Papers by Professor Saumitra Mukherjee
International journal of advanced geosciences, Oct 18, 2016
24 Parganas districts of West Bengal are very well known for their agricultural productivity. The... more 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal are very well known for their agricultural productivity. These districts are the part of the mature delta plain of the Bengal delta which is formed by the deposition of weathered sediments through Himalayan Rivers. The agricultural productivity of an area depends mainly upon the fertility of soil which in turn depends on the presence of essential nutrients in it. Thus, the present study was carried out to assess the types of minerals present in the soil which provide the elements that act as the nutrients to the plant. Band ratio technique using the Landsat imagery and X-Ray Diffraction was carried out for the study of mineral composition. XRF was done for the elemental composition of the soil samples and Principal Component Analysis was carried out to assess the sources of these nutrients in the soil. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was also calculated using Landsat imagery to study the vegetation pattern in the area. The study suggests that the area is mainly comprised of clay and ferrous minerals and contains nearly all the elements that act as macro-and micro-nutrients. However, the study also shows the accumulation of some of the heavy metals which may be due to the excessive use of fertilizers.
Astrophysics and Space Science, 2019
This research is devoted to the determination of the causal relationship between the flow of part... more This research is devoted to the determination of the causal relationship between the flow of particles that are coming from the Sun and the hurricanes Irma, Jose, and Katia. To accomplish this, the lag correlation analysis was performed. High correlation coefficients confirmed a preliminary conclusion about the relationship between solar activities and the hurricane phenomenon, which allows further research. Five parameters i.e. characteristics of solar activity (10.7 cm solar radio flux (F10.7), the flows of protons and electrons with maximum energy, speed and density of solar wind particles) were chosen as model input, while the wind speed and air pressure of Irma, Jose, and Katia hurricanes B D. Doljak
International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, Oct 31, 2016
The land use activities ultimately affect the land cover spatially and temporarily. The major fac... more The land use activities ultimately affect the land cover spatially and temporarily. The major factor responsible for the change in land use/land cover is to fulfill the growing demands of increasing population through agricultural intensification for food and clearing natural land cover like the forest for settlement and commercial activities. The change in land use and land cover also disturbs the other natural component soil fertility, soil erosion, ecology, biodiversity, air quality and water regime of the disturbed area. The remote sensing and GIS technology has been emerged as a good tool to analyze the change in land use and land cover of the area at spatial and temporal scale. In this study, the NDVI based classification has indicated about significant change in land use land cover between a year 1990 and 2014. The Major change has been found in the forest cover area where about 113 km 2 (2.9%) of forest have been degraded and about 115.4 km 2 area of wetland has been lost between year 1990 and 2014.
Present COVID 19 pandemics have compelled us to think if there is a correlation in between micro ... more Present COVID 19 pandemics have compelled us to think if there is a correlation in between micro tremor-induced changes in groundwater to mitigate viral infection. Observational data of the surge and down of viral pandemics cases in Delhi and surrounding areas of India compared with microtremor activities reveals the correlation.
Muon detector has the potential to function as Nano Sensor to infer possible earthquake in earthq... more Muon detector has the potential to function as Nano Sensor to infer possible earthquake in earthquake prone areas. It has been observed that 30 to 36 hours before the occurrence of the earthquake the magnetic field (Kp) and electron flux (E-flux) of the Sun-Earth environment changes. Using Sun-Observatory-Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite data it is possible to monitor the fluctuation every 15 minutes interval. It has been observed that before the occurrence of earthquake, nanoparticle (muon) intensity reduces, while the atmospheric temperature rises along with the increase in Kp and E-flux values. After the earthquake the atmospheric temperature falls suddenly with the rise in cosmic rays and fall in Kp and E-flux values. It has been planned by IHY, NASA and UNBSS (United Nations Basic Space Sciences) to design and install basic hybrid SEVAN (Space Environment Viewing and Analysis Network) in 14 locations across the world. Cosmic Ray Division laboratory of Armenia will supply photomultiplier of similar standards to all these 14 locations including Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. These detectors will record and correlate the intensity of cosmic ray data to predict various environmental perturbations including earthquake. Based on this plan it was attempted to correlate Kp, Eflux and chages in environment in different locations across the world with variation of cosmic rays collected from existing muon detectors.
