K. Hylland

University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Faculty Member

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Guidance on the Application of the Ecosystem Approach to Management of Human Activities in the European Marine Environment

Annex 2. Two examples (contaminants and eutrophication) of setting ecological objectives, operati... more

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Biomarkers in monitoring - a review

The project was initiated by OLF (Unn Orstein) to produce a review of methods relevant to water c... more The project was initiated by OLF (Unn Orstein) to produce a review of methods relevant to water column monitoring with a focus on interpretation and ecological links. Laurence Pinturier, Total, has been OLF's contact with the project group. The project has been shared between NIVA and IRIS with Ketil Hylland, NIVA, as lead author. Rogaland Research were responsible for the review of PAH metabolites (Lars-Petter Myhre with inputs from Ketil Hylland) the Comet assay (Renée Bechmann) and micronucleus analyses (Jan Fredrik Børseth and Janina Barsiene). NIVA was responsible for editing, DNA adducts, vitellogenin, metallothionein and ALA-D (Ketil Hylland), cytochrome P4501A activity (Anders Ruus and Ketil Hylland), acetyl cholinesterase inhibition (Anders Ruus and Merete Grung), MXR and peroxisomal proliferation (Merete Grung) and glutathione S-transferase (Knut-Erik Tollefsen).

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Biomarkers of general stress in mussels as common indicators for marine biomonitoring programmes in Europe: The ICON experience

Marine environmental research, 2015

This study investigated whether general stress biomarkers in mussels can be applied as common fir... more This study investigated whether general stress biomarkers in mussels can be applied as common first-tier biomarkers in regional biomonitoring programmes in the North Sea (including Iceland) and western Mediterranean Sea. Stress on Stress (SoS) and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) biomarkers were analysed in resident mussels (Mytilus sp.) from 8 coastal sites and in transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from two Spanish Mediterranean coastal sites. The assessment of results, as input to pollution monitoring strategies, was performed jointly for LMS and SoS data from the two regions. Contaminant body burden of the mussels was compared with biomarker results. The results demonstrated that these two general and non-expensive stress biomarkers in mussel can be applied throughout European waters, providing a cost-effective and harmonised approach to screen contaminant-related biological effects within the framework of wide-scale pollution biomonitoring programmes, such as tha...

Long-term exposure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to components of produced water: condition, gonad maturation, and gene expression

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2010

Effects related to offshore contamination have been observed in gadoid species in the North Sea, ... more Effects related to offshore contamination have been observed in gadoid species in the North Sea, but uncertainties regarding exposure conditions have led to the need for environmentally relevant exposure studies. In the current study, Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) were sampled at regular intervals during an 11-month continuous or pulsed water-borne exposure to a mixture of produced water components. There was variation in time to female maturation between and within treatment groups; although differences were not significant, there was a tendency towards delayed maturation in intermittently exposed females not seen in continuously exposed females. Physiological parameters such as condition factor, liver somatic index, gonadosomatic index, or hematocrit did not appear to be affected by the treatments. A range of toxicologically relevant genes were differentially expressed in the exposed fish, including AhR-responsive genes (CYP1A, UDP-GT) and genes relevant to immune function (comple...

Cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding proteins in marine invertebrates—A radiotracer study

Chemosphere, 2005

Tissue and subcellular accumulation of cadmium were studied in different tissues of three marine ... more Tissue and subcellular accumulation of cadmium were studied in different tissues of three marine invertebrates (blue mussel Mytilus edulis, the tunicate Ciona intestinalis and the sea star Asterias rubens) using radioactive 109 Cd as a tracer. The organisms were exposed to 0.05, 2 and 50 µg Cd L-1 for 21 days. Quantitative data were obtained by dissecting, weighing and subsequently measuring radioactivity in organs and tissues. Differences between each exposure and each tissue with regard to the amount of radioactivity and metallothionein (MT) content were evaluated. Obvious interspecies differences in Cd accumulation were observed, as well as differences between tissues of the three species. The highest concentrations of Cd in all exposure treatments were found in the hepatopancreas of M. edulis and body wall of A. rubens. Taking all treatments into account, Cd accumulation in the tunic of C. intestinalis was high compared to other tissues from this species. Over 60% of Cd was present in the S50 fraction in all treatments in all three species. Metallothionein levels were increased at the highest Cd-exposure in all species and tissues, except in branchial pharynx of C. intestinalis where the highest MT level was reached following exposure to 2 µg Cd L-1. The most surprising finding was that even the lowest Cd exposure concentration (0.05 µg Cd L-1) caused MT induction in pyloric caeca of A. rubens, but there was no dose-dependent increase in MT at higher exposure levels.

