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Outline

Title
Abstract
Figures
Introduction 1.1 L'Arbitraire Du Signe
Corpus Analysis
Vector Analysis
Feature Analysis
Results and Discussion
Statistical Approach
Data Survey
Data Structures
Acknowledgements
Summary
Previous Studies
Study 1: Sound Roots
Study 2: Sound and Disrupted Patterns
Objectives
Stimuli and Design
Procedure and Apparatus
Discussion
General Discussion
The Svaa Revisited: A Base-Generation Analysis
Conclusions
Null Subjects in L1 Acquisition
Null Subjects in L2 Acquisition
Participants
Methods
Research Questions
Data Collection and Coding
Results
Null Subjects Production
Null Subjects and Verbal Agreement
Discussion and Conclusion
Overview of the Problem
Introduction
Conclusion
References

The syntax of complex tense in Moroccan Arabic

Profile image of Hamid OualiHamid Ouali

2007, … on Arabic linguistics: papers from the... …

Abstract
sparkles

AI

The study investigates complex tense structure within Moroccan Arabic, examining how tense shapes meaning and interplays with other languages in the region. It seeks to uncover the syntactic nuances and their implications on the language's role in sociolinguistic contexts, particularly in relation to multilingualism, gender dynamics, and language identity in Morocco.

Figures (63)
The least cost alignment is always chosen as representative of the phonetic distance between the pair.
The least cost alignment is always chosen as representative of the phonetic distance between the pair.
Correlation of Semantic and Phonetic Distances
Correlation of Semantic and Phonetic Distances
Correlation of Semantic and Phonetic Distances
Correlation of Semantic and Phonetic Distances
Figure 2. Phrase structure for example (1)
Figure 2. Phrase structure for example (1)
In both Figure 2 and 3, subjects remains in their first merge position, i.e. the specifier-VP position, and do not raise to the surface subject position, i.e. specifier-IP. The Extended Projection Principle (EPP) is responsible for licensing the specifier-IP position. Assuming this position is always present in syntactic structure, i.e. PAPPI will always generate an (initially underspecified) empty NP to fill it, core
In both Figure 2 and 3, subjects remains in their first merge position, i.e. the specifier-VP position, and do not raise to the surface subject position, i.e. specifier-IP. The Extended Projection Principle (EPP) is responsible for licensing the specifier-IP position. Assuming this position is always present in syntactic structure, i.e. PAPPI will always generate an (initially underspecified) empty NP to fill it, core
Parsing: [25] Qa laa y—aCtii zayd-un LF (1}:
Parsing: [25] Qa laa y—aCtii zayd-un LF (1}:
Two random numbers between 0 and 1 are generated for each word. When the first number was above 0.15, prefixation was allowed to occur. When this was true for the second number, suffixation occurred. A random prefix, root, and suffix were selected. If the prefix was allowed to combine with the root, and the root allowed to combine with the suffix, and the root was triliteral, the vowelized word was returned. The words generated yielded an average length of 8.1319 characters, which is slightly higher than the average in the Arabic Treebank (Maamouni et al. 2004). This method, though not ensuring the word category distribution of Arabic, is necessary to both guarantee that our root is triliteral, as well as perform the online evaluation of the 10,000 words. Verifying the roots by running through another morphological analyzer would introduce undesired error into the evaluahonc
Two random numbers between 0 and 1 are generated for each word. When the first number was above 0.15, prefixation was allowed to occur. When this was true for the second number, suffixation occurred. A random prefix, root, and suffix were selected. If the prefix was allowed to combine with the root, and the root allowed to combine with the suffix, and the root was triliteral, the vowelized word was returned. The words generated yielded an average length of 8.1319 characters, which is slightly higher than the average in the Arabic Treebank (Maamouni et al. 2004). This method, though not ensuring the word category distribution of Arabic, is necessary to both guarantee that our root is triliteral, as well as perform the online evaluation of the 10,000 words. Verifying the roots by running through another morphological analyzer would introduce undesired error into the evaluahonc
Figure 1. The hierarchy of MorphoTrees and their annotation using restrictions (cf. Smrz & Pajas 2004). Figure 2. View of annotated paragraph. Note the levels of distinct information.
Figure 1. The hierarchy of MorphoTrees and their annotation using restrictions (cf. Smrz & Pajas 2004). Figure 2. View of annotated paragraph. Note the levels of distinct information.
Figure 3. Analytical tree featuring advanced phenomena like ellipsis of another predicate, deverbal inner objects in adverbial function, or composite auxiliary elements. Note the labels [ExD] (on otherwise coordinative expression), [Adv_Msd], [AuxY] / [AuxP] (compound preposition) or [AuxY] / [ExD], respectively.
Figure 3. Analytical tree featuring advanced phenomena like ellipsis of another predicate, deverbal inner objects in adverbial function, or composite auxiliary elements. Note the labels [ExD] (on otherwise coordinative expression), [Adv_Msd], [AuxY] / [AuxP] (compound preposition) or [AuxY] / [ExD], respectively.
SMRZ, PAJAS, ZABOKRTSKY, HAJIC, MIROVSKY, NEMEC
SMRZ, PAJAS, ZABOKRTSKY, HAJIC, MIROVSKY, NEMEC
Figure 1. Distribution of the dialects along the %V and AC dimensions based on Ghazali et al. (2002)
Figure 1. Distribution of the dialects along the %V and AC dimensions based on Ghazali et al. (2002)
Figure 3. Comparison of %V and AC in three groups of dialects (Algeria + Morocco; Tunisia + Egypt; and Jordan + Syria) based on Ghazali et al. (2002)
Figure 3. Comparison of %V and AC in three groups of dialects (Algeria + Morocco; Tunisia + Egypt; and Jordan + Syria) based on Ghazali et al. (2002)
Figure 4. %V as a function of AC for all subjects in Arabic dialects, from Hamdi (in preparation)
Figure 4. %V as a function of AC for all subjects in Arabic dialects, from Hamdi (in preparation)