International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2016
Arsenic contamination, a very serious issue, has a detrimental effect on the living being. Arseni... more Arsenic contamination, a very serious issue, has a detrimental effect on the living being. Arsenic contamination is found in the Gangetic plains, with West Bengal as the most affected state. In the present study, an attempt has been made to use weighted overlay analysis for arsenic hazard zonation based on the factors that influence the groundwater in a terrain. Weighted overlay analysis was done for mapping the arsenic contamination zone by assigning weightage and rating to geomorphology, land use/land cover, soil type, cropping intensity, slope and drainage density in North 24 Parganas. The whole region has been formed by the sedimentation from the river, and soil at the surface contains higher concentration of arsenic. Arsenic may get released from the sediment by various mechanism and transport downward along with the infiltration of rainwater. Thus, arsenic contamination in groundwater is influenced by the arsenic rich sediments, slope, and drainage pattern of the area. The ars...
The suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes was assessed in the... more The suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes was assessed in the South 24-Parganas district of West Bengal (India), based on various water quality parameters. The study area falls under a monsoon type of climate. For the present study fortysix representative groundwater samples were collected randomly from tube wells/bore wells to monitor the water chemistry of various ions. The results showed that the concentrations of these ions are above the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation purposes. The pollution with respect to chloride, nitrate and fluoride is mainly attributed to the extensive use of fertilizers and large-scale discharge of municipal wastes into the open drainage system of the area. Most of the groundwater samples of the study area fall into the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Classification C3-S1 (high salinity-low SAR). According to the Wilcox irrigation water classification, 46% of the water samples fall under good to permissible category and 37% under the permissible to doubtful category. A classification based on conductivity shows most of the groundwater samples fall in the "tolerable" to "safe" category. Based on a groundwater chloride classification, 54% of water samples are "safe" to "tolerable", and 22% of water samples fall under a "health hazard" category.
Bulletin of the AAS, 2021
This list includes many of the hundreds of current students and scientists who have made signific... more This list includes many of the hundreds of current students and scientists who have made significant contributions to Mars Polar Science in the past decade. Every name listed represents a person who asked to join the white paper or agreed to be listed and provided some comments.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Water Resources Management, Apr 22, 2012
Over-extraction of groundwater has compromised its climatic resilience properties and the arid/se... more Over-extraction of groundwater has compromised its climatic resilience properties and the arid/semi-arid rural tracts are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the risks of groundwater scarcity. This study has employed a combination of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) techniques to delineate the Groundwater Potential Zones (GPZs) of the semi-arid Birbhum district in eastern India which suffers from seasonal drought during lean periods. For a reliable evaluation, a large number of thematic layers (N = 12) including geology, geomorphology, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), fault and lineament density, drainage density, rainfall, soil type, slope, roughness, topographic wetness index, topographic position index and curvature were considered for this assessment. Multicollinearity and consistency checks were performed prior integrating the layers to avoid a non-trivial degree of accuracy in prediction output. The GPZ map was obtained with an accuracy of 80.49% with respect to the observation tube well data. Based on the obtained output, 38.24%, 24.24% and 11.14% of areas of the district classified as moderate, poor, and very poor GPZs, respectively, whereas only 26.38% of the district classified as high to very high GPZs. Cross-validation using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve revealed a good prediction accuracy of 71.50%. Furthermore, map removal and single parameter sensitivity analysis was also performed which revealed geology, geomorphology, soil types, rainfall, LULC and lineament density as the most influential parameters for the prediction model where exclusion of any thematic layer significantly changes the prediction accuracy and area of each GPZ class. The most convincing GPZs are recorded in some parts of the Mayurakshi and Ajay river basins and certain alluvial