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Integrated chemical and biological assessment of contaminant impacts in selected European coastal and offshore marine areas

Marine environmental research, Jan 18, 2016

This paper reports a full assessment of results from ICON, an international workshop on marine in... more This paper reports a full assessment of results from ICON, an international workshop on marine integrated contaminant monitoring, encompassing different matrices (sediment, fish, mussels, gastropods), areas (Iceland, North Sea, Baltic, Wadden Sea, Seine estuary and the western Mediterranean) and endpoints (chemical analyses, biological effects). ICON has demonstrated the use of a framework for integrated contaminant assessment on European coastal and offshore areas. The assessment showed that chemical contamination did not always correspond with biological effects, indicating that both are required. The framework can be used to develop assessments for EU directives. If a 95% target were to be used as a regional indicator of MSFD GES, Iceland and offshore North Sea would achieve the target using the ICON dataset, but inshore North Sea, Baltic and Spanish Mediterranean regions would fail.

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Årsaker til langtidsendringer i mengden av yngel av torskefisk på Skagerrakkysten. Forprosjektrapport

27, 1994

Prosjektet har hatt som mål å vurdere hypoteser om årsaker til nedgang i forekomsten av yngel av ... more Prosjektet har hatt som mål å vurdere hypoteser om årsaker til nedgang i forekomsten av yngel av torskefisk på Skagerrakkysten, samt avklare om det finnes metodikk og data for å kunne belyse sammenhenger med tilførsler av forurensende stoff. De foreliggende data synes å peke i retning av en eutrofieffekt, evt. med andre samvirkende mekanismer i markert forurensede fjordområder. For flere aktuelle fjordområder bør det være grunnlag for å beregne tidsutvikling for tilførsler av næringssalter og miljøgifter. En videreføring av forprosjektet foreslås.Statens forurensningstilsyn (SFT

Alterations in the energy budget of Arctic benthic species exposed to oil-related compounds

Aquatic Toxicology, 2007

We studied cellular energy allocation (CEA) in three Arctic benthic species (Gammarus setosus (Am... more We studied cellular energy allocation (CEA) in three Arctic benthic species (Gammarus setosus (Amphipoda), Onisimus litoralis (Amphipoda), and Liocyma fluctuosa (Bivalvia)) exposed to oil-related compounds. The CEA biomarker measures the energy budget of organisms by biochemically assessing changes in energy available (carbohydrates, protein and lipid content) and the integrated energy consumption (electron transport system activity (ETS) as the cellular aspect of respiration). Energy budget was measured in organisms subjected to water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil and drill cuttings (DC) to evaluate whether these compounds affect the energy metabolism of the test species. We observed significantly lower CEA values and higher ETS activity in G. setosus subjected to WAF treatment compared to controls (p ≤ 0.03). Higher CEA value and lower cellular respiration were observed in O. litoralis exposed to DC compared to controls (p = 0.02). No difference in the energy budget of L. fluctuosa was observed between the treatments (p ≥ 0.19). Different responses to oil-related compounds between the three test species are likely the result of differences in feeding and burrowing behavior and species-specific sensitivity to petroleum-related compounds.

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Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programe (JAMP). National Comments regarding the Norwegian Data for 1997

This report is part of the Norwegian contribution to the SIME 2001 meeting administrated by OSPAR... more This report is part of the Norwegian contribution to the SIME 2001 meeting administrated by OSPAR. JAMP 1999 included the monitoring of micropollutants in blue mussels (45 stations) and fish (16 stations) along the coast of Norway from Oslo to Bergen, Lofoten and Varangerfjord. The results indicated elevated levels of contaminants (i.e. over provisional “high background”) in: Oslofjord proper (PCBs, ppDDE and mercury in fish) and Langesundsfjord (HCB in mussels) and Sorfjord and Hardangerfjord (cadmium, lead, mercury and ppDDE in mussels). A significant upward trend were found for mercury in cod from the inner Oslofjord and downward trends were found for cadmium and lead in mussels from the Sorfjord and Hardangerfjord for the period 1987-1999. The results from the remaining stations showed low or moderately levels of contamination. No change in “pollution” or “reference” index classification was found from 1997 to 1999. Studies were also conducted in two areas on the southern/south-...

