The 1st International Precision Agriculture Pakistan Conference 2022 (PAPC 2022)—Change the Culture of Agriculture
The application of water-retention polymers with improved fertilizers is a better cropgrowing tec... more The application of water-retention polymers with improved fertilizers is a better cropgrowing technique, especially in soils where the water-retention capacity is low. In Pakistan, different types of fertilizers, such as urea, DAP, MOP or SOP, are used from sowing to harvesting of crops. The use of water-retention polymers in low water-retaining soils is very important to increase its retention time. The experiment was conducted on half an acre of land in FFC Research Center located in Dyyalgarh, Millat Rd., near Deputy Wala interchange M4, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The seed variety used in this experiment is zincole and the seed rate is 50 kg/acre. This experiment contains four different treatments, and each treatment contains three replicates. In T1, no water-retention polymers were used, while T2 was treated with standard and neem-coated urea under no waterretention polymer application. While in T3 and T4 recommended doses of polymers were used with standard and neem-coated urea. Irrigation scheduling was determined using tensiometers.. The research is aimed to keep moisture available in the root zone for better growth. For proper moisture monitoring tensiometers were installed.
The 1st International Precision Agriculture Pakistan Conference 2022 (PAPC 2022)—Change the Culture of Agriculture
Oat is an essential Rabi crop commonly used as green fodder. The nutritional requirements of oats... more Oat is an essential Rabi crop commonly used as green fodder. The nutritional requirements of oats are higher than those of other Rabi fodder crops. Higher doses of inorganic fertilizers are required to meet this demand, which is not economical for fodder production. This study evaluates the best economical dose of integrated nutrient management for attaining higher yield and better nutritional quality of oat. The experiment was conducted on the Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The seed varieties used in this experiment were Oat-2011 Sargodha and Oat-F-411 (2021) Faisalabad. The experimental treatments were organized in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) arrangements, with each treatment replicated three times. The results revealed that treatment (T4) 50% RDF + 5 t/ha. Farmyard Manure + seed inoculation azotobacter was found to be the most appropriate than all other treatments.
Simulating future flood risks under climate change in the source region of the Indus River
Journal of Flood Risk Management
Pakistan experiences extreme flood events almost every year during the monsoon season. Recently, ... more Pakistan experiences extreme flood events almost every year during the monsoon season. Recently, flood events have become more disastrous as their frequency and magnitude have increased due to climate change. This situation is further worsened due to the limited capacity of existing water reservoirs and their ability to absorb and mitigate peak floods. Thus, the simulation of stream flows using projected data from climate models is essential to assess flood events and proper water resource management in the country. This study investigates the future floods (in near future and far future periods) using the integrated flood analysis system (IFAS) model under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios. Downscaled and bias corrected climatic data of six general circulation models and their ensemble were used in this study. The IFAS model simulated the stream flow efficiently (R2 = 0.86–0.93 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.72–0.92) in the Jhelum River basin (JRB), Kabul R...
Integration of geoelectric and hydrochemical approaches for delineation of groundwater potential zones in alluvial aquifer
Geoelectric and hydrochemical approaches are employed to delineate the ground-water potential zon... more Geoelectric and hydrochemical approaches are employed to delineate the ground-water potential zones in District Okara, a part of Bari Doab, Punjab, Pakistan. Sixty-seven VES surveys are conducted with the Electrical Resistivity Meter. The resultant resistivity verses depth model for each site is estimated using computer-based software IX1D. Aquifer thickness maps and interpreted resistivity maps were generated from interpreted VES results. Dar-Zarrouk parameters, transverse resistance (TR), longitudinal conductance (SL) and anisotropy (λ) were also calculated from resistivity data to delineate the potential zones of aquifer. 70% of SL value is ≤3S, 30% of SL value is > 3S. According to SL and TR values, the whole area is divided into three potential zones, high, medium and low potential zones. The spatial distribution maps show that north, south and central parts of study area are marked as good potential aquifer zones. Longitudinal conductance values are further utilized to dete...
