Vito CALDERARO

Followers

Following

Public Views

Interests

Uploads

Papers by Vito CALDERARO

Estimating the load response to voltage changes at UK primary substations

The development of Smart Grid technologies and the need to defer investments for expanding and re... more The development of Smart Grid technologies and the need to defer investments for expanding and reinforcing distribution networks have attracted new attention to aspects of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR). Based on the fact that the demand of certain loads can change with voltage, it is plausible to envisage the active management of voltage regulation devices in order to increase/decrease the demand during certain periods for the benefit of the distribution network (e.g., peak shaving) or the whole system (e.g., fast reserves). The extent of this voltage-driven demand response is however entirely dependent on the instantaneous load composition. In order to quantify the benefits of such a scheme, this work proposes a methodology to estimate the time-varying residential load response to primary substation voltage changes whilst complying with voltage limits at low voltage. This is applied to a small UK distribution network downstream an OLTC-enabled 33kV/6.6kV substation with 351 residential, 2 commercial and 1 industrial customers (total peak demand of 932 kW). The results, only considering part of the residential loads modeled with time-varying ZIP parameters, suggest thateven considering voltage constraints-there is considerable load response that can be unlocked from residential loads. However, this is highly dependent on the time of the day.

Download

Energy Storage Systems in DC Railways for Improving Operating Conditions of AC Power Grids

2022 IEEE 21st Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON)

Demand Side Management services for smart buildings with the use of second generation Smart Meter and the Chain-2 of E-Distribuzione

2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)

The paper focuses on the new opportunities offered by the second-generation smart meters (2G SM) ... more The paper focuses on the new opportunities offered by the second-generation smart meters (2G SM) installed in Italy by the Distribution System Operator (DSO) E-Distribuzione, who has started the roll-out of the new metering devices in 2017. Among the innovative features of 2G SM stands out the possibility for the customers to be informed in real time on its consumptions. This feature opens new scenarios with a more active and aware role of the user in the management of energy resources and in the participation in the regulatory initiatives that the DSO can implement. In the paper is presented the regulatory contest and the property of communication between the in-home device (IHD), used to develop demand side management (DSM) algorithms, and the smart meters. With the aim of testing the performances of the Chain-2 and the DSM strategy, a specialized laboratory has been created to simulate three typical Italian apartments. Finally, an example of a strategy for home automation is presented; it can lead to a decrease in costs for the consumption of electricity and it can be considered as a verification for the effectiveness of the new communication between the meter and the customer.

Driver Assistance System for Trams: Smart Tram in Smart Cities

2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)

Mobility in smart cities is also becoming smart, promoting on the one hand transport modes based ... more Mobility in smart cities is also becoming smart, promoting on the one hand transport modes based on zero emission electrical technologies and on the other providing vehicles with technological solutions that support the drivers in driving operations. In the cities, more and more cars today are equipped with autonomous driving systems, based on Sensor Fusion Perception platforms, which aim to improve road safety and reduce accidents, to halve accident deaths in the shortest possible time. On the other hand, the sustainability objectives also shift to increasingly intense use of public transport with zero emissions, such as that offered by trams. Trams, unlike the other rail transport systems, use the same road infrastructure as cars, motorbikes, bikes, and pedestrians and will soon find themselves interacting with vehicles with increasingly higher autonomous driving levels. It is clear, therefore, that even for trams, the time is ripe to accommodate driving support systems. In this document, an overview is provided of the potential for the diffusion of advanced driver assistance systems by the automotive sector, in order to then evaluate their porting to trams, with the ultimate goal of increasing their level of safety and automation.

