Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drug resistance is a key challenge in ending TB. Obj... more Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drug resistance is a key challenge in ending TB. Objective: The study aimed to determine anti-TB drug resistance and compare the discordance between phenotypic and genotypic drug-susceptibility testing (DST). Methods: Prospective enrollment and sputum collection from patients suspected of active pulmonary TB from May 2018 to December 2019 at the University of Gondar Hospital. Phenotypic DST study for streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol was done by MGIT 360 SIRE Kit. Genotypic resistance for isoniazid and rifampin was performed by MTBDRplus v2 line probe assay (LPA) and compared to phenotypic drug resistance. Results: A total of 376 patients, median age 32 years, and 53.7% male were enrolled. Mtb was isolated from 126 patients. 106/126 (84%) patients were newly diagnosed with TB and 20 patients with prior TB treatment. Seventy (66.0%) were susceptible to all anti-TB drugs tested. Twenty-five (19.8%) of the isolates were resistant to isoniazid, 12 (9.5%) to rifampicin and six (5%) were multidrug resistant. Among previously treated TB patients, 4 (20.0%) and 5 (25.0%) were mono-resistant and poly-resistant, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LPA resistance for isoniazid were 94.4% and 100%, and for rifampin was 75.0% and 100%, respectively. The frequency of mono-and poly-drug resistance among both newly diagnosed and previously treated TB patients was high to the rest of the nation. MTBDRplus showed excellent concordance for isoniazid and rifampin. We concluded that DST should be performed for all patients to improve management and decrease spread of drug-resistant Mtb strains in the community.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. In Ethi... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. In Ethiopia, tuberculosis patients have different pattern of health care seeking behavior. They usually adopt other approaches like traditional healers and spiritual holy water sites before consulting public health facilities. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors among tuberculosis suspects attending spiritual holy water sites. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 01, 2015 to March 30, 2015 in seven selected holy water sites in Northwest Ethiopia. During the study period, a total of 1384 adult holy water users were screened for PTB symptoms. A total of 382 pulmonary tuberculosis suspects participated in the study. Socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Spot-morning-spot sputum specimens were collected and examined for acid fast bacilli using Auramine O fluorescence staining technique. Smear positive sputum samples were tested by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for rifampicin resistance. Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed using SPSS-16 software. Results: The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 2.9% with point prevalence of 795/100, 000 holy water users. History of contact with tuberculosis patient (AOR = 9.174, 95% C. I = 2.195-38.34) and the number of family members > 5 per household (AOR = 9.258, 95% C.I = 1.14-74.97) were significantly associated with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Rifampicin resistance was not detected from all smear positives by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Conclusions: The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in spiritual holy water sites was 7.4 fold higher than the general population. History of contact with active tuberculosis patients and increased family size were significantly associated with smear positive pulmonary TB. The national tuberculosis program should consider spiritual holy water sites as potential foci for TB transmission and plan regular survey and health education in holy water sites for effective TB prevention and control in the country.
Background: In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers travel from non-malaria or mild ma... more Background: In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers travel from non-malaria or mild malaria transmission areas to malaria-endemic areas for seasonal farm activities. Most of these migrants stay in the farm areas for land preparation, plowing, planting, weeding, and harvesting for a specific period and return to their living areas. However, there is limited evidence of how seasonal migrant workers contribute to the transmission of malaria to new or less malaria transmission areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the departure phase of seasonal migrant workers in the Metema district from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 1208 seasonal migrant workers were interviewed during their departure from farm sites to their homes. The face-to-face interviews were performed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Moreover, blood samples were collected from each study participant for microscopic malaria parasite examination. The data were fitted with the logistic regression model to estimate the predictors of malaria transmission. Results: At departure to home, the prevalence of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was 17.5% (15.6-19.45%). Approximately 71.80% (177/212) of the cases were Plasmodium falciparum, and 28.20% (35/212) were Plasmodium vivax. Most seasonal migrant workers 934 (77.4%) were from rural residences and highlanders 660 (55%). Most 661 (55.4%) of the migrants visited two and more farm sites during their stay at development corridors for harvesting activities. Approximately 116 (54.7%) asymptomatic malaria cases returned to the Dembia 46 (21.7%), Chilaga 46 (19.8%) and Metema 28 (13.2%) districts. In this study, asymptomatic malaria remains high among seasonal migrant workers departing to home from malaria endemic areas. This may fuel a resurgence of malaria transmission in the high lands and cause challenges to the country's malaria prevention and elimination efforts. Hence, tailored interventions for seasonal migrant workers could be in place to enhance malaria control and elimination in Ethiopia, such as asymptomatic malaria test and treat positive cases at departure and transit, and integration between malaria officers at their origin and departure for further follow-up to decrease any risk of spread at the origin.
