with diverse and heterogeneous usage scenarios. The design of interfaces for these devices and usage patterns will pose a complex set of research questions revolving around the integration of virtual space, real space and social space. This article identifies some of the main threads and research directions in this complex.

View PDFchevron_right
A metric of visual comfort for stereoscopic motion
Diego Abraham Gutierrez Gutierrez

ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2013

We propose a novel metric of visual comfort for stereoscopic motion, based on a series of systematic perceptual experiments. We take into account disparity, motion in depth, motion on the screen plane, and the spatial frequency of luminance contrast. We further derive a comfort metric to predict the comfort of short stereoscopic videos. We validate it on both controlled scenes and real videos available on the internet, and show how all the factors we take into account, as well as their interactions, affect viewing comfort. Last, we propose various applications that can benefit from our comfort measurements and metric.

View PDFchevron_right
Enhancing 3D Applications Using Stereoscopic 3D and Motion Parallax
Christof Lutteroth

2012

Abstract The interaction with 3D scenes is an essential requirement of computer applications ranging from engineering and entertainment to architecture and social networks. Traditionally 3D scenes are rendered by projecting them onto a 2-dimensional surface such as a monitor or projector screen. This process results in the loss of several depth cues important for immersion into the scene. An improved 3D perception can be achieved by using immersive Virtual Reality equipment or modern 3D display devices.

View PDFchevron_right
Understanding user experience in stereoscopic 3D games
Maic Masuch

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2012

Recent advances in digital game technology are making stereoscopic games more popular. Stereoscopic 3D graphics promise a better gaming experience but this potential has not yet been proven empirically. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study that evaluates player experience of three stereoscopic games in comparison with their monoscopic counterparts. We examined 60 participants, each playing one of the three games, using three selfreporting questionnaires and one psychophysiological instrument. Our main results are (1) stereoscopy in games increased experienced immersion, spatial presence, and simulator sickness; (2) the effects strongly differed across the three games and for both genders, indicating more affect on male users and with games involving depth animations; (3) results related to attention and cognitive involvement indicate more direct and less thoughtful interactions with stereoscopic games, pointing towards a more natural experience through stereoscopy.

View PDFchevron_right
Creating and analyzing stereoscopic 3D graphical user interfaces in digital games
Maic Masuch

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2013

Creating graphical user interfaces (GUI) for stereoscopic 3D (S3D) games is a difficult choice between visual comfort and effect. We present a S3D Game GUI Design Space and a list of S3D-specific attributes that emphasizes integrating visually comfortable interfaces into the game world, story and S3D view. To showcase our approach, we created two GUI concepts and evaluated them with 32 users. Our results show quality improvements for a combination of bottom position and visual attachment for a menu. In a referencing interface, placing the reference near to the target depth significantly improved perceived quality, game integration, and increased presence. These results confirm the need to create S3D GUIs with perceptual constraints in mind, demonstrating the potential to extend the user experience. Additionally, our design space offers a formal and flexible way to create new effects in S3D GUIs.

View PDFchevron_right

References (51)

