Biometric systems are playing a key role in the multitude of applications and placed at the cente... more Biometric systems are playing a key role in the multitude of applications and placed at the center of debate in the scientific research community. Among the numerous biometric systems, handwritten signature verification has got keen interest over the last three decades. Handwritten signature verification is the behavioral bio-metric system that discriminates the genuine signature from the pre-stored known signatures. It has been researched in the number of application areas like banking, financial and business transactions, cheque processing, access control and e-business etc. In this article, we surveyed the techniques of offline and online signature verification systems according to the taxonomy of classification model. A detailed background of signature verification system along with the available datasets are presented comprehensively. At the end, we presented the most notable challenges that guide the readers towards the current trends and future directions of the domain.
However according to our knowledge very limited literature is available to investigate the produc... more However according to our knowledge very limited literature is available to investigate the productivity change in micro finance insinuation in SARRC countries but as a whole SARRC region we never found any single study so far, so this study is aims to fill this gap by investigating the productivity change in MFI, s of SAARC region during the time period of 2003 to 20011 by applying Malmquist index and aiming that it is valuable contribution to literature in areas of MFIs. The remaining paper is arranged in following pattern In Section 2 gives brief Overview of origin of microfinance industry in SAARC region, Section 3 consist of literature review, Section 4 describe the data and methodology, Section 5 presents results and discussions. Finally, Section 6 ends up with conclusions. Overview of origin of microfinance industry in SAARC region The birth of 'modern' micro-finance in developing countries is said to have occurred in the mid-1970s by Muhammad Yunus, who developed it as a way to get rid of poverty in his home country Bangladesh. In 1983, he Founded Grameen Bank, the first institution which introduced this concept and started to Operate in the micro finance business in the proper sense. The Grameen Bank project, which translates literally as "Village Bank", was born, and today works in over eighty-thousand villages with more than six million borrowers. In 2006 both Yunus and Grameen were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their
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