Background: Efforts to control the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) have been jeopardized by th... more Background: Efforts to control the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) have been jeopardized by the rapid evolution of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Previous studies have documented variable prevalences of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and its risk factors in Ethiopia. Therefore, this meta-analysis is aimed, firstly, to determine the pooled prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed and previously treated TB cases, and secondly, to measure the association between MDR-TB and a history of previous anti-TB drugs treatment. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases were searched. Studies that reported a prevalence of MDR-TB among new and previously treated TB patients were selected. Studies or surveys conducted at national or sub-national level, with reported MDR-TB prevalence or sufficient data to calculate prevalence were considered for the analysis. Two authors searched and reviewed the studies for eligibility and extracted the data in pre-defined forms. Forest plots of all prevalence estimates were performed and summary estimates were also calculated using random effects models. Associations between previous TB treatment and MDR-MTB infection were examined through subgroup analyses stratified by new and previously treated patients. Results: We identified 16 suitable studies and found an overall prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed and previously treated TB patients to be 2% (95% CI 1% -2%) and 15% (95% CI 12% -17%), respectively. The observed difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) and there was an odds ratio of 8.1 (95% CI 7.5-8.7) for previously treated TB patients to develop a MDR-MTB infection compared to newly diagnosed cases. For the past 10 years (2006 to 2014) the overall MDR-TB prevalence showed a stable time trend. Conclusions: The burden of MDR-TB remains high in Ethiopian settings, especially in previously treated TB cases. Previous TB treatment was the most powerful predictor for MDR-MTB infection. Strict compliance with anti-TB regimens and improving case detection rate are the necessary steps to tackle the problem in Ethiopia.
In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers used to travel from non-malaria or mild malari... more In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers used to travel from non-malaria or mild malaria transmission areas to malaria endemic areas for the purposes of seasonal farm activities. Most of these migrants are staying in the farm areas for land preparation, ploughing, planting, weeding and harvesting for speci c period of time and back to their living areas. However, there is limited evidence how the seasonal migrant workers contribute in the transmission of malaria to new or less malaria transmission areas. A cross sectional study was conducted at departure phase of seasonal migrant workers in Metema district from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 1208 seasonal migrant workers were interviewed during their departure to home. Interviewed face to face interview was done using a pretested structured questionnaire. Moreover, blood samples were collected from each study participant for microscopic malaria parasite examination. The data was tted with the logistic regression model to estimate the predictors' of malaria transmissions. At the departure to home, the prevalence of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was 17.5% (15.6-19.45%). About 71.80 % (177/212) of the cases were Plasmodium falciparum, and 28.20% (35/212) Plasmodium vivax. The majority of seasonal migrant workers (77.4%) were from rural residence and highlanders (55%). Most (55.4%) of the migrants were visited two and more farm sites during their stay at development corridors for harvesting activities. About 116 (54.7%) asymptomatic malaria cases were returning to Dembiya(21.7%), Chilaga(19.8%) and Metema(13.2%) districts. This study focuses on the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among seasonal migrant workers during the departure phase to home. The role of seasonal migrant workers in carrying and spreading malaria Author liations
HIV p24 antigen-positive T cells measured by flow cytometry (FCM) correlate directly with HIV vir... more HIV p24 antigen-positive T cells measured by flow cytometry (FCM) correlate directly with HIV viral load, inversely with CD 4 + T cells, and decrease with antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the sensitivity of FCM assays depends on the protocol of intracellular staining. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of our FCM protocol for detection of HIV p24-positive T cells and measure the level of immunocheckpoint molecules (PD1 and TIM3) in T cells. The study was conducted at the University of Leipzig hospital between January 2020 and November 2020. Viremic and ART-suppressed HIV-positive patients and negative controls were included in this study. HIV1 p24 KC57-, p24 28B7-, PD1-, and TIM3-positive CD 4 and CD 3 T cells were analyzed from whole blood using a BD FACS Canto II flow cytometer equipped with FACSDiva software. HIV1 p24 antigen FCM results were compared with HIV1 RNA viral load results measured by Alinity M assays on the fully automated random-access platform. We analyzed the data using SPSS 20. The absolute CD 4 + and CD 4 + :CD 8 + T-cells ratio showed a significant inverse correlation with HIV1 viral load. Moreover, the absolute CD4 + T-cells count showed a significant inverse correlation with p24 KC57-positive CD 4 T cells. The percentage of p24 KC57, p24 28B7, and double-positive CD 4 T cells showed significant correlation with HIV1 viral load. PD1 expressing CD 4 T cells were higher in ART-viremic cases than controls, while TIM3-expressing CD 4 T cells were lower in ART-viremic cases than controls. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of p24 KC57-positive CD 4 T cells were 64%, 82%, 78%, and 69%, respectively, for the diagnosis of HIV infection and 55%, 73%, 40%, and 83%, respectively, for treatment monitoring. Our protocol showed moderate performance for the diagnosis of HIV infection and treatment monitoring. Therefore, the p24 KC57 but not the p24 28B7 clone could be considered as a simple alternative method for rapid diagnosis of HIV infections and treatment monitoring, particularly in low-and middle-income countries.