  1. L. Zhang and W. J. Tam, "Stereoscopic image generation based on depth images for 3D TV," IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 191-199, June 2005.
  2. V. De Silva, A. Fernando, S. Worrall, H. K. Arachchi, and A. Kondoz, "Sensitivity analysis of the human visual system for depth cues in stereoscopic 3-D displays," IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 498-506, 2011.
  3. J. Gutiérrez, F. Jaureguizar, and N. García, "Subjective comparison of consumer television technologies for 3d visualization," Journal of Display Technology, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 967-974, 2015.
  4. S. Reichelt, R. Häussler, G. Fütterer, and N. Leister, "Depth cues in human visual perception and their realization in 3d displays," in Proceedings of SPIE, 2010, pp. 76900B-76900B-12.
  5. ISO/IEC SC29WG11, "Summary of Call for Evidence on Free- Viewpoint Television: Super-Multiview and Free Navigation," Output doc., 116th MPEG Meeting, Oct 2016.
  6. F. Pereira, E. A. B. da Silva, and G. Lafruit, "Plenoptic imaging: Repre- sentation and processing," Academic Press, To appear in R. Chellappa and S. Theodoridis, Academic Press Library in Signal Processing.
  7. T. Ebrahimi, S. Foessel, F. Pereira, and P. Schelkens, "JPEG Pleno: Toward an Efficient Representation of Visual Reality," IEEE MultiMedia, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 14-20, 2016.
  8. L. Janowski and M. Pinson, "The Accuracy of Subjects in a Quality Experiment: A Theoretical Subject Model," IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2210-2224, 2015.
  9. E. Bosc, R. Pepion, P. Le Callet, M. Koppel, P. Ndjiki-Nya, M. Pres- sigout, and L. Morin, "Towards a new quality metric for 3-d synthesized view assessment," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1332-1343, 2011.
  10. M. S. Farid, M. Lucenteforte, and M. Grangetto, "Objective quality metric for 3d virtual views," in Proceedings of ICIP, 2015, pp. 3720- 3724.
  11. Junyong You, Liyuan Xing, Andrew Perkis, and Xu Wang, "Perceptual quality assessment for stereoscopic images based on 2d image quality metrics and disparity analysis," in Proceeding of the VPQM, January 2010.
  12. T. Kim, J. Kang, S. Lee, and A. C. Bovik, "Multimodal interactive continuous scoring of subjective 3D video quality of experience," IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 387-402, 2014.
  13. Atanas Boev, Danilo Hollosi, Atanas Gotchev, and Karen Egiazarian, "Classification and simulation of stereoscopic artifacts in mobile 3DTV content," in Proceedings of SPIE, 2009, vol. 7237, pp. 72371F-72371F- 12.
  14. Jiwoo Kang, Taewan Kim, and Sanghoon Lee, "Implementation of Mul- timodal Interactive Continuous Scoring for 3D Quality of Experience," Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 1133-1149, 2016.
  15. ITU-R, "Subjective assessment of stereoscopic television pictures," Tech. Rep., Rec. BT.1438, 2000.
  16. Jiheng Wang, Perceptual Quality-of-Experience of Stereoscopic 3D Images and Videos, Ph.D. thesis, University of Waterloo, 2016.
  17. F. Qi, D. Zhao, and W. Gao, "Reduced reference stereoscopic image quality assessment based on binocular perceptual information," IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2338-2344, 2015.
  18. W. Zhou and L. Yu, "Binocular responses for no-reference 3D image quality assessment," IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1077-1084, 2016.
  19. S. Tourancheau, M. Sjöström, R. Olsson, A. Persson, and T. Ericson, "Evaluation of quality of experience in interactive 3D visualization: methodology and results," in Proceedings of SPIE, January 2012, vol. 8288, pp. 82880O+.
  20. C. Caudek and D. R. Proffitt, "Depth perception in motion parallax and stereokinesis," Journal of Experimental Psichology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 32-47, 1993.
  21. C. Zhang, Z. Yin, and D. Florêncio, "Improving depth perception with motion parallax and its application in teleconferencing," in Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP'09), October 2009, pp. 1-6.
  22. & WG11, "Technical report of the joint ad hoc group for digital representations of light/sound fields for immersive media applications," Output doc., MPEG 115th Meeting, June 2016.
  23. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1, "JPEG Pleno Call for Proposals on Light Field Coding," Output doc., 73rd Meeting, Oct 2016.
  24. A. G. Ciancio, J. F. L. de Oliveira, F. M. L. Ribeiro, and E. A. B. da Silva, "Quality perception in 3D interactive environments," in Proceedings of ISCAS, 2013, pp. 9-12.
  25. F. M. L. Ribeiro, J. F. L. de Oliveira, A. G. Ciancio, E. A. B. da Silva, L. G. C. Tavares, J. N. Gois, C. D. Estrada, A. Said, and B. Lee, "Impact of angular view density on the user experience in a multiview interactive 3D environment," in Proceedings of VPQM, 2014.
  26. A. K. Moorthy and A. C. Bovik, "A survey on 3D quality of experience and 3D quality assessment," in Proceedings of SPIE, March 2013, vol. 8651, pp. 86510M+.
