Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, 2002
This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and... more This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and focus+context visualization methods, together with bounding constraints, to fit within preestablished bounds. The method is an instance of an emerging "attention-reactive" user interface whose components are designed to snap together in bounded spaces.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems common ground - CHI '96, 1996
The WorldWide Web has achieved global connectivity stimulating the transition of computers from k... more The WorldWide Web has achieved global connectivity stimulating the transition of computers from knowledge processors to knowledge sources. But the Web and its client software are seriously deficient for supporting users' interactive use of this information. This paper presents two related designs with which to evolve the Web and its clients. The first is the WebBook, a 3D interactive book of HTML pages. The WebBook allows rapid interaction with objects at a higher level of aggregation than pages. The second is the Web Forager, an application that embeds the WebBook and other objects in a hierarchical 3D workspace, Both designs are intended as exercises to play off against analytical studies of information workspaces.
In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sen... more In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sense of it. By sensemaking, we mean interacting with and operating on the information with a variety of information processing mechanisms (3,18). Previously, we introduced a concept that uses the spreadsheet metaphor with cells containing visualizations of complex data. In this paper, we extend and apply
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2004
Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and ... more Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and correlations of information without extensive reading, re-reading and memorization. In this short paper, we focus on the user interaction and usage scenario of a new system called ScentIndex that enhances the subject index of an eBook by conceptually reorganizing it to suit particular information needs. Users first enter information needs via keywords describing the concepts they are trying to retrieve and comprehend. ScentIndex then computes what index entries are conceptually related, and reorganizes and displays these index entries on a single page.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '95, 1995
This paper describes Butterfly, an Information Visualizer application for accessing DIALOG'S Scie... more This paper describes Butterfly, an Information Visualizer application for accessing DIALOG'S Science Citation databases across the Internet. Network information often involves slow access that conflicts with the use of highly-interactive information visualization. Butterfly addresses this problem, integrating search, browsing, and access management via four techniques: 1) visualization supports the assimilation of retrieved information and integrates search and browsing activity, 2) automatically-created "link-generating" queries assemble bibliographic records that contain reference information into citation graphs, 3) asynchronous query processes explore the resulting graphs for the user, and 4) process controllers allow the user to manage these processes. We use our positive experience with the Butterfly implementation to propose a general information access approach, called Organic User Inteifacesfor Infomiation Access, in which a virtual landscape grows under user control as information is accessed automatically.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2005
Although information visualization (infovis) technologies have proven indispensable tools for mak... more Although information visualization (infovis) technologies have proven indispensable tools for making sense of complex data, widespread deployment has yet to take hold, as successful infovis applications are often difficult to author and require domain-specific customization. To address these issues, we have created prefuse, a software framework for creating dynamic visualizations of both structured and unstructured data. prefuse provides theoretically-motivated abstractions for the design of a wide range of visualization applications, enabling programmers to string together desired components quickly to create and customize working visualizations. To evaluate prefuse we have built both existing and novel visualizations testing the toolkit's flexibility and performance, and have run usability studies and usage surveys finding that programmers find the toolkit usable and effective.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2000
Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not avai... more Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not available in printed books. In this paper we study a particular augmentation of digital books that provides readers with customized recommendations. We systematically explore the application of spreading activation over text and citation data to generate useful recommendations. Our findings reveal that for the tasks performed in our corpus, spreading activation over text is more useful than citation data. Further, fusing text and citation data via spreading activation results in the most useful recommendations. The fused spreading activation techniques outperform traditional text-based retrieval methods. Finally, we introduce a preliminary user interface for the display of recommendations from these algorithms.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems celebrating interdependence - CHI '94, 1994
In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characteriz... more In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing information access from dynamic displays. The paper works out this method for a simple, but important, class of dynamic displays called direct-walk interactive information visuatizations, in which information is accessed through a sequence of mouse selections and key selections. The method is used to characterize a simple calendar task for an application of the Information Visualizer, to compute the changes in characterization as the result of possible program variants, and to conduct empirical comparison between different systems with the same function.
Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book sys... more Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book systems, information workspaces, and digital libraries. This paper describes the page turning design of 3Book, a 3D book system that we recently developed. Our design aims to find a sensible balance among important factors such as visual realism, readability, interactivity, and scalability. To convey the impression of reading or viewing an actual physical book, we model all the faces of the book and synchronize the movements of various portions of the book during page turning. Our design delivers a seamless transition between two states of the book (i.e., when it is lying still and when it is turning pages). In addition, we deform the turning pages around an imaginary cone of changing sizes to produce realistically-looking curved pages.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '98, 1998
Several visualizations have emerged which attempt to visualize all or part of the World Wide Web.... more Several visualizations have emerged which attempt to visualize all or part of the World Wide Web. Those visualizations, however, fail to present the dynamically changing ecology of users and documents on the Web. We present new techniques for Web Ecology and Evolution Visualization (WEEV). Disk Trees represent a discrete time slice of the Web ecology. A collection of Disk Trees forms a Time Tube, representing the evolution of the Web over longer periods of time. These visualizations are intended to aid authors and webmasters with the production and organization of content, assist Web surfers making sense of information, and help researchers understand the Web.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2001
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustra... more The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encountered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of the method to the analysis of eight Web protocols, visualizing the structure of the interaction and showing the strong effect of information scent in determining the path followed.
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Papers by Stuart Card