Figure 5. Distribution of the Arabic dialects, English, French and Catalan with respect to %V and AC, from Hamdi (in preparation)
Figure 5. Distribution of the Arabic dialects, English, French and Catalan with respect to %V and AC, from Hamdi (in preparation)
Figure 6. ?innaharda elgawwi baarid
Figure 6. ?innaharda elgawwi baarid
Figure 1. Examples of Prime-target Pairs Used in Study/Experiment 1, with Arabic Script, Phonetic Transcription, and Gloss
Figure 1. Examples of Prime-target Pairs Used in Study/Experiment 1, with Arabic Script, Phonetic Transcription, and Gloss
Table 1. Lexical Decision Reaction Times (RTs), Standard Deviations (SD), and Per- centage Error Rates (% error) in Study/Experiment 1
Table 1. Lexical Decision Reaction Times (RTs), Standard Deviations (SD), and Per- centage Error Rates (% error) in Study/Experiment 1
The Stimuli from Study/Experiment 1
The Stimuli from Study/Experiment 1
Unlike Standard Arabic (SA), MA expresses no mood distinctions morphologically; for this reason, we set aside the question of whether mood is syntactically represented in MA clause structure.
Unlike Standard Arabic (SA), MA expresses no mood distinctions morphologically; for this reason, we set aside the question of whether mood is syntactically represented in MA clause structure.
head-head relation that takes place at a distance (rather than in a Spec- head configuration) within a local search domain: As diagrammed in (28), AGREE is an operation that establishes a relationship between an element o (call it a PROBE) with uninter- pretable features and an element f (call ita GOAL) with matching inter- pretable features in the domain of a, whereby the uninterpretable features on the PROBE are valued by the matching interpretable features on the GoAL. Typical examples of uninterpretable features are 9- features or wh-features on functional heads, or Case on nominals. Long distance agreement is attested in natural language grammar, as in English expletive constructions, for example:
head-head relation that takes place at a distance (rather than in a Spec- head configuration) within a local search domain: As diagrammed in (28), AGREE is an operation that establishes a relationship between an element o (call it a PROBE) with uninter- pretable features and an element f (call ita GOAL) with matching inter- pretable features in the domain of a, whereby the uninterpretable features on the PROBE are valued by the matching interpretable features on the GoAL. Typical examples of uninterpretable features are 9- features or wh-features on functional heads, or Case on nominals. Long distance agreement is attested in natural language grammar, as in English expletive constructions, for example:
To account for the distribution of null subjects in languages (such as Chinese and Japanese) that exhibit no morphological agreement and yet allow null subjects, pro is assumed to be identified (pragmatically) in the discourse within a topic chain, via availability of the closest antecedent in the discourse.’
To account for the distribution of null subjects in languages (such as Chinese and Japanese) that exhibit no morphological agreement and yet allow null subjects, pro is assumed to be identified (pragmatically) in the discourse within a topic chain, via availability of the closest antecedent in the discourse.’
Table 2. Distribution of null subjects in the participants’ IL systems
Table 2. Distribution of null subjects in the participants’ IL systems
use of the voiced velar variant [g] in Libya, Sudan, and Upper Egypt, respectively. In Morocco, the situation of the qaaf and its variants appears to be quite complex.'® While the two major variants, that is the voiceless uvular stop [q] and the voiced velar stop [g] appear to be the two major reflexes of the qaaf within the majority of Moroccan Arabic speech communities, the glottal stop variant, the hamza [?], and the voiceless velar stop variant [k] are quite frequently used by a number of speech communities of Moroccan Arabic. Our respondents are undivided on the use of all three variants, that is [ql], [g], and [?] in Morocco with a relatively mixed distribution within major Moroccan urban centers. Thus while the uvular variant [q] continues to mark the speech of major cities’ residents such as Tatouan, Tangier, Kenitra, Sale, the gaaf, namely the uvular [q], and the voiced velar [g], the northeast Arabic communities including those in Libya, Sudan, and Upper Egypt constitute a harmonized block for they exhibit the use of a single variant of the uvular /q/, that is the voiced velar [g], hence the West/East division. Our northeast and northwest African informants were unanimous on the use of the two variants [q] and [g] in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia and on the sole
use of the voiced velar variant [g] in Libya, Sudan, and Upper Egypt, respectively. In Morocco, the situation of the qaaf and its variants appears to be quite complex.'® While the two major variants, that is the voiceless uvular stop [q] and the voiced velar stop [g] appear to be the two major reflexes of the qaaf within the majority of Moroccan Arabic speech communities, the glottal stop variant, the hamza [?], and the voiceless velar stop variant [k] are quite frequently used by a number of speech communities of Moroccan Arabic. Our respondents are undivided on the use of all three variants, that is [ql], [g], and [?] in Morocco with a relatively mixed distribution within major Moroccan urban centers. Thus while the uvular variant [q] continues to mark the speech of major cities’ residents such as Tatouan, Tangier, Kenitra, Sale, the gaaf, namely the uvular [q], and the voiced velar [g], the northeast Arabic communities including those in Libya, Sudan, and Upper Egypt constitute a harmonized block for they exhibit the use of a single variant of the uvular /q/, that is the voiced velar [g], hence the West/East division. Our northeast and northwest African informants were unanimous on the use of the two variants [q] and [g] in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia and on the sole
Table 2. Distribution of Major Reflexes of the qaaf across Arabic Dialects
Table 2. Distribution of Major Reflexes of the qaaf across Arabic Dialects