  27. S. J. Daly, R. T. Held, and D. M. Hoffman, "Perceptual issues in stereoscopic signal processing," IEEE Trans. on Broadcasting, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 347-361, June 2011.
  28. L. Xing, J. You, T. Ebrahimi, and A. Perkis, "Assessment of stereoscopic crosstalk perception," IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 326-337, 2012.
  29. W. Chen, J. Fournier, M. Barkowsky, and P. Le Callet, "Exploration of quality of experience of stereoscopic images: binocular depth," in Proceeding of the VPQM, January 2012, pp. 1-6.
  30. S. Yano, S. Ide, T. Mitsuhashi, and H. Thwaites, "A study of visual fatigue and visual comfort for 3D HDTV/HDTV images," Displays, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 191-201, April 2002.
  31. Y. Takaki, Y. Urano, and H. Nishio, "Motion-parallax smoothness of short-, medium-, and long-distance 3D image presentation using multi- view displays," Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 24, pp. 27180-27197, 11 2012.
  32. S. Pastoor and K. Schenke, "Subjective assessments of the resolution of viewing directions in a multi-viewpoint 3D TV system," Proceedings of the SID, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 217-223, 1989.
  33. D. Runde, "How to realize a natural image reproduction using stereo- scopic displays with motion parallax," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 376-386, April 2000.
  34. F. Speranza, W. J. Tam, T. Martin, L. Stelmach, and C. Ahn, "Perceived smoothness of viewpoint transition in multi-viewpoint stereoscopic displays," in Proceedings of SPIE, June 2005, vol. 5664, pp. 72-82.
  35. M. Tanimoto, Free-Viewpoint Television, pp. 53-76, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
  36. Alioscopy, "Alioscopy autostereoscopic 3D screens," http://www.alioscopy.com/en/home.php, July 2013.
  37. OpenSceneGraph, "Open source high performance 3D graphics toolkit," http://www.openscenegraph.org, July 2013.
  38. Y. Takaki, "Development of Super Multi-View Displays," ITE Trans. on Media Technology and Applications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8-14, 2014.
  39. L. H. Hardy, G. Rand, and M. C. Rittler, "Tests for the detection and analysis of color-blindness. I. The Ishihara test: An evaluation," J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 268-275, Apr 1945.
  40. ITU-R, "Subjective methods for assessment of stereoscopic 3DTV systems," Tech. Rep., Rec. BT.2021, 2012.
  41. S. Winkler and D. Min, "Stereo/multiview picture quality: Overview and recent advances," Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1358-1373, 2013.
  42. B. S. Everitt and A. Skrondal, "The Cambridge dictionary of statistics," Cambridge: Cambridge, 2002.
  43. D. C. Montgomery, Design and analysis of experiments, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
  44. URL, "3D: Multi-view interactive 3D environments," Available at http://www.smt.ufrj.br/~tvdigital/3d., May 2016.
  45. M. Zwicker, W. Matusik, F. Durand, and H. Pfister, "Antialiasing for automultiscopic 3D displays," in Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, 2006, pp. 73-82.
  46. M. Pharr and G. Humphreys, Physically based rendering: From theory to implementation, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
  47. ISO/IEC SC29WG11, "Experimental Framework for FTV," Output doc., 110th MPEG Meeting, Oct 2014.
  48. Christoph Fehn, "Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), compression, and transmission for a new approach on 3D-TV," in Proceedings of SPIE, 2004, vol. 5291, pp. 93-104.
  49. Felipe M. L. Ribeiro was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1987. He received his B.Sc. degree in Electronics Engineering from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 2012; he received his M.Sc. from COPPE/UFRJ in 2014 and is now pursuing his D.Sc. degree from COPPE/UFRJ, both in Electrical Engineering. His research interests in- clude image processing, video/image quality evalua- tion, computer vision, machine learning, and pattern recognition.
  50. José F. L. de Oliveira has graduated in Electrical Engineering (1994) from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and received M.Sc. (1997) and D.Sc. (2003) in Electrical Engineering from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). His research interests include signal processing, image compression, and pattern recognition-tracking.
  51. Alexandre G. Ciancio received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ), Brazil, in 1999 and 2001, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, in 2006. He was a Post Doc researcher at COPPE/UFRJ from 2006 to 2007 and took part in research projects at COPPE/UFRJ from 2007 to 2015, including a collaboration with HP on multimedia quality assess- ment. His main areas of interest are distributed compression algorithms and quality assessment of digital video. He is currently at the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI), where he was a patent examiner at the Telecommunications Division from 2009 to 2015. He is now Technical Assistant of the Director of Patents of INPI.

