WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN - A CASE STUDY OF MADURAI CITY

Water-an another name of life ; although it is an abundant and renewal natural resources covering onethird of the planet, a very small proportion of this is effectively available for human use. India -a developing country as a result of development and growth of population, facing an acute demand of water both in rural and urban areas, further puts tremendous pressure over supplier. However according to WHO and UNICEF (2006) for India in terms of nation-wide coverage of water the percentage was 87 % (2004) of the population up from 70 percents (1990). The condition is far better for urban population (96 %) than rural population (84%). But India still ranks 133 rd among 180 countries for its poor water availability. Thus, a little effort has been made in this regard to draw an attention towards the hidden factors behind this statistics of growing coverage at a local level hence Maheshtala Municipal Area (An important Urban Local Body of Kolkata Metropolitan Area) of South 24 PGS, West Bengal has been chosen. A detailed study shows that in large scale efforts are being placed on development of statistics of resources but a very little attention is directed towards the actual operating capacity system of water supply to ensure the efficient, equitable and sustainable use of water. Area,N.C. Jana & L. Shivramkrishnan (eds.) Resource and Development -Issues and Concerns, ISBN 81-8064-252-6, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata, 341 -353.  Charging water taxes from affluent section of society can meet the demand of at least development of infrastructure.  Awareness regarding Rainwater Harvesting can reduce an overdependence on the municipal supplied water

International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT), 2019

Water is one of the most precious natural resources and key elements in the Socioeconomic development of a country. A person can live without food for days but cannot survive without water. Water is the basic and fundamental needs of any living being, but sadly this basic need is very soon nearing its end. Water is used for drinking, bathing, and cooking, washing, irrigation and in the industry etc. About 70% earth surface is covered with water but only little fraction of total water available on the earth, which is useful for human consumption it means only 3% water is available to us as fresh water out of this 2.99% is locked up in the mountain or glacier. Only 0.10% fresh water is easily available to us in the form of groundwater. Hence whatever water is available on the earth surface that water we have to conserve otherwise in future we will face water crises. Similarly in this paper had tried to explain how water Management has been corelates between residential, industrial and commercial point of view. For the present study Katraj Sukhsagar Nagar area has been identified, because in the year 1997, 37 villages have been attached into Pune Municipal Corporation due to this population of Katraj had increased and it's affected on distribution of water. Hence we should take care of using water to its proper utility and also take care of rain water harvesting method to overcome the scarcity of fresh water in all the sectors like domestic industrial and agriculture.

Water is an essential requirement of the community and a fragile component of earth. The supply of safe water in adequate quantity and quality is one of the primary responsibilities of any civil body. The "Jal Ninnal Project" is aimed at improving the quality of rural water supply and sanitation through integrated approach for sustainable development, which is being implemented in eleven districts of North Karnak.ata. Selection/identification of new sources and assessment of sustainable yield plays a dominant role in designing the project to meet necessary demand. Step drawdown test and electrical resistivity test (Schlumberger test) are conducted to assess the sustainable yield and to know the aquifer parameters, which indirectly helps in the selection of new sources and groundwater recharge. In this study, planning and management of rural drinking water supply scheme is reviewed and discussed by assessing sustainable yield using existing and proposed sources through community participation.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

Urban development has a substantial role for depleting and polluting surface water sources along with contamination of ground water sources. It creates several uncertain circumstances due to reduction in quantity of water and this land become barren on surfaces. As a result, people started to encroach it, which further impact on water bodies in undesirable way. These water bodies are anguish due to continuous pollution and change the way of treatment of urban water bodies, even government also converted these water bodies and rivers in to drain and area for dumping garbage. These are also miss used by local communities for many purposes like open defecations, occasionally these are used for immersion of idol due to lack of facilities and other reasons too. Besides all of these Industrial effluents, run off from nearest agricultural fields, refuse from sewage and other domestic wastes provide a nice platform for eutrophication. (http://spaenvis.nic.in/index1.aspx?) Now everyone is worried about the potential water scarcity in the face of increasing, mainly population-driven, water demands, and its consequences on our energy and food production. The Over 900 recognized professionals conducted a survey for under the heading "Global Risk Perception Survey", it is directed by the World Economic Forum. They found that reports that the highest level of common impact over the next 10 years will be from water crises. (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_2015_Report15). So, this paper is an attempt to see challenges in Indian fast-growing cities and how we can manage water resource those are engulfed by rapid urbanization. Principally focused on the depleted source and characterize their conditions.

World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2012, 2012

The rapid urbanisation and increased population growth of urban areas are experiencing increased demand for fresh water while simultaneously generating more waste water. Due to decrease in open areas and change in land use, the urban areas are generating more storm water as surface runoff. The situation is becoming acute and leading to the imbalance of the environment and eco-system of an urban settlement. In India different cities have different kinds of water management problems which are unique due to the geographical location, socioeconomical growth and climatic conditions of the cities. Many cities face difficulty in disposal of large volume of storm water which creates water logging and local flooding leading to health hazards and disruption in public life. Also, the mixing of unattended garbage in to storm runoff makes it more critical to direct disposal in natural drainage systems. Frequently, the storm water gets mixed with sanitary system during heavy rainfall and consequently the sanitary treatment facilities gets inactive due to excessive load. At the same time these cities are experiencing high fresh water demand due to expansion and modernization. Therefore the biggest challenge is meticulously handling of these three aspects namely supply of increased fresh water demand, drainage of the excess storm water and disposal of waste water. To keep balance between these three major components of urban water management, the systems need to be handled collectively and coherently rather than an independent approach for separate systems. Practicable methods are required to address these problems in an economical and environmental friendly way so that the solution can be adopted with community affordability and social acceptability. This paper presents the viable methods of water management in a typical Indian city.