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  354. Ɂanna, 39, 45-50, 55-57 annexation, improper, 85-90, 92, 93
  355. ANOVAs, 129-130 aphasia, 64
  356. Arabic Algerian, 97, 104, 107-108, 125, 157, 248, 255, 256
  357. Baghdadi, 247, 265-266 Bahraini, 152, 247, 251, 253
  358. Beiruti, 247, 266
  359. Cairene, 247, 250, 251
  360. Classical, 164, 248, 255, 262, 268- 270, 274, 276-277, 283 Colloquial Arabic, 266-267, 269
  361. Educated Spoken, 271-272 Egyptian 97, 101, 104, 107-108, 112, 122, 180, 247, 252, 258-259, 266 Gulf, 175, 247, 261, 266-267
  362. Iraqi, 97, 115, 247, 253 Jordanian, 97, 100, 104, 108-109, 247, 252, 259, 265 Kuwaiti, 152, 248
  363. Lebanese, 97, 247
  364. Maghrebi, 247
  365. Moroccan, 34, 97-99, 101-102, 104-105, 108, 116, 119-120, 167, 176-182, 184-185, 187, 192, 197, 199, 243, 245-247, 252-255, 266, 268-274, 276-302
  366. Najdi, 247, 253, 262, 266
  367. North, 151
  368. Qatari Arabic, 152-154, 162, 164- 166, 168-170, 172-176, 250-251, 266 Quranic, 248
  369. Standard, 63, 100, 122, 125, 139, 178, 187, 190, 250, 257-258, 263, 268-274, 276-277, 279, 282-284, 286-288, 290-291, 294, 297, 299- 300 Sudanese, 248, 257, 266
  370. Syrian, 97, 100, 104-105, 107, 112, 247, 260, 266
  371. Tamīmī, 247
  372. Tunisian, 97, 101, 104, 107-108, 110-111, 117, 120-121, 123, 139, 247, 252 Western, 104
  373. Arabization, 268-269, 273-274, 277- 278 aspect, 63, 178, 180-181, 184, 199 imperfective, 182, 184, 186, 194 perfective, 179, 182, 184, 186, 194
  374. CURRENT ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC THEORY E. F. K. Koerner, Editor Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Typologie und Universalienforschung, Berlin efk.koerner@rz.hu-berlin.de
  375. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (CILT) is a theory-oriented series which welcomes contributions from scholars who have significant proposals to make towards the advancement of our understanding of lan- guage, its structure, functioning and development. CILT has been established in order to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of linguistic opinions of scholars who do not necessarily accept the prevailing mode of thought in linguistic science. It offers an outlet for meaningful contributions to the current linguistic debate, and furnishes the diversity of opinion which a healthy discipline must have. A complete list of titles in this series can be found on the publishers' website, www.benjamins.com
  376. Detges, Ulrich and Richard WalteReit (eds.): The Paradox of Grammatical Change. Perspectives from Romance. v, 254 pp. Expected February 2008
  377. Nicolov, Nicolas, Kalina BoNtcheva, galia aNgelova and Ruslan MitKov (eds.): Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing IV. Selected papers from RANLP 2005. 2007. xii, 307 pp.
  378. BaaUW, sergio, Frank DRijKoNiNgeN and Manuela PiNto (eds.): Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2005. Selected papers from 'Going Romance' , Utrecht, 8-10 December 2005. 2007. viii, 338 pp.
  379. MUghazy, Mustafa a. (ed.): Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX. Papers from the twentieth annual symposium on Arabic linguistics, Kalamazoo, Michigan, March 2006. xii, 247 pp. Expected December 2007
  380. BeNMaMoUN, elabbas (ed.): Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XIX. Papers from the nineteenth annual symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Urbana, Illinois, April 2005. xiv, 274 pp. + index. Expected December 2007 288 toivoNeN, ida and Diane NelsoN (eds.): Saami Linguistics. 2007. viii, 321 pp. 287 caMacho, josé, Nydia FloRes-FeRRáN, liliana sáNchez, viviane DéPRez and María josé caBReRa (eds.): Romance Linguistics 2006. Selected papers from the 36th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), New Brunswick, March-April 2006. 2007. viii, 340 pp.
  381. WeijeR, jeroen van de and erik jan van der toRRe (eds.): Voicing in Dutch. (De)voicing -phonology, phonetics, and psycholinguistics. 2007. x, 186 pp.
  382. sacKMaNN, Robin (ed.): Explorations in Integrational Linguistics. Four essays on German, French, and Guaraní. ix, 217 pp. Expected January 2008
  383. 284 salMoNs, joseph c. and shannon DUBeNioN-sMith (eds.): Historical Linguistics 2005. Selected papers from the 17th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Madison, Wisconsin, 31 July -5 August 2005. 2007. viii, 413 pp.
  384. leNKeR, Ursula and anneli MeURMaN-soliN (eds.): Connectives in the History of English. 2007. viii, 318 pp.
  385. PRieto, Pilar, joan MascaRó and Maria-josep solé (eds.): Segmental and prosodic issues in Romance phonology. 2007. xvi, 262 pp.
