Luigi Crema

Università degli Studi di Milano - State University of Milan (Italy), Department of Italian and supranational public law, Faculty Member

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Phone: +39 02 50312514
Address: Stanza d'angolo, Biblioteca di diritto internazionale
Università degli Studi di Milano,
Via Festa del Perdono 7,
20122, Milano (MI)
ITALIA

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Papers by Luigi Crema

Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to theinterpretation of treaties

The ILC’s New Way of Codifying International Law, the Motives Behind It, and the Interpretive Approach Best Suited to It

The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law

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The legal status of decisions by human rights treaty bodies in national law

UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies

Measures in the System of Central State Organs). Notably the Czech Constitution provides that the... more Measures in the System of Central State Organs). Notably the Czech Constitution provides that the Constitutional Court has to decide on the measures necessary to implement binding decisions of international courts if it cannot be implemented otherwise, see ILA, Final Report, supra note 7, para. 39 (referring to Constitution of the Czech Republic of 16 December 1992, as amended, Coll of Laws No. 1/1993, article 87(1)(i). Attempts to change this provision to include other international bodies, like the HRC, failed: e.g. Governmental Draft of the Amendment to the Act on the Constitutional Court, 2003, Parliamentary Doc. No. 284, www.psp.cz/sqw/historie.sqw?O=4&T=284).

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Disappearance and New Sightings of Restrictive Interpretation(s)

This article looks to the first formulations of 'restrictive interpretation' to identif... more

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The Solidarity Principle and the Current Migration Emergency

Pilotti, Massimo (Roma, 1 maggio 1879-ivi, 29 aprile 1962)

Salvioli, Gabriele (Palermo, 9 febbraio 1891- [?] 18 aprile 1979)

On Solidarity in International Law

The scope of this reflection is on the actual and possible function of the concept of solidarity ... more The scope of this reflection is on the actual and possible function of the concept of solidarity in international law. The discussion has both a descriptive aim, to examine the place of solidarity within international law today, and a normative aim that looks at the desirable evolution of this concept. Although increasingly invoked in the international sphere generally, the concept of solidarity has an uncertain status in international law. Despite having a longer history especially in Christian thought and certain earlier juridical and political antecedents (some quite contradictory to its use today), its advent in international law is relatively new. Solidarity today could be understood in the abstract as a basic observable condition of the international environment, as a principle of international law, as a (human) right, or as a fundamental moral value. Seen from within the practical experience of international law today, it is best understood as a relatively weak legal principl...

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Investor Rights and Well-Being: Remarks on the Interpretation of Investment Treaties in Light of Other Rights

Testing Amici Curiae: Rules and Practice

“Amici curiae” are non-disputing persons interested in a trial but not party to it, that submit a... more “Amici curiae” are non-disputing persons interested in a trial but not party to it, that submit an unsolicited written brief or make an oral statement before the bench. The widespread possibility to submit amicus curiae briefs in international courts and tribunals is a recent phenomenon; traditionally international procedures did not allow for this kind of intervention. The purpose of this paper is to take stock of this evolution and assess the functioning of the new procedures. This evaluation is carried out by looking at two sets of questions, the first centered on issues of transparency and public participation, and the second on the rights of the parties. Among the elements that deal with public participation, the paper examines the clarity of the procedures, the equality of the treatment of all the interested entities, the conditions and reasons for accepting or refusing the proposed amici, the inclusion of the amici submissions in the text of the final decision, and etc. The other set of questions, concerning the rights and interests of the parties to the dispute, includes their role in the submission phase and their interest in efficient proceedings. In the conclusion of this general overview several critical points will be highlighted, showing many questions surrounding amici procedures.

Beyond Objectivism, the Rediscovery of Imagination - An Overview and a Critique of: From Apology to Utopia, by Martti Kosenniemi (Oltre l’oggettivismo, la Riscoperta dell’Immaginazione - Una Presentazione e Una Critica a From Apology to Utopia, di Martti Koskenniemi)

The WDF Case: Corruption and Transnational Public Policy before ICSID Jurisdiction (Il Caso WDF: Corruzione e Ordine Pubblico Transnazionale Innanzi alla Giurisdizione ICSID)

In this article the Author analyses the most relevant doctrines on transnational public policy. S... more In this article the Author analyses the most relevant doctrines on transnational public policy. Starting from a case decided by an ICSID Tribunal, the WDF v. Kenya case, this article concludes that under the ICSID system it is possible to speak about public policy on a juridical, and not on a simple moral, basis.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child Before the UN Treaty Bodies and the ICJ: ‘Taking into Account’ or Ignoring?

Diritti umani e diritto internazionale, 2020

Today there are several entities-agencies, organs, bodies-of the United Nations implementing huma... more Today there are several entities-agencies, organs, bodies-of the United Nations implementing human rights. The purpose of this paper is to take stock and reflect on the presence and impact of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the work of the systems of protection of human rights coordinated under the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in particular before the so-called 'Treaty Bodies' and the Human Rights Council. A further section-given its general jurisdiction is dedicated to the most important judicial organ of the UN: the International Court of Justice. This practice, notwithstanding some notable exceptions, shows that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is not taken into consideration in applying other treaties, even when rights of children are at stake. Twenty years after the work of the International Law Commission on fragmentation, a move toward coordinating the activities of the several bodies of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has yet to be started.