The preparation and development of this module on Substance Abuse has the contribution of many te... more The preparation and development of this module on Substance Abuse has the contribution of many teaching staffs of the Gondar University College. It had gone many discussions and revisions formally and informally before it is completed. The authors highly appreciate the Dean's Office, the University staffs and others who had encouraged us to produce such a teaching material. We would like to express our deep appreciation to the EPHTI/ Carter Center, Ms Carla Gale, Ato Aklilu Mulugeta and all the staffs in the office for the dayto-day follow up, encouragement and funding for the production of such relevant teaching material.
Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1... more Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the ...
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 2019
Background: Enteric bacterial pathogens are the major causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in hum... more Background: Enteric bacterial pathogens are the major causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans and remain important public health problems worldwide. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric bacteria pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among food handlers in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 4 to April 16, 2018. A total of 257 food handlers were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and inoculated into appropriate media. Enteric bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion technique as per the standard Kirby-Bauer method. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: The overall prevalence of enteric bacteria was 34/257 (13. 2%, [95% CI, 8.9-17.5%]). Shigella species was the leading isolate that accounted for 26/257 (10.1%) followed by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157: H7 5/257 (1.9%) and Salmonella species 3/257 (1.2%). Shigella spp. was susceptible to ciprofloxacin 26 (100%), ceftriaxone 25 (96.1%), chloramphenicol 24 (92.3%), nalidixic acid 24 (92.3%), and gentamicin 20 (76.9%). Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella spp. showed the maximum (100%) susceptibility results to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. The overall prevalence of Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the current study was 14/34 (41.2%). Conclusion: Our study showed high prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens among food handlers. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. However, a substential number of isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics and the prevalence of MDR was high.
Bacterial blood stream infections (BSI) are a common cause of mortality and morbidity globally. A... more Bacterial blood stream infections (BSI) are a common cause of mortality and morbidity globally. As the causative agents and the resulting treatment decisions vary, near-patient testing and surveillance tools are necessary to monitor bacterial causes and resistance to antimicrobial agents. The gold standard to identify BSIs is blood culture (BC), a methodology not widely available in resource-limited settings. The aim of the study was to map out a target product profile of a simplified BC system (SBCS) to inform product development efforts. To identify the desired characteristics of a SBCS, we enlisted a small group of specialists working in Africa and Asia. Questions were used to understand challenges and how these constraints inform system requirements. The specialists were infectious disease physicians, public health/clinical microbiologists, clinical researchers, and technology experts with different geographical backgrounds. All suggested that BC should ideally be available at t...
Background: The initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) plays a significant ro... more Background: The initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) plays a significant role in the clinical management of HIV infected people by preventing morbidity and mortality. This benefit becomes, the most terrible when treatment failure develops. Thus, this research aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of treatment failure among HIV/AIDS patients on HAART attending University of Gondar Referral Hospital Northwest Ethiopia. Results: Patients on ART with a minimum of 6 months and up to 12 years of treatment were being enrolled. The prevalence of treatment failure, immunological failure and virological failure among people living with HIV/AIDS attending University of Gondar referral hospital were 20.3, 13.2, and 14.7%, respectively. Patients who had no formal education (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.8; 95% CI, 1.05-13.77), primary level education (AOR: 4.2; 95% CI, 1.16-15.01) and duration on ART < 6 years (AOR: 2.1; 95%CI, 1.12-3.81) were a significant risk factor. However, initial adult regimen D4T + 3TC+ EFV (AOR: 0.025; 95% CI, 0.002-0.36), AZT +3TC + NVP (AOR: 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.71), AZT + 3TC + EFV (AOR: 0.046; 95% CI, 0.004-0.57) andTDF+3TC + EFV (AOR: 0.04; 95% CI, 0.004-0.46) were significantly protective for treatment failure. Conclusions: Timely and early identification of associated factors and monitoring antiretroviral therapy treatment failure should be done to enhance the benefit and to prevent further complication of the patients. It is preferable to initiate ART using any one of the following ART regimens: AZT +3TC + NVP, AZT + 3TC + EFV and TDF + 3TC + EFV to prevent treatment failure. Since the prevalence of this treatment failure and its associated factor may be different from other ART centers and community in Ethiopia, further national representative institutional based cross-sectional researches are needed across all ART centers of Ethiopia in order to determine the prevalence of treatment failure and its associated factors.
