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Specification of Non-Functional Requirements: A Hybrid Approach

When specifying user requirements, not only it is critical to ensure correct and unambiguous spec... more When specifying user requirements, not only it is critical to ensure correct and unambiguous specification of functional requirements, but also that of non-functional requirements (NFRs). In fact, resolving ambiguities from user specified natural language NFRs and specifying the correct ones in a formal language have attracted significant attention. Our current research focuses on the issues pertaining the same. We observe that it is a usual practice for a user to narrate the NFRs in natural language and the requirement engineers manually try to express the same, using some semi-formal or formal language notations. However, inaccurate and the laborious manual approach may fail to detect all the NFRs and correctly remove the ambiguities in those detected. Hence, current research attempts have focused on automating the conversion of natural language NFRs to formal notations. In literature, there exist numerous approaches that take requirements as input and output the extended UML coun...

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Detecting Intra-Conflicts in Non-Functional Requirements

Int. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowl. Based Syst., 2021

When specifying user requirements, not only is it critical to ensure correct and unambiguous spec... more When specifying user requirements, not only is it critical to ensure correct and unambiguous specification of functional requirements, but also that of Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs). A critical success factor in Requirements Engineering (RE) involves recognizing conflicts among NFRs specified by multiple stakeholders having differing concerns, priorities, and responsibilities. There indeed are numerous attempts made in the literature to resolve the conflicts between two NFRs, with the traditional view of considering the two NFRs different from each other e.g. security conflicting with the availability. In this paper, however, we propose that to introduce fine-grained conflict resolution – by also focusing on those situations where one NFR conflicts with another NFR of the same type. For ease of understanding, we propose to differentiate such conflicts by coining the term intra-conflicts. Thus, we propose fine-grained conflict resolution – by focusing on the notion of resolving ...

A Semi-automated Approach to Generate an Adaptive Quality Attribute Relationship Matrix

[Context and Motivation] A critical success factor in Requirements Engineering (RE) involves reco... more [Context and Motivation] A critical success factor in Requirements Engineering (RE) involves recognizing conflicts in Quality Requirements (QRs). Nowadays, Quality Attributes Relationship Matrix (QARM) is utilized to identify the conflicts in QRs. The static QARM represents how one Quality Attribute (QA) undermines or supports to achieve other QAs. [Question/Problem] However, emerging technology discovers new QAs. Requirements analysts need to invest significant time and non-trivial human effort to acquire knowledge for the newly discovered QAs and influence among them. This process involves searching and analyzing a large set of quality documents from literature and industries. In addition, the use of static QARMs, without knowing the purpose of the QRs in the system may lead to false conflict identification. Rather than taking all QAs, domain-specific QAs are of great concern for the system being developed. [Principal ideas/results] In this paper, we propose an approach which is aimed to build an adaptive QARM semi-automatically. We empirically evaluate the approach and report an analysis of the generated QARM. We achieve 85.67% recall, 59.07% precision and 69.14% F-measure to acquire knowledge for QAs. [Contributions] We provide an algorithm to acquire knowledge for domain-specific QAs and construct an adaptive QARM from available unconstrained natural language documents and web search engines.

An Ontological Approach to Specify Conflicts among Non-Functional Requirements

Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis

It is a usual practice for a user to narrate the Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) in natural la... more It is a usual practice for a user to narrate the Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) in natural language and the requirements engineers manually try to express the same, using semi-formal or formal language notations. However, inaccurate and the laborious manual approach may fail to detect all potential NFRs and conflicts among them. Existing solutions for specifying NFRs are based on a graphical representation that requires manual efforts. Furthermore, they do not take into account the classification of the types of conflicting NFRs that helps to prioritize NFRs. In addition, these approaches are not used in industrial practice due to three main reasons viz. 1) High manual inference 2) Sharing and reusing work can be difficult and 3) No support for machine understanding. Therefore, the aim of our research is to formally specify conflicting NFRs from available natural language NFRs by means of ontological representation that helps requirements analysts prioritize the NFRs at an early stage of requirements engineering.