Contaminant accumulation and biological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caged at a capped waste disposal site in Kollevåg, Western Norway

Marine Environmental Research, 2019

The aim of this study was to assess whether fish in Kollevåg, a sheltered bay on the western coas... more The aim of this study was to assess whether fish in Kollevåg, a sheltered bay on the western coast of Norway, previously utilized as a waste disposal site, could be affected by environmental contaminants leaking from the waste. Farmed, juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were caged for six weeks at three different locations in Kollevåg bay and at one reference location. Sediments and cod samples (bile and liver) were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites, revealing a contamination gradient at the four stations. Furthermore, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and Fulton's condition factor (CF) were significantly lower in cod caged closest to the disposal site. Levels and activities of biomarker proteins, such as vitellogenin (Vtg), metallothionein (Mt), and biotransformation and oxidative stress enzymes, including cytochrome P450 1a and 3a (Cyp1a, Cyp3a), glutathione s-transferase (Gst) and catalase (Cat), were quantified in blood plasma and liver tissue. Hepatic Cat and Gst activities were significantly reduced in cod caged at the innermost stations in Kollevåg, indicating modulation of oxidative stress responses. However, these results contrasted with reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation. Significant increases in transcript levels were observed for genes involved in lipid metabolism (fasn and acly) in cod liver, while transcript levels of ovarian steroidogenic enzyme genes such as p450scc, cyp19, 3β-hsd and 20β-hsd showed significant station-dependent increases. Cyp1a and Vtg protein levels were however not significantly altered in cod caged in Kollevåg. Plasma levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and showed elevated E2 levels, but only at the innermost station. We conclude that the bay of Kollevåg did not fullfill adequate environmental condition based on environmental quality standards (EQSs) for chemicals in coastal waters. Following a six weeks caging period, environmental contaminants accumulated in cod tissues and effects were observed on biomarker responses, especially those involved in reproductive processes in cod ovary.

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Repeated Sampling of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) for Monitoring of Nondestructive Parameters During Exposure to a Synthetic Produced Water

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2011

The past decades of monitoring discharges from oil and gas industry have revealed that although t... more The past decades of monitoring discharges from oil and gas industry have revealed that although there are indications of adverse effects in tissues of aquatic organisms, little is known about their temporal development. Furthermore, observations in wild-caught individuals have not been clearly reproduced in laboratory studies or caging studies, and vice versa, and the results are therefore not easily interpretable. There is clearly a need for exposure studies designed for monitoring the development of effect markers in individual fish over chronic periods to low contaminant levels. Through repetitive nondestructive sampling, the progression of effects may be monitored in individuals, significantly reducing the number of fish needed in exposure studies. A laboratory exposure study was designed to be able to monitor selected parameters in individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Passive integrated transponders in combination with visible implant elastomers were used to study individual fish during the exposure period (44 wk). Fish were measured (weight and length) and a blood sample was taken for analysis of hematocrit, DNA damage (micronucleus), and oxidative stress (total oxyradical scavenging capacity) at up to seven time points. There were no apparent adverse effects of treatments on the health of experimental fish, frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes, or oxidative stress in whole blood. It is possible that the time scale was not sufficient for development and detection of parameters included here or that red blood cells may not be a suitable matrix for the selected analyses. Future studies need to include other parameters in blood to investigate their sensitivity to low-concentration exposures.

Effects of fluoranthene and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on immune functions in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2012

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Contaminants in marine ecosystems: developing an integrated indicator framework using biological-effect techniques

ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2008

Thain, J. E., Vethaak, A. D., and Hylland, K. 2008. Contaminants in marine ecosystems: developing... more Thain, J. E., Vethaak, A. D., and Hylland, K. 2008. Contaminants in marine ecosystems: developing an integrated indicator framework using biological-effect techniques. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1508–1514. Input of contaminants is an important pressure in most urbanized coastal areas, but establishing appropriate indicators of their presence and effects has been challenging. Such indicators would, at the very least, have to integrate chemical and biological data. One difficulty has arisen because the measurements provide information on different levels of biological organization (gene level up to community), although it is not obvious how this information could be conceptually linked. In addition, there are complicating factors, such as the differing ecological relevance of measurements, natural variation, confounding factors, and knowledge of background level or responses for each method. The challenge of how to take these issues forwards is discussed in light of current...