DC Microgrids for Grid Instability Mitigation and Virtual Inertia Ancillary Service in 2030 Scenarios

Two-Stage Optimization Method for Sizing Stack and Battery Modules of a Fuel Cell Vehicle Based on a Power Split Control

Electronics

Currently, hybrid and battery electric vehicles are the best-selling green cars commercially avai... more Currently, hybrid and battery electric vehicles are the best-selling green cars commercially available. However, there is a growing interest in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCVs). Nevertheless, due to the unidirectional nature of energy transformation in an FCV, an auxiliary energy storage system (ESS) is required to cope with peak power demand and recover braking energy. In this paper, we propose a joint algorithm for sizing both the fuel cell (FC) stack and an auxiliary storage system, taking into account the power split strategy between the two energy sources. Moreover, a novel power split method is introduced based on the lumped resistance of both the FC stack and lithium-ion battery modules. Several simulation results implementing different driving cycles prove that the proposed sizing procedure is able to reduce the fuel consumption of the FCV and increase the expected lifetime of both the FC stack and lithium-ion battery modules according to a given power split strategy.

Download

A comparative study of centralized and decentralized active power control in residential energy districts

2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016

In this paper, a decentralized voltage control service for the distribution system operator (DSO)... more In this paper, a decentralized voltage control service for the distribution system operator (DSO) is proposed and a comparison with a centralized strategy, such as the conservation voltage control (CVR) technique is presented. The service is designed to provide short term power reserve to the grid and it implements a local voltage-led demand response. The proposed service manages residential units' power demand by regulating the household devices' main voltages in a local way instead of changing the secondary voltage of the medium voltage/low voltage (MV/LV) transformer. The proposed service allows having a wider voltage regulation range, overcoming the CVR limits due to voltage violations at the end of the feeders. In order to analyze the decentralized control impact in terms of maximum control range available on the LV distribution grid, a simulation set based on OpenDSS and MATLAB is carried out. The results are compared with those obtained by using the CVR technique in order to highlight the advantages provided by the proposed solution.

A power split control algorithm for fuel cell electric vehicles using batteries or supercapacitors as auxiliary storage system

2017 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), 2017

In recent years there is growing interest for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCVs) as electric batt... more In recent years there is growing interest for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCVs) as electric battery technology fails to date to ensure an autonomy comparable to that of conventional vehicles. An FCV requires an auxiliary storage system to cope with peak power demand and to recovery of braking energy. In the paper, we propose a power split control algorithm able to manage the power flow between fuel cell and the auxiliary storage system according to their dynamic behavior. In particular, we define the lumped resistance of fuel cell, lithium battery and supercapacitor in order to estimate their maximum allowed current variation. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we test the power split control algorithm by using different drive cycle. Several simulation results are presented and discussed.

Active Smart Socket Design to Perform Local Control of Power Demand in Residential Units

8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016), 2016

In this paper, the technological features of a innovative smart socket able to supporting a novel... more In this paper, the technological features of a innovative smart socket able to supporting a novel service for the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) and the Demand Response Service Provider (DR-SP) is presented. The service provides a fully decentralized voltage control for the DR-SP and it is designed to be implemented in residential units. In detail, the paper proposes a novel smart socket design to be included in an enhanced Smart Home Energy Management System (SHEMS). The socket supplies the usual services included in the traditional residential houses introducing also a new functionality, that is the voltage modulation, able to reduce the household power consumptions. The service is intended to be used by the DR-SPs when power reduction is required by the distribution grid, as the power balance service. In this paper, we introduce a basic board to offer a local voltage regulation for residential units and we provide some results in order to have a first insight of the solution.

A Day-ahead Wind Speed Prediction based on Meteorological Data and the Seasonality of Weather Fronts

2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia), 2019

A reliable and accurate forecasting model is one of the most effective solutions to deal with the... more A reliable and accurate forecasting model is one of the most effective solutions to deal with the problem of renewable energy sources integration. In this paper, a model for the medium-long-term wind speed prediction, based on spatiotemporal evolution of weather fronts and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP NN) data mining model, is developed. The model inputs are the historical and current meteorological data, such as pressure, temperature and wind intensity. These data describe the evolution of the weather fronts in a wide area around the point of interest, which goes beyond the local bounds. The model, trained and tested using real weather data, predicts the 24-h ahead wind speed. Forecasted results are compared with real data registered in the test site. This comparison demonstrates the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Deployment of a Probabilistic Model for Analysis of Resilience in Transmission Networks