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In dubio mitius

L. Crema, ‘In Dubio Mitius’, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (OUP 2019), www.mpeipro.com., 2020

The Common Law (And Not Roman) Origins of Amicus Curiae in International Law – Debunking a Fake News Item

Global Jurist, 2019

The possibility for private entities interested in international trials but without the legal req... more The possibility for private entities interested in international trials but without the legal requirements to participate as a party was precluded, in a classical vision of international law made for states and addressed to states. At present, however, with some notable exceptions, several international jurisdictions allow for the submission of amicus curiae briefs. These briefs were introduced to international courts by common law lawyers. Legal literature generally identifies it as an institution of classical Roman law. This paper will show that this assumption is, however, doubtful. An examination of the sources cited by an important dictionary and other decades-old legal scholarship relied upon today as establishing the Roman origins of amicus curiae, and a fresh study of Roman and later continental European primary sources reveal a different picture: in reality, there is neither a basis for grounding the amicus curiae in Roman law, nor is there a basis for grounding it in the medieval continental ius commune. The primary source is most likely English common law and, not surprisingly, it was common law lawyers who introduced the briefs into international litigation.

The Common Law (And Not Roman) Origins of Amicus Curiae in International Law–Debunking a Fake News Item

Global Jurist, 2019

The possibility for private entities interested in international trials but without the legal req... more The possibility for private entities interested in international trials but without the legal requirements to participate as a party was precluded, in a classical vision of international law made for states and addressed to states. At present, however, with some notable exceptions, several international jurisdictions allow for the submission of amicus curiae briefs. These briefs were introduced to international courts by common law lawyers. Legal literature generally identifies it as an institution of classical Roman law. This paper will show that this assumption is,
however, doubtful. An examination of the sources cited by an important dictionary and other decades-old legal scholarship relied upon today as establishing the Roman origins of amicus curiae, and a fresh study of Roman and later continental European primary sources reveal a different picture: in reality, there is neither a basis for grounding the amicus curiae in Roman law, nor is there a basis for grounding it in the medieval continental ius commune. The primary source is most likely English common law and, not surprisingly, it was common law lawyers who introduced the briefs into international litigation.

La Commissione del diritto internazionale e i suoi metodi di codificazione al tempo del diritto internazionale “debole”

Lo scopo di questo contributo è riflettere su alcuni aspetti dell’attività recente di “codificazi... more Lo scopo di questo contributo è riflettere su alcuni aspetti dell’attività recente di “codificazione progressiva” della Commissione del diritto internazionale (CDI)1, in particolare in questi ultimi lustri, sottolinearne
alcune caratteristiche, e tratteggiare un bilancio sulla stessa. In parte riecheggiando Villalpando, che ha parlato di “codificazione light”, nelle prossime pagine si parlerà di “codificazione debole” e di “codificazione
al tempo del diritto internazionale debole”. Codificazione debole perché la CDI negli ultimi anni si è contraddistinta da un approccio di definizione del diritto che nella maggior parte prescinde dal tentativo di
redigere progetti di articoli e dalla prescrittività del diritto, ma che esprime una concezione descrittiva del proprio operato. Diritto internazionale
debole, perché tale fenomeno si inserisce in una più ampia tendenza verificatasi negli ultimi lustri in cui il diritto internazionale non è centrato su una dogmatica delle fonti, né su riferimenti valoriali e principi
condivisi, quanto sull’elaborare un discorso in cui chi giudica possa dare la propria parola definitiva su un dato problema.

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The Evolutionary interpretation of Treaty Bodies Crema 2019

The purpose of this chapter is not just to mine the instances in which treaty bodies, such as the... more The purpose of this chapter is not just to mine the instances in which treaty bodies, such as the ECSR or the UN treaty bodies, use an evolutionary approach in interpreting the content of the underlying treaties—there are some, but not many. The aim of this paper is also to reflect on whether and how the work of these committees of experts contributes to the clarification and evolution of the concepts enshrined in the underlying treaties, and is potentially used by judi-cial organs, such as national and international courts, to define and develop the contents of their treaties. In other words, this chapter looks both at how committees view the evolution of the underlying treaties and at how other courts, especially the Italian Constitutional Court in two very recent cases, regard the activities of the committees as they interpret, update, and redefine the contents of their treaties.

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LA SECESSIONE NEL DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE: L'OPZIONE FILO-STATALE DEL DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE 1 di

The essay presents the rule and the importance of the principle of " auto-determination " in the ... more The essay presents the rule and the importance of the principle of " auto-determination " in the contemporary juridical world and explains the problem of influence of different juridical cultures in some specific areas of international law; in this analysis the Author put a particular attention about the sense and the limits of " auto-determination " and " people " , especially in order a specific situation as Kosovo, Kurdistan and Catalonia. SOMMARIO: I. Orientandosi sui concetti in gioco. Diritto – oppure principio – di autodeterminazione dei popoli? – II. Orientandosi sui concetti in gioco. Cosa si intende quando si dice «Popolo»: razza, gruppo, etnia, oppure «quelli che abitano nello stesso stato»? – III. Il diritto all'autodeterminazione dei popoli oggi, nel diritto internazionale. – IV. Il «principio di autodeterminazione dei popoli» vs. altri principi: la preminenza della statualità. – V. Alla centralità dello stato non corrisponde un divieto di secessione unilaterale: il paradosso storico del diritto internazionale. – VI. Tentativi di valutare la legittimità di un moto secessionista: divieto di usare la forza, rappresentatività, correttezza, effettività e riconoscimento. – VII. La necessità di non concepire politica e diritto come separati.

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Le consultazioni popolari in Catalogna e nel Kurdistan iracheno

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Luigi Crema

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