The present study was carried out at Water Management Research Centre, University of Agriculture,... more The present study was carried out at Water Management Research Centre, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to investigate the effect of row spacing, deficit irrigation and dual plantation on tomato yield grown in high tunnel under polyethylene black mulch and drip irrigation system. The field experiment layout comprised of three rows spacing (S1, S2 and S3) as (0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m respectively) and two irrigation levels (I1 and I2) as (100% and 75% of required irrigation respectively). In addition, a dual plantation treatment spaced at 0.45 m was also investigated under both irrigation levels. Results showed that the total fruit yield was significantly influenced by row spacing and irrigation level, however, their interaction was non-significant. The 100% irrigation gave 6.53, 4.49, and 5.94% more yield than 75% irrigation treatment under 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m row spacing, respectively. However, the irrigation water use efficiency was found to be higher in deficit t...
In a field study, crop responses were investigated under three treatments; firstly irrigation sys... more In a field study, crop responses were investigated under three treatments; firstly irrigation system (bed-furrow irrigation and drip irrigation systems), secondly water quality (good, marginal and poor quality waters), and thirdly irrigation frequency/interval (2, 4 and 6 days). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design arrangement with three replications of all levels of different treatments in the experiment. Field observations suggest that plant height, dry matter weight, grain yield and harvest index were all quadratically related with irrigation frequency. The variables performed better in 2 and 6 day frequency plots compared with those of 4-day plots. Good quality water upgraded plant dry matter weight by 11.7%. The main effect of irrigation quality on plant dry matter weight was observed statistically significant. Similarly grain yield were 7.5, 6.38 and 5.33t/ha respectively for good, marginal and poor quality water. The main effect of irrigation water quality tested highly significant for grain yields. Crop parameters registered better performance for bed-furrow irrigated plots compared with drip irrigated ones in respect of plant height (1.0%), dry matter weight (5.8%) and corn yield (21.9%). It is conclude that good quality irrigation water produces better crop yield under 2 and 6day irrigation frequency, followed by 4-day irrigation frequency.
Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE), 2020
Around two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among th... more Around two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among the most significant aspects that are essential for the life of human being. It is not only important to live, but also important to take a part in social and financial development. Water is God’s personalized gift, as well as the necessity of life. Due to high level of gluttony, misused play of people with the environment and the global climate, shift results in progressive diminishing of natural resources. The problems of freshwater and food security at global level linked to the overwhelming population of the world. To overcome the food and water scarcity challenge, there is required to transfer the freshwater from agriculture sector to other straining purposes. Pakistan is facing the meager water scarcity crises in the last few years, as water is becoming scarce to any specified usage. The quickly growing population, expansion of drainage regions, increasing urbanization and industrial...
Optimizing groundwater quality exploration for irrigation water wells using geophysical technique in semi-arid irrigated area of Pakistan
Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2020
Geophysical method using vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique, in combination with boreho... more Geophysical method using vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique, in combination with borehole lithological data analysis was used to locate the subsurface layers containing good quality water in District Okara, Punjab Pakistan. Ten VES surveys (VES-1-10) were conducted by utilizing the Schlumberger electrode configuration. A calibrated model was developed for the study area by integrating the resistivity and lithological data. The model showed that the study area has three geoelectric layers below the water table with resistivities 50-100 Ω-m, 25-50 Ω-m and <25 Ω-m describing the good, marginal and poor quality water layers respectively. Integrated data analysis show that six sites (i.e., VES-1, VES-2, VES-3, VES-5, VES-7, & VES-10) have layers of good quality water at different depths. Out of these 6 sites, 3 sites (VES-3, VES-7 and VES-10) are suitable for installing the irrigation water wells in terms of water quality and potential while the remaining three sites (VES-1, VES-2 and VES-5) were not suitable due to shallow thickness of good quality aquifer. Three sites VES-3, VES-5 and VES-10 were selected for drilling in order to validate the modeled results, samples were collected from each 1.5–3.0 m depth for the laboratory analysis. The results showed that the resistivity data were in close agreement with the lithological data and VES-10 was most suitable for groundwater extraction. An Irrigation tube-well was installed at VES-10 and its quality was monitored for one year which showed successful supply of groundwater in terms of quality and potential.