2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2020

In order to examine and evaluate the effects of HILP (High Impact Low Probability) phenomena on a... more In order to examine and evaluate the effects of HILP (High Impact Low Probability) phenomena on a trasmission grid with the aim of improving the system resilience, a model based on a probabilistic approach was implemented and an algorithm was developed. The algorithm aims to carry out evaluations of parameters such as energy not supplied by generators, energy not absorbed by loads or outages duration, simulating the behaviour of a network portion with the occurrance of HILP phenomena. These evaluations are useful for planning optimized intervention strategies. The algorithm was implemented in Matlab and was then applied to a case study.

A Fuzzy Control for a Nine-Phase Integrated On-Board Battery Charger

2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2019

Recharging faster and faster while making the vehicle less heavy and expensive is an increasingly... more Recharging faster and faster while making the vehicle less heavy and expensive is an increasingly stimulating challenge for the automotive industry. With regard to AC charging systems, which require appropriate energy conversion structures to be installed on board, the charging speed is directly proportional to the size of the mounted charger. A possible solution that allows eliminating the installed charger and using the same powertrains components both in charging and propulsion mode is the integrated on-board battery charger. In this paper we propose a recharging control algorithm for an electric vehicle's (EV) powertrain based on a nine-phase machine with a nine-phase inverter/rectifier and used as an integrated charger. The proposed algorithm combines the voltage oriented control with both fuzzy logic and adaptive hysteresis band control. Both charging mode (single-phase or three-phase) an vehicle-to-grid (V2G) are achievable at unity power factor grid side and without torque production by the machine.

A sizing method for economic assessment of II-life batteries for power system applications

2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2017

Power system is facing increasing stress due to modernization changes in both supply, through the... more Power system is facing increasing stress due to modernization changes in both supply, through the growing penetration level of renewable sources, and demand. In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems is becoming technologically attractive but problems of economic and ecological sustainability are still evident. For these reasons, we identify II-Life batteries as a possible solution for supporting power systems: they are a promising prospect for the modernization process. We propose a method to size an energy storage system (ESS) of exhausted plug-in electric vehicle (EV) batteries for grid support applications. The method estimates the residual value of cycles for II-Life batteries and the number of EV battery packs to meet energy service requirements. Then, an economic assessment is presented to compare them with an equivalent I-Life storage system.

A Flexible Prototype for Testing Advanced Energy Management Solutions in Full Electric Vehicles

2017 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2017

The paper presents an off-road electric vehicle (EV) prototype designed for educational and resea... more The paper presents an off-road electric vehicle (EV) prototype designed for educational and research activities as an open-lab. The electric powertrain is flexible and suitable to test hardware and software solutions for on-board energy management. The EV prototype consists of a brushless AC drive supplied by a 96 V LiFePO4 battery pack and able to host up two additional energy storage systems using different technologies. We also implement a signal conditioning and measurement system for the powertrain currents and voltages, allowing to analyse and test simulations results obtained from research activities. Finally, in order to show the proper operating conditions of the EV prototype, some experimental measures are presented and discussed.

Centralized Scheduling Approach to Manage Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Smart Cities

Electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as the future of individual mobility systems in smart cities... more Electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as the future of individual mobility systems in smart cities since they reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependence. However, the deepening penetration of battery EVs forecasted for the incoming years could cause significant stress on distribution networks (DNs), as well as the need to address the growing energy demand. In order to limit the negative drawbacks associated with EVs charging demand, the paper proposes a centralized approach for the EVs smart charging, and its performance are compared with the uncontrolled charging approach. An optimization framework is formulated in order to reduce both the overall peak power demand and the EVs charging cost according to the electricity prices during the day. Finally, several Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to evaluate the benefits introduced by the proposed scheduling strategy on a real case study, in terms of charging cost for EVs’ users, satisfaction of EVs charging needs, ...