2019

Drinking water is an essential element for living. Article 47 of the Constitution of India makes it a top priority for the governments to provide safe and clean drinking water to every citizen of the country. In India, due to a 3-fold increase in population during 1951-2010, the per capita availability of water in the country as a whole decreased from 5,177 m3/year in 1951 to 1,588 m3/year in 2010. Supply of good quality water in sufficient quantities and safe sanitation practices in urban and rural areas are interconnected with the health and economic well-being of the people. Water used for the drinking purpose is known as potable water, which must be sparklingly clear, odourless, neither hard nor too soft and free from bacteria and impurities. In Rajasthan, 91 percent of the Domestic Water requirements of Rural / Urban Sector are being catered from Groundwater Sources and only 9 percent Water requirement is being met from surface water sources. In spite of poor quality and meager...

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 2018

Water is an important natural resource for agricultural production. In Tamil Nadu about 95 percent of the surface water resources have already been utilised and the groundwater is being over-utilised. This paper examined the changing sources of irrigation in the state. Rainfall being one of the major sources of replenishment, the paper also studied the impact of rainfall in area irrigated by major sources and also in recharging groundwater table. The share of tanks and canals as source of irrigation in the state has been declined to 15 percent and 23.53 percent during 2010s. The net irrigated area by tanks and canals have denigrated to a negative overall growth rate of -1.419 and -0.436. The share of wells has been increased to 62 percent in 2010s. The net irrigated area by wells alone have achieved commendable growth rate of 1.512. The relative projected share of various sources of irrigation during 2025 and 2050 is quite the same as that of relative share in 2015. Markov Chain analysis has found that only 10.70 percent of area irrigated by tanks will change to well irrigation during the time period considered. Among the major sources of irrigation, Well irrigation is highly influenced by rainfall. The measure of standard deviation for actual rainfall affirms its erratic nature which not only deviates in quantity but also in distribution through the year. High variation in downpour was found in winter showers. Rainfall, highly influences groundwater table as the percentage of blocks under safe category has followed the same pattern as rainfall received. The water storage capacity has to be developed in order to recharge the groundwater thru rainfall. Prior to planning for sustainable crop production, the stock on available data of water resources have to be assessed and accessed to enable a prudent effort.

The National Capital Territory of Delhi has geographical area of ~1483 km2 .It presently has population of ~ 18 million. Since its own resources are very limited with respect to its water needs, it is a water starved state. It is heavily dependent on neighboring states to meet its water requirement in addition to its own available water resources. Rapid population growth and socioeconomic changes during the last few decades have increased the competitive water demand rapidly. Out of drinking water requirements of ~4500 MLD, (million liters per day) surface water contributes to ~3600 MLD and balance requirement is met either through internal groundwater sources or sometimes import through tankers from neighboring states. Precise estimates for water requirement for industry and agriculture are not available. The quantity of surface water is ensured by agreements in place, but quality of raw water is sometimes compromised due to various reasons in the catchment areas. The replenishable ground water resources are ~300 MCM of which only 42-50% are from rainfall recharge, which has been heavily reduced due to urbanization. The quality of ground water below 30-60 m, except in southern parts of Delhi, along the ridge is brackish to saline restricting availability of fresh water deeper aquifers. The waste water generation had been assessed ~3800 MLD out of which only ~40% is being treated and the rest goes untreated into the Yamuna river deteriorating its quality to a level which is not fit even for secondary use. The lack of urban water management in developing country like India is adversely affecting the human health and ecology. The management of water resources needs precise assessment of availability and utilization. Present norms are vague and are not established through suitable studies therefore leading to gaps in management. Monitoring at the appropriate level and its effectiveness is key to good management of water. Effective and continuous monitoring need advance mechanism and better infrastructure which at present is a constraint. The supply and demand side management of urban water constraints on proper assessment of temporal and spatial availability and utilization of water resources. The paper discusses the present methodology adopted for assessing water resources availability, constrains and various considerations for improving management. A discussion on how and up to what extend the constraint of urban water management is affecting the human health, socioeconomic condition and ecology is included.

2010

Management and conservation of urban water has become a serious development issue in many developing countries. Population and water need rise rapidly, whereas, water availability is decreasing due to inefficient management and deterioration. Even cities like Kochi in the southwest coast of India that lies in a heavy rainfall region now face shortage of reliable water. Water in the city is polluted far above safety limits. Government machinery is inefficient in solving problems related to water supply and waste disposal. Increasing urban population is worsening the situation in the city and life is becoming more inhospitable.

Ecology and the Environment, 2011

The urban population in India has increased significantly from 62 million in 1951 to 285 million in 2001 and is estimated to grow around 540 million by the year of 2021. It would be touching 37% of the total population in next 15 years. The Indian urban population growth is nearly 41% in last decade. This directly means providing additional drinking water for around 65 million households as well as deciding on the number of administrative complexes. The city of Surat is a fast growing city and it is the 9 th largest city of India as per Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM). The present population of Surat city is approximately 45 lacks including the floating population. The dream of achieving sustainable habitat could be possible only through a multi dimensional and inter disciplinary approach. Exploitation of natural resources along with the development of urban areas with or without the knowledge of planners is a matter of great concern in the context of sustainable development. Out of various natural resources that are exploited, the tapping of water resources and its impact on the habitat is studied in the paper. The study was conducted in and around Surat city of the Gujarat state. The futuristic projects by local government Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) for the sustainable development of Surat is also included in accordance with what has been envisioned in the revised city development plan. The present paper focuses on planning principles and is a classic example for sustainable development in water resources planning.