The source region of the Indus River (SRIR), which is located in the Hindukush, Karakoram and Him... more The source region of the Indus River (SRIR), which is located in the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalayan (HKH) mountainous range and on the Third Pole (TP), is very sensitive to climate change, especially precipitation changes, because of its multifarious orography and fragile ecosystem. Climate changes in the SRIR also have important impacts on social and economic development, as well as on the ecosystems of the downstream irrigation areas in Pakistan. This paper investigates the changes in precipitation characteristics by dividing the daily precipitation rate into different classes, such as light (0–10 mm), moderate (10.1–25 mm) and heavy precipitation (>25 mm). Daily precipitation data from gauging and non-gauging stations from 1961–2015 are used. The results of the analysis of the annual precipitation and rainy day trends show significant (p < 0.05) increases and decreases, respectively, while light and heavy precipitation show significant decreasing and increasing trends, ...
Hospital waste is categorized as a very dangerous waste type as it possesses many pathogenic elem... more Hospital waste is categorized as a very dangerous waste type as it possesses many pathogenic elements and it can cause harmful human health effects. This research shows the survey and field investigation conducted at government hospitals located in Faisalabad. The quantitative waste analysis showed that 55% non-infectious, 15% infectious, 25% bio-hazardous, 2% sharps and 3% chemical waste is generation in these hospitals. Few main hospitals have their own incinerator but still either they are not working efficiency or insufficient to handle waste. However, this paper deals with the design of incinerator for small scale hospitals. The proposed incinerator has three chambers: primary chamber (temperature range 500-7000c), secondary chamber (temperature range 700-900oc), and tertiary chamber (temperature range 900-12000c). Situation analysis confirmed the earlier view that a hospital waste management project should be implemented at this hospital and an intensive training programmed, at all levels, and is required to deal effectively with this problem.
In order to study the effect of irrigation methods and water quality on maize yield and water use... more In order to study the effect of irrigation methods and water quality on maize yield and water use efficiency, the research work was carried out at Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), Faisalabad, Pakistan. Six treatments i.e. T1D (Drip irrigation with good quality water), T2D (Drip irrigation with marginal quality water), T3D (Drip irrigation with poor quality water), T1R.B (Raised bed irrigation with good quality water), T2RB (Raised bed irrigation with marginal quality water) and T3RB (Raised bed irrigation with poor quality water) with three replication of each treatment were used. Field data regarding germination rate, plant height, crop yield and the water use efficiency were collected and the results were analyzed. It was found that irrigation method and water quality both affected the plant height, germination rate, maize production and the water use efficiency. It was concluded that the maize crop yield (8487kg/ha) and water use efficiency (13.92kg/ha-mm) was high in T1D. The crop yield in T2D, T3D, T1RB, T2RB and T3RB treatment were reduced by 5, 12, 19, 29 and 37%, respectively. It was recommended that drip irrigation would be adopted where groundwater quality is marginal to poor quality to get high crop production and water use efficiency.
For Agricultural development and strong economy of the country, three important factors Land, Ene... more For Agricultural development and strong economy of the country, three important factors Land, Energy and Water play an important role. It is necessary to replace the traditional sources of energy with solar power and conventional methods of irrigation with High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS) to achieve the challenges of agriculture in future. A study was conducted with the objective to install and evaluate the solar operated drip irrigation system in arid zone of Punjab, Pakistan. The performance, efficiency and distribution uniformity of the system was evaluated. An economic analysis was also made to compare the solar operated with the diesel engine operated drip irrigation system. The range of average discharge values of drip was between 0.0083-0.00856m 3 /hr (8.3-8.56lph) at different pressures. For 0.0083m 3 /hr discharge, the emission uniformity was between 85-90%, application uniformity was 98-99% and distribution uniformity was 99% at different pressures (kPa). It was found that solar power unit was more efficient, energy saving and economical. The operational cost of the unit was also very low as compared to diesel system while the initial installation cost of solar operational system was high.
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