Document structure and multilingual authoring

Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Document engineering - DocEng '03, 2003

Since the XML format became a de facto standard for structured documents, the IT research and industry have developed a number of XML editors to help users produce structured documents in XML format. However, the manual generation of structured documents in XML format remains a tedious and time-consuming process because of the excessive verbosity and length of XML code. In this paper, we design a structural adviser for the XML document authoring. The adviser intervenes at any step of the authoring process to suggest one tag or entire tree-like pattern the user is most likely to use next. Adviser suggestions are based on finding analogies between the currently edited fragment and sample data being either previously generated documents in the collection or the history of the current document authoring. The adviser is beneficial in cases when no schema is provided for XML documents, or schema associated with the document is too general and sample data contain specific patterns not captured in the schema. We design the adviser architecture and develop a method for efficient indexing and retrieval of optimal suggestions at any step of the document authoring.

1994

we describe a technique for forming a context free grammar for a document that has some kind of tagging-structural or typographical-but no concise description of the structure is available.

Our project aims at the automatic generation of multilingual text for product maintenance and documentation from a structured knowledge representation. The language independent representation is also designed to allow for the qualitative simulation of the documentation steps and to support the generation of multilingual text by offering different levels of detailed action descriptions for verbalization. This requires a hierarchical organization of performable actions allowing action specialization and supporting the inheritance of pre- and postconditions. Assuming an expressive domain representation based on a reusable model of physical structuring as well as on dynamically changing qualities and status properties, we present a theoretical framework for extending description logics with action hierarchies. 1 Introduction The availability of technical documentation for consumer goods and machinery in multiple languages is becoming increasingly important, not only in t...

Text, Speech and Language Technology, 2010

The general markup language XML has played an outstanding role in the multiple ways of processing electronic documents, XML being used either in the design of interface structures or as a formal framework for the representation of structure or content-related properties of documents. This book in its 13 chapters discusses aspects of XML-based linguistic information modeling combining: methodological issues, especially with respect to text-related information modeling, applicationoriented research and issues of formal foundations. The contributions in this book are based on current research in Text Technology, Computational Linguistics and in the international domain of evolving standards for language resources. Recurrent themes in this book are markup languages, explored from different points of view, and topics of text-related information modeling. These topics have been core areas of the research Unit "Text-technological Information Modeling" (www.texttechnology.de) funded from 2002 to 2009 by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Positions developed in this book could also benefit from the presentations and discussion at the conference "Modelling Linguistic Information Resources" at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung, ZiF) at Bielefeld, a center for advanced studies known for its international and interdisciplinary meetings and research. The editors would like to thank the DFG and ZiF for their financial support, the publisher, the series editors, the reviewers and those people that helped to prepare the manuscript, especially Carolin Kram, Nils Diewald, Jens Stegmann and Peter M. Fischer and last but not least, all of the authors.

2002

We report about the current state of development of a document suite and its applications. This collection of tools for the flexible and robust processing of documents in German is based on the use of XML as unifying formalism for encoding input and output data as well as process information. It is organized in modules with limited responsibilities that can easily be combined into pipelines to solve complex tasks. Strong emphasis is laid on a number of techniques to deal with lexical and conceptual gaps that are typical when starting a new application.

Designing a well-structured XML document is important for the sake of readability and maintainability. More importantly, this will avoid data redundancies and update anomalies when maintaining a large quantity of XML based documents. In this paper, we propose a method to improve XML structural design by adopting graphical notations for Document Type Definitions (GN-DTD), which is used to describe the structure of an XML document at the schema level. Multiples levels of normal forms for GN-DTD are proposed on the basis of conceptual model approaches and theories of normalization. The normalization rules are applied to transform a poorly designed XML document into a welldesigned based on normalized GN-DTD, which is illustrated through examples.

This paper provides a formal specification in Z of a conceptual model for an XML document called Graph-Document Type Definition (G-DTD). This model has been used for describing XML documents at the schema level and also assists the user to arrange the content of XML documents. More importantly G-DTD can be used as a tool to simplify the XML document design in a simple and precise way. The specification presented here provides a formal account of the state and operation of this model and a sound basis for instantiations of the model to be built.

1996

SGML introduced DTD idea to formally describe document syntax and structure One of its main characteristics is the fact of being purely declar ative and fully independent of the future document s processing typeset ting formatting translation transformation In this context SGML has become the international standard to be followed Sooner or later a document has to be processed In order to do that we need to associate semantics to the document s structure In a com piler context normally we separate semantics in two static and dynamic Establishing a parallelism with document processing we can think of the document s decorated tree as recognized by an SGML analyzer as rep resenting the static semantics and document s tree transformation as dy namic semantics Pursuing this idea we will present and discuss a study of the rela tionship between SGML DAST Decorated Abstract Syntax Tree and Algebraic Speci cation in order to better understand how to formally pro cess documents and how to spec...

2000

2002

Abstract Although XML Document Type Definitions provide a mechanism for specifying, in machine-readable form, the syntax of an XML markup language, there is no comparable mechanism for specifying the semantics of an XML vocabulary. That is, there is no way to characterize the meaning of XML markup so that the facts and relationships represented by the occurrence of XML constructs can be explicitly, comprehensively, and mechanically identified. This has serious practical and theoretical consequences.