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Toxicologically profiling the major oil types and hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) transported within EU waters: The TOXPROF project

ICES Viewpoint background document: How can we quantify and manage the impact of chemical pollution in the oceans?

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Technical annex: assessment criteria for biological effects measurements

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Overview of test-systems and other information relevant for evaluating harmful effects in the marine environment from the use of anti-fouling paints on ships

This report was prepared on request from the Norwegian Maritime Directorate (NMD). The scope for ... more This report was prepared on request from the Norwegian Maritime Directorate (NMD). The scope for the project was outlined in letter of 04.05.99 from Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) to NMD. The contract for the project was signed 24.06.99 (NMD) and 09.07.99 (NIVA). The scope of the project was agreed adjusted according to recommendations in NIVA´s letter of 10/11-99 to NMD. The project was financed through funding from The Norwegian Ministry of Environment (MD) to NMD. The scope for the project was: • Based on available information, produce an overview of test methods and other data relevant for environmental evaluation of antifouling agents. • Suggest how field evidence of effects, results from experiments in mesocosms, results from toxicity testing and physical/chemical characteristics of the active agent(s) in an antifouling system can assessed with the aim to include them in a list of restricted substances.

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Genotoxicity of gold nanoparticles in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after single exposure and combined with the pharmaceutical gemfibrozil

Chemosphere, 2018

Widespread use of pharmaceuticals and suboptimal wastewater treatment have led to increased level... more Widespread use of pharmaceuticals and suboptimal wastewater treatment have led to increased levels of these substances in aquatic ecosystems. Lipid-lowering drugs such as gemfibrozil, which are among the most abundant human pharmaceuticals in the environment, may have deleterious effects on aquatic organisms. We examined the genotoxicity of gemfibrozil in a fish species, the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), which is commercially important in southern Europe. Following 96-h waterborne exposure, molecular (erythrocyte DNA strand breaks) and cytogenetic (micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in cells) endpoints were measured. Gemfibrozil was positive in both endpoints, at environmentally relevant concentrations, a result that raises concerns about the potential genotoxic effects of the drug in recipient waters.

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Assessing environmental quality status by integrating chemical and biological effect data: The Cartagena coastal zone as a case

Marine Environmental Research, 2017

Cartagena coastal zone (W Mediterranean) was chosen for a practical case study to investigate the... more Cartagena coastal zone (W Mediterranean) was chosen for a practical case study to investigate the suitability of an integrated indicator framework for marine monitoring and assessment of chemicals and their effects, which was developed by ICES and OSPAR. Red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were selected as target species. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment and biota, and contaminant-related biomarkers were analysed. To assess environmental quality in the Cartagena coastal zone with respect to chemical pollution, data were assessed using available assessment criteria, and then integrated for different environmental matrices. A qualitative scoring method was used to rank the overall assessments into selected categories and to evaluate the confidence level of the final integrated assessment. The ICES/OSPAR integrated assessment framework, originally designed for the North Atlantic, was found to be applicable for Mediterranean species and environmental matrices. Further development of assessment criteria of chemical and biological parameters in sediments and target species from the Mediterranean will, however, be required before this framework can be fully applied for determining Good Environmental Status (GES) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in these regions.

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Fisk og byttedyr fra Grenlandsfjordene-Datarapport for analyser av fett, PCDF/D, no PCB, PCN og stabile isotoper av nitrogen og karbon (&13C, &15N)

Feltarbeidet ble gjennomført på samarbeidstokt med HIs fartøy F/F G.M. Dannevig. Tre tokt for inn... more Feltarbeidet ble gjennomført på samarbeidstokt med HIs fartøy F/F G.M. Dannevig. Tre tokt for innsamling av organismer til miljøgiftanalyser ble gjennomført i 2000 og ett i 2002. Under feltarbeidet deltok Ole Aspholm fra NIVA (nå Veritas), mens det øvrige personell kom fra HI. Odd Aksel Bergstad og Jan Atle Knutsen fra HI var toktledere. Analyse av "dioksiner", non-orto PCB og polyklorerte naftalener er gjennomført på NILU under ledelse av Martin Schlabach. En del av fettanalysene (fra tokt 1 og 2 i 2000) ble utført under ledelse av Marc Berntssen ved Nasjonalt institutt for ernaerings-og sjømatforsking (NIFES), mens de øvrige fettanalysene ble utført av NILU og NIVA.

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