Karamdeep Singh

National Institute Of Technology Kurukshetra, Electronics and commuication engineering, Faculty Member

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I am presently an Assistant Professor (Grade -1) at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra. My research interests include Optical Signal Processing, Multimode Photonics, Microwave Photonics, Optical Communication Systems and Design of Optical Amplifiers for WDM applications.
Supervisors: Prof. Gurmeet Kaur, Prof. Maninder Lal Singh, and Prof. Deepa Venkitesh
Address: Room No. AB-122, AB Block
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Haryana, India - 136118

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Papers by Karamdeep Singh

Advancements in Optical Communication Research: A Review of India's Progress

IEEE Photonics Journal, 2024

With the increasing use of internet and mobile phones, the capacity of the backbone optical commu... more With the increasing use of internet and mobile phones, the capacity of the backbone optical communication link has been continually growing across the world and especially in India. The total optical fiber cable deployed for the BharatNet initiative of Government of India is expected to increase from 3.4 million km to 5 million km in 2024-25 just for providing last-mile connectivity. Considering this deep proliferation, this article attempts to capture the diverse research carried out in India in the domain of optical communication.

Performance analysis of a cross-gain modulation (XGM) utilization in bulk-semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) based all-optical 2R regeneration scheme

Journal of Optics, 2023

In this manuscript, we present a performance analysis of a cross-gain modulation (XGM) exploitati... more In this manuscript, we present a performance analysis of a cross-gain modulation (XGM) exploitation in bulk type semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based all-optical 2R regeneration strategy. Performance evaluation is carried out for return-to-zero (RZ) as well as non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data for various signal line rates. Further, investigations through simulations have been carried out in order to determine optimum pump probe wavelength separation as well for the XGM in bulk-SOAs based 2R regeneration strategy. It has been shown that the XGM in SOA based 2R regeneration scheme has the ability to work up to 50 Gbps line rates for RZ as well as NRZ pre-coded signals. It has been also demonstrated that there should be at least ~±3 nm separation between pump and probe wavelengths for better eye opening factor (EO%) performance for NRZ as well as RZ cases.

Sub-Nyquist Photonic Sampled Analog-to-Digital Converter with Simultaneous Operation in S, C and X-band

Optica Advanced Photonics Congress 2023, Busan, Republic of Korea, 2023

We report the experimental demonstration of a sub-Nyquist photonic analog-digital converter (PADC... more

An Arbitrary Biased EOM-based Pulse-Picker with Programmable Repetition Rate using FPGA

CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2023, 26 - 30 June 2023, Munich, Germany, 2023

We experimentally demonstrate an arbitrarily biased electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator-based pu... more

Crop Disease Detection Using MobileNet V2

4th International Conference On Innovative Trends in Electronics Engineering and Symposium on Advances in Optics and Photonics (ICITEE-2023)At: Punjabi University, Patiala, India, 2023

The growth of crop diseases has significantly increased due to recent climate changes and crop im... more The growth of crop diseases has significantly increased due to recent climate changes and crop immunity deficiencies. Detecting and treating these diseases in early stage is crucial for maintaining productivity. With the rapid advancements in deep learning and computer vision it has become possible to identify diseases with high accuracy. In this paper a deep-learning model (MobileNet V2) is implemented which classifies images of healthy and diseased crops by recognizing the texture of leaves.

Polarisation Rotation Measurements for Fiber Health Monitoring

Conference on Optics, Photonics & Quantum Optics (COPaQ-2022) - XLV Symposium of the Optical Society of IndiaAt: Lecture Hall Complex-II, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 2022

Polarization states in a single mode fiber are seen to change as the fiber undergoes stress. The ... more Polarization states in a single mode fiber are seen to change as the fiber undergoes stress. The temporal change in polarization states due to applied mechanical stress are observed by measuring the optical power at each orthogonal polarization mode. This method can help detect stress events before a potential break.