Constructing a Knowledge-Based Quality Attributes Relationship Matrix to Identify Conflicts in Non-Functional Requirements

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience

A critical success factor in requirements engineering involves recognizing conflicts in Non-funct... more A critical success factor in requirements engineering involves recognizing conflicts in Non-functional requirements (NFRs). The recent approaches use Quality attributes relationship matrix (QARM) to identify conflicts in NFRs that represents how one quality attribute undermine (-) or support (+) achieving other types of quality attributes. However, the static QARMs are not always obvious and may vary in the context of available standards, development and the involved stakeholders. In addition, these matrixes do not contain relations for emergent quality attributes viz. Recoverability, context awareness, mobility among others. Furthermore, identifying the conflicts in NFRs using the matrix without knowing the purpose of NFRs in the system may produce the false conflict identification. Hence, the aim of our research is to identify relations and influences between NFR attributes (a.k.a. Quality attributes) from available unconstrained natural language documents through automated natura...

Resolving ambiguity in natural language specification to generate UML diagrams for requirements specification

International Journal of Software Engineering, Technology and Applications, 2015

Requirements engineering activity often starts with the vaguely defined requirements. Hence, it i... more Requirements engineering activity often starts with the vaguely defined requirements. Hence, it is essential that when the requirements are analysed, the ambiguities are resolved to the extent possible. One of the attractive alternatives in resolving ambiguities is to convert the informal natural language requirements (NLRs) into their formal or semi-formal counterpart that ensures precision and orthogonality. Towards meeting this goal, the Unified Modelling Language (UML) notations can be exploited to an advantage. As per our literature survey, there exist numerous tools that take NLR as input and output the UML counterpart. However, most of the tools do not support normalising and resolving ambiguities. In this paper, we propose an architecture viz. ARUgen that is aimed to resolve ambiguities, find object oriented terms and relationship to generate accurate UML diagrams with Java code. Our tool ARUgen mainly deals with ambiguities viz. pronoun anaphora, verb anaphora and coordination.

An Excursion to Software Development Life Cycle Models

ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 2016

Software Engineering provides a standard way to develop and maintain a complex software. Industry... more

A Concise Study on Issues Related To Security, Privacy and Trust in Cloud Services

Cloud computing brings us the approximately infinite computing capability, excellent scalability,... more Cloud computing brings us the approximately infinite computing capability, excellent scalability, service on-demand and so on. It has been envisioned as the next generation architecture of IT enterprise. Clients release their burden of storing and maintaining the data locally by storing it over the cloud. As cloud provides many advantages, it also brings certain challenges. Though client cannot physically access the data from the cloud server directly, without client's knowledge, cloud provider can modify or delete data which are either not used by the client from a long a time or occupies a large space. It represents a new computing model that poses many demanding security issues at all levels. For overall security improvements, mechanisms establishing trust relationship among entities are attracting increasing attention. This paper presents an elaborated study of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS components' security, privacy, trust and determines risk and their solution directives. The...

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Resolving Ambiguities in Natural Language Software Requirements: A Comprehensive Survey

Requirements Engineering is one of the most vital activities in the entire Software Development... more Requirements Engineering is one of the most vital activities in the entire

Software Development Life Cycle. The success of the software is

largely dependent on how well the users’ requirements have been

understood and converted into appropriate functionalities in the

software. Typically, the users convey their requirements in natural

language statements that initially appear easy to state. However, being

stated in natural language, the statement of requirements often tends to

suffer from misinterpretations and imprecise inferences. As a result, the

requirements specified thus, may lead to ambiguities in the software

specifications. One can indeed find numerous approaches that deal with

ensuring precise requirement specifications. Naturally, an obvious

approach to deal with ambiguities in natural language software

specifications is to eliminate ambiguities altogether i.e. to use formal

specifications. However, the formal methods have been observed to be

cost-effective largely for the development of mission-critical software.

Due to the technical sophistication required, these are yet to be accepted

in the mainstream. Hence, the other alternative is to let the ambiguities

exist in the natural language requirements but deal with the same using

proven techniques viz. using approaches based on machine learning,

knowledge and ontology to resolve them. One can indeed find

numerous automated and semi-automated tools to resolve specific types

of natural language software requirement ambiguities.

However, to the best of our knowledge there is no published literature

that attempts to compare and contrast the prevalent approaches to deal

with ambiguities in natural language software requirements. Hence, in

this paper, we attempt to survey and analyze the prevalent approaches

that attempt to resolve ambiguities in natural language software

requirements. We focus on presenting a state-of-the-art survey of the

currently available tools for ambiguity resolution. The objective of this

paper is to disseminate, dissect and analyze the research work published

in the area, identify metrics for a comparative evaluation and eventually

do the same. At the end, we identify open research issues with an aim to

spark new interests and developments in this field.

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