  386. veRMeeRBeRgeN, Myriam, lorraine leesoN and onno cRasBoRN (eds.): Simultaneity in Signed Languages. Form and function. 2007. viii, 360 pp. (incl. CD-Rom).
  387. heWsoN, john and vit BUBeNiK: From Case to Adposition. The development of configurational syntax in Indo-European languages. 2006. xxx, 420 pp.
  388. NeDeRgaaRD thoMseN, ole (ed.): Competing Models of Linguistic Change. Evolution and beyond. 2006. vi, 344 pp.
  389. Doetjes, jenny and Paz goNzález (eds.): Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2004. Selected papers from 'Going Romance' , Leiden, 9-11 December 2004. 2006. viii, 320 pp. 277 helasvUo, Marja-liisa and lyle caMPBell (eds.): Grammar from the Human Perspective. Case, space and person in Finnish. 2006. x, 280 pp.
  390. MoNtReUil, jean-Pierre y. (ed.): New Perspectives on Romance Linguistics. Vol. II: Phonetics, Phonology and Dialectology. Selected papers from the 35th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Austin, Texas, February 2005. 2006. x, 213 pp.
  391. NishiDa, chiyo and jean-Pierre y. MoNtReUil (eds.): New Perspectives on Romance Linguistics. Vol. I: Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics. Selected papers from the 35th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Austin, Texas, February 2005. 2006. xiv, 288 pp.
  392. 274 gess, Randall s. and Deborah aRteaga (eds.): Historical Romance Linguistics. Retrospective and perspectives. 2006. viii, 393 pp.
  393. FilPPUla, Markku, juhani KleMola, Marjatta PalaNDeR and esa PeNttilä (eds.): Dialects Across Borders. Selected papers from the 11th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Methods XI), Joensuu, August 2002. 2005. xii, 291 pp. gess, Randall s. and edward j. RUBiN (eds.): Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Romance Linguistics. Selected papers from the 34th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Salt Lake City, March 2004. 2005. viii, 367 pp.
  394. BRaNNeR, David Prager (ed.): The Chinese Rime Tables. Linguistic philosophy and historical- comparative phonology. 2006. viii, 358 pp. geeRts, twan, ivo van giNNeKeN and haike jacoBs (eds.): Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2003. Selected papers from 'Going Romance' 2003, Nijmegen, 20-22 November. 2005. viii, 369 pp. haRgUs, sharon and Keren Rice (eds.): Athabaskan Prosody. 2005. xii, 432 pp. cRaveNs, Thomas D. (ed.): Variation and Reconstruction. 2006. viii, 223 pp. alhaWaRy, Mohammad t. and elabbas BeNMaMoUN (eds.): Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XVII-XVIII. Papers from the seventeenth and eighteenth annual symposia on Arabic linguistics. Volume XVII-XVIII: Alexandria, 2003 and Norman, Oklahoma 2004. 2005. xvi, 315 pp.
  395. BoUDelaa, sami (ed.): Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XVI. Papers from the sixteenth annual symposium on Arabic linguistics, Cambridge, March 2002. 2006. xii, 181 pp. coRNiPs, leonie and Karen P. coRRigaN (eds.): Syntax and Variation. Reconciling the Biological and the Social. 2005. vi, 312 pp.
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  397. BoK-BeNNeMa, Reineke, Bart holleBRaNDse, Brigitte KaMPeRs-MaNhe and Petra sleeMaN (eds.): Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2002. Selected papers from 'Going Romance' , Groningen, 28-30 November 2002. 2004. viii, 273 pp.
  398. MeUleN, alice ter and Werner aBRahaM (eds.): The Composition of Meaning. From lexeme to discourse. 2004. vi, 232 pp.
  399. BalDi, Philip and Pietro U. DiNi (eds.): Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics. In honor of William R. Schmalstieg. 2004. xlvi, 302 pp. caFFaRel, alice, j.R. MaRtiN and christian M.i.M. MatthiesseN (eds.): Language Typology. A functional perspective. 2004. xiv, 702 pp.
  400. Kay, christian j., carole hoUgh and irené WotheRsPooN (eds.): New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics. Selected papers from 12 ICEHL, Glasgow, 21-26 August 2002. Volume II: Lexis and Transmission. 2004. xii, 273 pp.
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  402. WeigaND, edda (ed.): Emotion in Dialogic Interaction. Advances in the complex. 2004. xii, 284 pp. PaRKiNsoN, Dilworth B. and samira FaRWaNeh (eds.): Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XV. Papers from the Fifteenth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Salt Lake City 2001. 2003. x, 214 pp. holisKy, Dee ann and Kevin tUite (eds.): Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics. Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson. 2003. xxviii, 426 pp.