Photonic time-stretch front-end assisted instantaneous frequency measurement

onference on Optics, Photonics & Quantum Optics (COPaQ-2022) - XLV Symposium of the Optical Society of IndiaAt: Lecture Hall Complex-II, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 2022

We demonstrate the impact of choice of repetition rate of mode-locked laser (MLL) on overall freq... more

Optical sub-Nyquist sampling of S and C-band signals with 1 GHz clock source and its performance

Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) & International Conference on Information Photonics and Optical Communications (IPOC) (ACP/IPOC 2022)At: Shenzhen, China, 2022

We demonstrate sub-sampled photonic down conversion with 500 MHz digitization bandwidth using a h... more We demonstrate sub-sampled photonic down conversion with 500 MHz digitization bandwidth using a home assembled 1 GHz active mode-locked laser as clock source. We have evaluated the performance of sub-sampled photonic downconverter in terms of SNR, SINAD for S-band and C-band signals and identify the source of degradation.

Compact photonic transient digitizer operating with one-twelfth of required electronic bandwidth

Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science (Fio + LS 2022)At: Joseph A. Floreano Rochester Riverside Convention Center, Rochester, New York, USA

We demonstrate a single-shot photonic time stretch front end with stretch factor ~ 12.07. The tim... more

Development of optical clock with low timing jitter for photonic ADC

The 83rd JSAP Autumn Meeting 2022, Kawauchi-Kita Campus, Tohuku University, Japan, 2022

Mode-locked lasers generating optical pulses with GHz repetition rate and duration of picoseconds... more Mode-locked lasers generating optical pulses with GHz repetition rate and duration of picoseconds (ps) or lower are attractive for several applications including optical commu-nication, metrology and bio-imaging. Specifically, there is a growing demand for such a laser source with sub-picoseconds timing jitter for photonic analog to digital converters (PADC) systems. Optical pulses can be generated by either the active or passive mode-locking technique. In passive mode-locking, the cavity length needs to be < 10 cm to achieve a GHz repetition rate. In contrast, the active harmonic mode-locking technique has the advantage of enabling tunable repetition rate (with a resolution of cavity round trip frequency) although the pulse width may be slightly broader than that achieved using the passive mode-locking approach. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the performance of an active harmonic mode-locked erbium-doped fiber ring laser producing 55 ps optical pulses at 1 GHz repetition rate with an RMS timing Jitter of 53.7 fs developed specifically for sub-sampled PADC.

Influence of pulse repetition rate on SINAD performance of time-stretched photonic ADCs

5th IEEE Workshop on Recent Advances in Photonics (WRAP-2022), 2022

Functionality of single-shot time-stretch photonic front for ADC applications is demonstrated. Im... more

Simulation of a wideband frequency measurement system using parallel photonic sub-Nyquist sampling and binary deduction

Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2021 (ACP-2021)), 2021

A novel photonic sub-Nyquist based wideband frequency measurement system based on a pulsed laser,... more

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the sources of error in stochastic parallel gradient descent based digital modal decomposition technique

OSA Continuum, 2021

A detailed systematic investigation of the accuracy of digital modal decomposition process that u... more A detailed systematic investigation of the accuracy of digital modal decomposition process that uses stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is presented in this paper. Composite beams of known weights and phases corresponding to the eigenmodes of a three-mode fiber are generated theoretically and through experiments using a spatial light modulator (SLM). The weights and phases of the constituent scalar modes are extracted from the intensity profile of the composite beam using the SPGD method, for both theoretical and experimental conditions. Detailed analysis of the sources of error in such SPGD based digital modal decomposition method is carried out by generating composite beams of various modal ratios and phase combinations theoretically. Impact of the experimental errors such as effect of background noise, nonlinearity, misalignment of the camera and that due to the cumulative propagation phase, on the extracted weights and relative phase values are quantified. We find that any ambiguity at phase angles closer to 90 deg among the constituent modes especially when the modal weights are non-uniform, cannot be corrected easily and hence is a fundamental limitation of the intensity-based modal decomposition technique. The methodology used in this manuscript to identify the systemic errors in modal decomposition can be potentially extended to any digital decomposition technique.