aquifer regions. Nonetheless, the study recommends the adaptation of Managed Aquifer Recharge techniques including rainwater harvesting, alternative cropping patterns and irrigation techniques such as sprinklers, drips and micro irrigations to increase the groundwater potential of the water crisis zones. is scarce and unevenly distributed (Luo et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019). Groundwater resources serve as the main source of drinking water in the rural regions of India due to the unavailability of piped drinking water or a safe drinking water supply. Additionally, urban residents increasingly rely on groundwater due to unreliable and inadequate water supplies (Mukherjee and Singh, 2018a). Groundwater is considered a safer water source in comparison to surface water, as it is purified and protected by the vadose zone of the earth (Subba Rao
Catchment Morphometric Characteristics' Impact on Floods Management
Flood Handbook, 2022
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2017
Unplanned abstraction of groundwater due to various land use land cover activities and variations... more Unplanned abstraction of groundwater due to various land use land cover activities and variations in monsoonal rainfall have greatly affected the availability and quality of groundwater resources in semi-arid regions of India. In the present study, a study of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater was undertaken in the Sonipat district of Haryana in India together with the use of stable isotope (d 18 O and dD) measurements and GIS analysis. A total of 53 groundwater samples were collected from seven blocks of the district, and 14 water quality parameters and stable isotopes (d 18 O and dD) were analysed to infer hydrogeochemical processes taking place in the area. The integration of hydrochemistry with GIS is very helpful to understand the factors governing in the area. The majority of the samples showed Na-Cl type of hydrochemical facies. The trilinear plot for major cations and anions in groundwater indicates dominance of sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate ions. Nitrate plumes in the groundwater appear to be migrating in groundwater from the central and southwestern parts of the area towards the urbanized areas. A total of 64% of the samples exceed the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L given by WHO for fluoride. Besides natural sources such as silicate and carbonate weathering, ion exchange, and reverse ion exchange, the leaching of surficial salts and untreated industrial wastes along with unregulated abstraction are contributing to poor groundwater quality in the study area. An assessment of saturation indices has shown that groundwater in the area is unsaturated with respect to anhydrite, halite and gypsum suggesting significant contribution of Ca 2? , Mg 2? and other ions in the groundwater. A scatter plot of d 18 O versus Cl also suggests mixing of saline water with fresh groundwater. Keywords Hydrogeochemistry Á Geochemical modelling Á Saturation index Á Stable isotopes (d 18 O and dD) Á GIS Á Sonipat
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2014
The present study was conducted to explore the influence of geomorphic features of the area on th... more The present study was conducted to explore the influence of geomorphic features of the area on the mobilization of arsenic in groundwater. In this study, remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to prepare the geomorphic and slope map of the area. Different geomorphic features were identified on the basis of spectral signature on the LISS III and Landsat satellite image and field survey. Groundwater samples were collected from each representative geomorphic feature to inspect the arsenic contamination in the area. The study area is drained by the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries and contain mainly fluvial geomorphic units especially older flood plain, palaeochannels, oxbow lakes, channel islands; and hilly areas at some of the places. In this study it was observed that enrichment of arsenic in groundwater varies along the geomorphic units in following trends Paleochannel> Younger alluvial plain> Active flood plain> channel island > dissected hills. The above trend shows that a higher concentration of arsenic is found in the groundwater samples collected from the fluvial landforms as compared to those collected from structural landforms. Brahmaputra River and its tributaries carry the sediment load from the Himalayan foothills, which get deposited in these features during the lateral shift of the river's courses. Arsenic bearing minerals may get transported through river and deposit in the geomorphological features along with organic matter. The flat terrain of the area as seen from the slope map provides more residence time to water to infiltrate into the aquifer. The microbial degradation of organic matter generates the reducing environment and facilitates the dissolution of iron hydroxide thus releasing the adsorbed arsenic into the groundwater.