Related papers

Impact of View Angular Density on the User Experience in a Multiview Interactive 3D Environment
Jonathan Gois

In this work we investigate how the angular resolution of a camera system influences the user experience in immersive, interactive 3D applications. In order to investigate that, we developed a parallax-based framework that renders 3D models and tracks the user position by detecting LEDs or infrared markers attached to 3D glasses. The presented framework allows to simulate a system with an arbitrary number of viewpoints by changing the resolution of the users' tracked position. Extensive subjective tests were conducted where users interacted with the 3D models while the number of available viewpoints (angular resolution) was changed.

View PDFchevron_right
Three factors that influence the overall quality of the stereoscopic 3D content: image quality, comfort, and realism
Patricia Ladret

SPIE Proceedings, 2013

View PDFchevron_right
Quality perception in 3D interactive environments
FELIPE LOPES RIBEIRO

2013 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS2013), 2013

In this paper we investigate how configuration and visualization parameters influence the quality of experience in a 3D interactive environment, more specifically in a motion parallax setup. In order to do so, we designed a dedicated testing room and conducted subjective experiments with a team of evaluators. The tests considered parameters such as different disparities, amount of parallax, monitor sizes and visualization angles. Factors such as visual comfort, sense of immersion and the 3D experience as a whole have been assessed. The users were also asked to execute a task in the 3D motion parallax environment assessing the difficulty to complete the task for different parameter configurations. Obtained results suggest that user experience in an immersive environment is not as critically influenced by configuration parameters such as disparity and amount of parallax as initially thought. They also indicate that a better understanding of how this experience is influenced still requires the design and conduction of more comprehensive testing procedures.

View PDFchevron_right
Factors impacting quality of experience in stereoscopic images
Andrew Perkis

SPIE Proceedings, 2011

View PDFchevron_right
Evaluation of quality of experience in interactive 3D visualization: Methodology and results
Anders Persson

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2012

Human factors are of high importance in 3D visualization, but subjective evaluation of 3D displays is not easy because of a high variability among users. This study aimed to evaluate and compare two dierent 3D visualization systems (a market stereoscopic display, and a state-of-the-art multi-view display) in terms of task performance and quality of experience (QoE), in the context of interactive visualization. An adapted methodology has been designed in order to focus on 3D dierences and to reduce the inuence of all other factors. 36 subjects took part in an experiment during which they were asked to solve dierent tasks in a synthetic 3D scene. After the experiment, they were asked to judge the quality of their experience, according to specic features. Results showed that scene understanding and precision was signicantly better on the multi-view display. Concerning the quality of experience, visual comfort was judged signicantly better on the multi-view display and visual fatigue was reported by 52% of the subjects on the stereoscopic display. This study has permitted to identify some factors inuencing QoE such as prior experience and stereopsis threshold.

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

  • Engineering
  • Computer Science
  • Computer Vision

    • Cited by

    Visualization techniques to support CCTV operators of smart city services
    Karol Piniarski

    Multimedia Tools and Applications

    In this paper visualization techniques for modern closed circuit television (CCTV) smart city services are discussed with application to prevention of threats. Unconventional approaches to the intelligent visual data processing are proposed in order to support video surveillance operators, thus to make their work less exhaustive and more effective. Although registration of a huge amount of video data requires development of intelligent and automatic signal processing information extraction techniques, improvement of visualization methods for operators is also a very important task, because of the crucial role the human factor plays and should always play in the decision making, e.g. in the operator reactions to various crisis situations, which can never be fully eliminated by artificial intelligence. Four software based mechanisms connected with a standard or with a slightly extended hardware are proposed as options for the CCTV operators. They utilize rather known ideas but are implemented with new extensions to original algorithms, as well as with additional, innovative modifications and solutions (not presented in the literature). With them they become reliable and efficient tools for the CCTV systems. First, generation of cylindrical panoramas is suggested in order to make

    View PDFchevron_right
    Conditions of a Multi-View 3D Display for Accurate Reproduction of Perceived Glossiness
    Yuichi Sakano

    IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

    Visualizing objects as they are perceived in the real world is often critical in our daily experiences. We previously focused on objects' surface glossiness visualized with a 3D display and found that a multi-view 3D display reproduces perceived glossiness more accurately than a 2D display. This improvement of glossiness reproduction can be explained by the fact that a glossy surface visualized by a multi-view 3D display appropriately provides luminance differences between the two eyes and luminance changes accompanying the viewer's lateral head motion. In the present study, to determine the requirements of a multi-view 3D display for the accurate reproduction of perceived glossiness, we developed a simulator of a multi-view 3D display to independently and simultaneously manipulate the viewpoint interval and the magnitude of the optical interview crosstalk. Using the simulator, we conducted a psychophysical experiment and found that glossiness reproduction is most accurate when the viewpoint interval is small and there is just a small (but not too small) amount of crosstalk. We proposed a simple yet perceptually valid model that quantitatively predicts the reproduction accuracy of perceived glossiness.

    View PDFchevron_right
    580 California St., Suite 400
    San Francisco, CA, 94104
    © 2025 Academia. All rights reserved