MANAGEMENT OF BAGGED WHEAT GODOWNS TO CONTROL THE STORED GRAIN INSECT PESTS
The study determines the effect of different integrated pest management practices on the grain pr... more The study determines the effect of different integrated pest management practices on the grain protection and control of insect infestation during storage of bagged wheat under godown conditions at Multan, Pakistan. The pest management practices included: (a) the recommended ...
The aim of these trials was to test the efficacy of an 85 % diatomaceous earth (Puliangtai TM ) s... more The aim of these trials was to test the efficacy of an 85 % diatomaceous earth (Puliangtai TM ) sprayed at a rate of 3g/m 2 with a specially developed powder spraying machine. Efficacy was tested by placing 14 empty test dishes spread at intervals on the floor of the warehouse before spraying. Each dish contained 20 live adults of Oryzaephilis surnamensis (Linnaeus) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). After application of DE, mortality of insects was counted every 24 h until endpoint. Complete mortality of both test species was obtained in 4~6 days. The spray powder machine successfully distributed the Puliangtai TM evenly across the floor of the warehouse. We recommend this treatment for control of insects infesting empty warehouses and grain handling facilities.
This report provides further evidence that a fi'eeze-dried, concentrated form of Pseudomonas sgri... more This report provides further evidence that a fi'eeze-dried, concentrated form of Pseudomonas sgringae, an ice-nucleating active bacteria, reduces the cold tolerance of stored grain insect pests. Application of ice-nucleating bacteria to wheat or corn that contained insect pests decreased the insects' supercooling capacity: after treatment with 100 ppm of P. sqringae the mean supercooling points of five insect species increased from 4.7 to ll.9'C above untreated controls. Treatment with P. syringae also decreased the capacity of insects to survive a 24-h exposure to subzero temperatules. Decreases in eold tolerance were observed in eight species of stored grain pests: Indianmeal moth larvae, Plodia interpunctellu (Htibner); red flotir beetle adults, Tribolium castaneun'L (Herbst); fiat grain beetle adults, Crgptolestes pusillus (Schonherr); rusty grain beetle adults, Crgptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) ; Cibbium psVlloides (Czenpinski); lesser grain borer adults, Rhgzopertha dominica (F.); yellow mealworm lawae, Tenebri,o molitor (L.); and granary weevil adults, Sitophilus granarius (L.). Results ofthis study provide further support for the use of ice-nucleating active bacteria as biological insecticides to kill overwintering insects by decreasing their low temperature tolerance. The approach may be particularly appropdate for the control ofa variety ofinsect pests in lestricted areas such as grain bins. KEY WORDS Insecta, cold-hardiness, ice nucleating bacteria, biological control 0O22-04931C21O371-0374$02.00/0 O 1992 Entomolosical Society of America ]ounNer. or EcoNolrrc ENrouor,ocY Vol. 85, no. 2
Manual sampling of insects in stored grain is a laborious and time-consuming process. Automation ... more Manual sampling of insects in stored grain is a laborious and time-consuming process. Automation of grain sampling should help to increase the adoption of stored grain integrated pest management. A new commercial electronic grain probe trap (OPI Insector) has recently been marketed. We Þeld tested OPI Insector electronic grain probes in two bins, each containing 32.6 tonnes of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., over a 2-yr period. We developed new statistical models to convert Insector catch into insects per kilogram. We compared grain sample estimates of insect density (insects per kilogram of wheat) taken near each Insector to the model-predicted insect density by using Insector counts. An existing expert system, Stored Grain Advisor Pro, was modiÞed to automatically read the Insector database and use the appropriate model to estimate Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) density from trap catch counts. Management decisions using Insector trap-catch estimates for insect density were similar to those made using grain sample estimates of insect density for most sampling dates. However, because of the similarity in size of R. dominica and T. castaneum, the software was unable to differentiate counts between these two species. In the central and southern portions of the United States, where both species frequently occur, it may be necessary to determine the proportion of each species present in the grain by manual inspection of trap catch. The combination of SGA Pro with the OPI Insector system should prove to be a useful tool for automatic monitoring of insect pests in stored grain.
Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a kn... more Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
Protein-enriched pea flour is toxic and repellent to three major stored grain pests, the rice wee... more Protein-enriched pea flour is toxic and repellent to three major stored grain pests, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). A unique and valuable aspect of the protein-enriched pea flour is that it is not toxic several parasitoids that are associated with two of these insect pests. These parasitoids include Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of S. oryzae, and Cephalonomia waterstoni (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a parasitoid of C. ferrugineus. Two large scale tests, including one test in combination with the parasitoids, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the pea flour as a grain protectant.
The standard pest control methodology for insect pests in grain storage is fumigation with phosph... more The standard pest control methodology for insect pests in grain storage is fumigation with phosphine gas. However phosphine resistance is a serious problem which threatens Australia's grain industries. There are several questions regarding how to determine the most effective strategies for fumigation using phosphine to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.
Securidaca longepedunculata Fers (Polygalaceae) is commonly used as a traditional medicine in man... more Securidaca longepedunculata Fers (Polygalaceae) is commonly used as a traditional medicine in many parts of Africa as well as against a number of invertebrate pests, including insects infesting stored grain. The present study showed that S. longepedunculata root powder, its methanol extract, and the main volatile component, methyl salicylate, exhibit repellent and toxic properties to Sitophilus zeamais adults. Adult S. zeamais that were given a choice between untreated maize and maize treated with root powder, extract, or synthetic methyl salicylate in a four-way choice olfactometer significantly preferred the control maize. Methyl salicylate vapor also had a dose-dependant fumigant effect against S. zeamais, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Prostephanus truncates, with a LD100 achieved with a 60 μl dose in a 1-l container against all three insect species after 24 hr of exposure. Probit analyses estimated LD50 values between 34 and 36 μl (95% CI) for all insect species. Furthermore, prolonged exposure for 6 days showed that lower amounts (30 μl) of methyl salicylate vapor were able to induce 100% adult mortality of the three insect species. The implications are discussed in the context of improving stored product pest control by small-scale subsistence farmers in Africa.
Chemical insecticides, including fumigants, disinfestants and grain protectants, are essential co... more Chemical insecticides, including fumigants, disinfestants and grain protectants, are essential components of grain insect pest management systems. This is particularly the case in warmer climates where insect infestation pressure is high.
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