Society of Earth Scientists Series, 2014
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Groundwater Exploration
Fundamentals and Applications, 2014
Ecological Questions, 2010
Information about change is necessary for updating Land Use/ Land Cover LULC maps and the managem... more Information about change is necessary for updating Land Use/ Land Cover LULC maps and the management of natural resources. The paper aims to map the changes in the LULC using hybrid classification methods and to quantify the land use/ land cover change that took place in the Rupnagar district of Punjab. The paper promotes the classification of LULC based on remote sensing information (obtained mainly through the utilization of Thematic Mapper TM) to generate data products that are both appropriate to, and immediately usable within different scientific applications. Satellite data provides the basis for geographically referenced land use/land cover characterization that is internally consistent, repeatable over time, and potentially more reliable. The main objective of this study is to quantify the change in the area of various LULC classes. Classification of four reflective bands of three Landsat images was carried out by using Isodata clustering algorithm with the aid of ground truth data. The second part focused on land use/ land cover changes by using the change detection comparison (pixel by pixel). The change analysis was performed by post image classification method, comparing the data from three different dates. The result indicates there was a rapid change in land use/land cover due to the increase in population. The results indicate that severe land cover changes have occurred in cropland (225.97 km 2), dense forest (128.57 km 2), settlement (93.5 km 2), salt affected land (9.74 km 2) and water body (11.69 km 2) areas from 1989 to 2006.
Geoscience Letters, 2022
Landslides are considered as major natural hazards that cause enormous property damages and fatal... more Landslides are considered as major natural hazards that cause enormous property damages and fatalities in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this article, we evaluated the landslide susceptibility, and its spatial differencing in the whole Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region using five state-of-the-art learning algorithms; deep neural network (DNN), logistic regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), differing from previous studies only in local areas of QTP. The 671 landslide events were considered, and thirteen landslide conditioning factors (LCFs) were derived for database generation, including annual rainfall, distance to drainage$${(\mathrm{Ds}}_{\mathrm{d}})$$(Dsd), distance to faults$${(\mathrm{Ds}}_{\mathrm{f}})$$(Dsf), drainage density ($${D}_{d})$$Dd), elevation (Elev), fault density$$({F}_{d})$$(Fd), lithology, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), plan curvature$${(\mathrm{Pl}}_{\mathrm{c}})$$(Plc), profile curvature$${(\m...
Global Change Biology, 2005
Humans have exerted large-scale changes on the terrestrial biosphere, primarily through agricultu... more Humans have exerted large-scale changes on the terrestrial biosphere, primarily through agriculture; however, the impacts of such changes on the hydrologic cycle are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the conversion of natural rangeland ecosystems to agricultural ecosystems impacts the subsurface portion of the hydrologic cycle by changing groundwater recharge and flushing salts to underlying aquifers. The hypothesis was examined through point and areal studies investigating the effects of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on groundwater recharge and solute transport in the Amargosa Desert (AD) in Nevada and in the High Plains (HP) in Texas, US. Studies use the fact that matric (pore-water-pressure) potential and environmental-tracer profiles in thick unsaturated zones archive past changes in recharging fluxes. Results show that recharge is related to LU/LC as follows: discharge through evapotranspiration (i.e., no recharge; upward fluxes o0.1 mm yr À1) in natural rangeland ecosystems (low matric potentials; high chloride and nitrate concentrations); moderate-to-high recharge in irrigated agricultural ecosystems (high matric potentials; lowto-moderate chloride and nitrate concentrations) (AD recharge: $ 130-640 mm yr À1); and moderate recharge in nonirrigated (dryland) agricultural ecosystems (high matric potentials; low chloride and nitrate concentrations, and increasing groundwater levels) (HP recharge: $ 9-32 mm yr À1). Replacement of rangeland with agriculture changed flow directions from upward (discharge) to downward (recharge). Recent replacement of rangeland with irrigated ecosystems was documented through downward displacement of chloride and nitrate fronts. Thick unsaturated zones contain a reservoir of salts that are readily mobilized under increased recharge related to LU/LC changes, potentially degrading groundwater quality. Sustainable land use requires quantitative knowledge of the linkages between ecosystem change, recharge, and groundwater quality.
Magnetospheric substorms and storms are indicators of geomagnetic activity. Whereas the geomagnet... more Magnetospheric substorms and storms are indicators of geomagnetic activity. Whereas the geomagnetic index AE (auroral electrojet) is used to study substorms, it is common to characterize the magnetic storms by the Dst (disturbance storm time) index of geomagnetic activity. This talk discusses briefly the storm-substorms relationship, and highlights some of the characteristics of intense magnetic storms, including the events of 29-31 October and 20-21 November 2003. The adverse effects of these intense geomagnetic storms on telecommunication, navigation, and on spacecraft functioning will be discussed.
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Papers by Professor Saumitra Mukherjee