Download

Pilot Nodes Searching for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Systems by OLTC

2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2019

Distribution System Operators (DSOs) have to face new challenges due to the constant growing of D... more Distribution System Operators (DSOs) have to face new challenges due to the constant growing of Distributed Generation (DG) on networks. Due to the growing diffusion of electric vehicles, also power demand is raising. For this reasons, the classical control strategies currently implemented for the On-Load Tap Changers in primary substations could result ineffective for voltage regulation. In this paper, a strengthened control strategy for the OLTC installed in a primary station of an MV distribution network is proposed. It is based on the voltage measurements coming from a few pilot nodes of the network. Besides, the method to individuate the pilot nodes is formalized. Performances of the proposed control method, compared with the ones of a classical regulation strategy, are analyzed through simulations on a realistic MV distribution network.

Stochastic characterization of V2G parking areas for the provision of ancillary services

2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2017

Technological innovation is coming to the power systems at a pace at which the industry is unaccu... more Technological innovation is coming to the power systems at a pace at which the industry is unaccustomed. These innovations have already begun and they are likely to continue to permeate all portions of the system. In particular, it is imminent the need to develop ancillary services to support the distribution network to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected power system. Here, we characterize parking areas (PAs) for PEVs in terms of potential capacity for ancillary services. Therefore, aggregators are able to identify their potential resources and place bids for the electricity market. We estimate the V2G capacity of eight different PAs by using a stochastic method: two performance indices are defined for the parking area and a greedy algorithm performs the PEV charging/discharging scheduling. In the case study, we test the effectiveness of the PAs by simulating a peak shaving request from the system operator.

A stochastic approach to size EV charging stations with support of second life battery storage systems

2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017

This paper proposes a stochastic approach to determine the number of different types of charging ... more This paper proposes a stochastic approach to determine the number of different types of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) in urban parking lots: our approach minimize annual cost of energy (ACOE) while ensuring a good satisfaction level for EV users. The proposed method takes also into account a stationary energy storage system that supports the EV parking lot and consists of traction batteries no longer usable by EVs, but still performing in their so-called second life. The effectiveness of the proposed sizing method is shown by simulation results characterized by real data, gathered in the European research project CO.S.MO. By using Monte Carlo simulations, we verified the features of the electric parking lot in terms of probability that all charging stations are busy and the average waiting time to start a new charging session.

A fully decentralized load modulation approach to improve DSO flexibility in low voltage grids

2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017

This paper focuses on the evaluation of a fully decentralized power control aimed to provide an a... more This paper focuses on the evaluation of a fully decentralized power control aimed to provide an additional source of flexibility to distribution system operators in order to manage low voltage distribution grids. In particular, the proposed approach provides short term power reserve, current and losses reduction, managing residential power demand by regulating the supplying voltages locally, close to the users. The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated in a residential low voltage grid setting the secondary distribution tap equal to 1 p.u. and 1.05 p.u. of the rated value. The results are carried out using a Monte Carlo simulation approach and in order to provide insights to prove the strength of the proposed approach.

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Control Algorithm for the Recharge/V2G of a Nine-Phase Integrated On-Board Battery Charger

Electronics, 2020

Energy demand associated with the ever-increasing penetration of electric vehicles on worldwide r... more Energy demand associated with the ever-increasing penetration of electric vehicles on worldwide roads is set to rise exponentially in the coming years. The fact that more and more vehicles will be connected to the electricity network will offer greater advantages to the network operators, as the presence of an on-board battery of discrete capacity will be able to support a whole series of ancillary services or smart energy management. To allow this, the vehicle must be equipped with a bidirectional full power charger, which will allow not only recharging but also the supply of energy to the network, playing an active role as a distributed energy resource. To manage recharge and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations, the charger has to be more complex and has to require a fast and effective control structure. In this work, we present a control strategy for an integrated on-board battery charger with a nine-phase electric machine. The control scheme integrates a fuzzy logic controller with...

Download

Vito CALDERARO

Uploads

Papers by Vito CALDERARO

Log In