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Languages have continuously evolved throughout history. Some fade away, like Celtic, Sanskrit, and Hittite, while others morph and give birth to new linguistic forms. Take, for example, Vulgar Latin, which blossomed into dialects known as Romance. These dialects then evolved into today's Romance languages: Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. This transformation is evidence that language is a vibrant system, adapting to meet the communication demands of its users. While linguistic changes are a testament to the fluidity of language, these shifts can sometimes introduce instability. However, interestingly, this instability does not pose communication challenges. The diverse elements of language remain structured, ensuring seamless interaction. Sociolinguistics, a branch of Linguistics focused on studying language variation and evolution, validates that such variations follow structured patterns. This ensures that despite changes, speakers can understand one another. Languages naturally vary due to user preferences and external influences from other languages and cultures. These differences manifest in syntax, morphology, phonology, and more. Wolfram (2006, p. 333) aptly captures this with, "If structure is at the heart of language, then variation defines its soul." Since language is ever-changing, understanding linguistic variation becomes crucial during the learning process, be it for native, second, or foreign languages. Renowned linguists Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog (1968) believe variation is intrinsic to grammar and becomes part of a speaker's internal knowledge over time. Consequently, it is vital to impart education on these variable linguistic structures influenced by language or the social backdrop of the speaker community. This study, therefore, aims to highlight the significance of language variation in Morocco and offers activity suggestions to explore the subject. Currently, sociolinguists lean more towards exploring social language variations than regional ones. However, to truly grasp the methods adopted in studying social variations, we must revisit foundational work in regional dialectology. This retrospection illuminates the evolution of current research methodologies. Even though studying www.refaad.com Bulletin of Advanced English Studies (BAES)

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