Demonstration of Sub-Nyquist Photonic Sampled Analog-to-Digital Converter for S-band RADAR Systems

OSA Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science APS/DLS 2020 (FiO LS 2020)At: Washington DC (Online), 2020

A packaged sub-Nyquist sampled photonic analog-to-digital converter (PADC) is demonstrated with a... more

Digital Modal Decomposition Based on Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent Algorithm and its Validation

14th Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO PR 2020)At: Sydney, Australia (Online), 2020

We present validation study of modal decomposition methodology based on SPGD algorithm. Composite... more

Influence of Optical Fiber Length on the Jitter Performance of Subsampled Photonic Downconverter for S-band RADAR Systems

12th IEEE/IET International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing- CSNDSP 2020At: Porto, Portugal (Online), 2020

A packaged sub-sampled photonic downconverter is demonstrated with digitization bandwidth of 42.3... more A packaged sub-sampled photonic downconverter is demonstrated with digitization bandwidth of 42.3 MHz for S-band operation. Nyquist folding of a single tone signal at 2.517 GHz has been demonstrated successfully. Further, impact of length of fiber spool in front of optical-to electrical converter i.e. photodiode has been studied for various RF input power levels ranging from 2 km to 10 km in terms of phase noise and timing jitter of sub-sampled signal.

Mode resolved bending loss measurement of few-mode fiber utilizing digital modal decomposition

OSA Advanced Photonics Congress 2020 (APC 2020) At: Montreal, Canada (Online), 2020

We report a mode resolved bending loss (MRBL) measurement methodology based on digital modal deco... more

Performance evaluation of an all-optical multicasting strategy based on cross-gain modulation (XGM) in a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)

Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 2020

In this paper, performance of an all-optical multicasting strategy based on harnessing of gain no... more In this paper, performance of an all-optical multicasting strategy based on harnessing of gain nonlinearity characteristics of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) has been evaluated for variety of configurations structured around 4 probe channel spacings. The proposed strategy is very simple as only a single SOA has been deployed in realization purposes. Simulation results in terms of the designated performance metric: Quality factor (Q-factor), demonstrate proposed strategy’s capability to multicast an approaching optical signal (3 nm at 40 Gbps, 2 nm at 40 Gbps, 1 nm at 30 Gbps and 0.5 nm at 20 Gbps) onto outgoing signals utilizing XGM property of SOA.

Modal Decomposition of a Three Mode Graded Index Few Mode Fiber (FMF) based on Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent (SPGD) Algorithm

International Conference on Optics and Optoelectronics 2019 (ICOL 2019), 2019

In this work, we demonstrate modal decomposition of output of a three mode graded index few-mode ... more In this work, we demonstrate modal decomposition of output of a three mode graded index few-mode fiber (FMF). The scalar modes of the three-mode graded index few-mode fiber (FMF) simulated through a finite difference method (FDM) based mode solver are mixed in different proportions in order to emulate the output of the FMF and the mixing proportions are recovered successfully using the SPGD algorithm. Both the modal weights (ρ) and relative phase angles (Δϕ) are determined iteratively using this algorithm using only four update equations.

Evaluation of gain spectrum of dual/triple pumped fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) by optimizing its pumping parameters in the scenario of dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems

Fiber Raman Amplifier (FRA) is a fundamental amplifier that has the capability to operate in any ... more Fiber Raman Amplifier (FRA) is a fundamental amplifier that has the capability to operate in any communication band. No exceptional doping in the optical fiber is required in order to generate amplification using Raman scattering. In present work, we have investigated the gain spectrum evolutions of a dual/triple pumped FRA for 0.8 nm, 0.4 nm and 0.2 nm channel spacings by varying number of pumps, operating pump wavelengths and their respective pump powers. It has been observed in the case of triple pumped FRA that deployment of three continuous wave (CW) lasers at 1390 nm, 1410 nm and 1440 nm wavelengths yields enhanced gain > 15 dB in the region 1489.4 nm to 1578.20 nm (88.8 nm) at 0.2 nm channel spacing.

Karamdeep Singh

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