Biofilms are usually defined as surface-associated microbial communities, surrounded by an extrac... more Biofilms are usually defined as surface-associated microbial communities, surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance matrix. There are three major steps that are observed in biofilm formation: initial attachment events, microcolony formation and construction of mushroom-like structure with secretion of extracelluar polymeric substances. These substances can be considered a mechanism to protect the bacterial community from external insults.Biofilms, significantly increase the ability of the pathogen to evade both host defenses and antibiotics and they are being implicated in the pathogenesis and also clinical manifestation of several infections. They cause a variety of persistent infections, such as native valve endocarditis, osteomyelitis, dental caries, middle ear infections, ocular implant infections, urinary tract infections and cystic fibrosis. Established biofilms can tolerate antimicrobial agents at concentrations of 10–1000-times that needed to kill geneti...
Sputum smear and culture conversions are an important indicator of treatment efficacy and help to... more Sputum smear and culture conversions are an important indicator of treatment efficacy and help to determine treatment duration in multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients. There are no published studies of sputum smear and culture conversion of MDR-TB patients in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare time to initial sputum smear and culture conversion and to identify factors influencing time to culture conversion. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among all culture positive and rifampicin mono resistant (RR) or MDR-TB patients from September 2011 to August 2016 at University of Gondar Hospital. Sputum cultures were collected monthly and conversion was defined as two consecutive negative cultures taken at least 30 days apart. Data were entered using EpiData and exported to SPSS software for analysis. Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the predictor variables for culture conversion. Overall, 85.5% (201/235) of the patients converted their cultures in a median of 72 days (inter-quartile range: 44-123). More than half (61.7%) of patients achieved culture conversion within three months. The median time for sputum smear conversion was 54 days (interquartile range: 31-72). The median time to culture conversion among HIV positive patients was significantly shorter at 67 days (95% CI, 55.4-78.6) compared to HIV negative patients, 77 days (95% CI, 63.9-90, p = 0.005). Independent predictors of significantly longer time to sputum culture conversion were underweight (aHR = 0.71, 95% CI, 0.52-0.97), HIV negative (aHR = 0.66, 95% CI, 0.47-0.94) and treatment regimen composition (aHR = 0.57, 95%
Background Ethiopia is one of the high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries... more Background Ethiopia is one of the high multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries. However, phenotypic drug susceptibility testing can take several weeks due to the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains. In this study, we assessed the performance of a Sanger sequencing approach to predict resistance against five anti-tuberculosis drugs and the pattern of resistance mediating mutations. Methods We enrolled 226 MTBC culture-positive MDR-TB suspects and collected sputum specimens and socio-demographic and TB related data from each suspect between June 2015 and December 2016 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin using BACTEC MGIT 960 was compared with the results of a Sanger sequencing analysis of seven resistance determining regions in the genes rpoB, katG, fabG-inhA, pncA, embB, rpsL, and rrs. Result DNA isolation for Sanger sequencing was ...
Background: In Ethiopia Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the dominant species accou... more Background: In Ethiopia Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the dominant species accounting for roughly 60 and 40% of malaria cases, respectively. Recently a major shift from P. falciparum to P. vivax has been observed in various parts of the country but the epidemiology of the other human malaria species, Plasmodium ovale spp. and Plasmodium malariae remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess P. ovale curtisi and wallikeri infection in northwest Ethiopia by using microscopy and nested PCR. Methods: A health institution-based survey using non-probability sampling techniques was conducted at Maksegnet, Enfranze and Kola Diba health centres and Metema hospital in North Gondar. Three-hundred patients with signs and symptoms consistent with malaria were included in this study and capillary blood was collected for microscopic examination and molecular analysis of Plasmodium species. Samples were collected on Whatman 903 filter papers, stored in small plastic bags with desiccant and transported to Vienna (Austria) for molecular analysis. Data from study participants were entered and analysed by SPSS 20 software. Results: Out of 300 study participants (167 males and 133 females), 184 samples were classified positive for malaria (133 P. falciparum and 51 P. vivax) by microscopy. By species-specific PCR 233 Plasmodium spp (95% CI: 72.6-82) were detected and the majority 155 (66.5%, 95% CI: 60.2-72.3) were P. falciparum followed by P. vivax 69 (29.6%, 95% CI; 24.1-35.8) and 9 (3.9%, 95% CI: 2-7.2) samples were positive for P. ovale. Seven of P. ovale parasites were confirmed as P. ovale wallikeri and two were confirmed as P. ovale curtisi. None of the samples tested positive for P. malariae. During microscopic examination there were high (16.3%) false negative reports and all mixed infections and P. ovale cases were missed or misclassified. Conclusion: This study indicates that P. ovale malaria is under-reported in Ethiopia and provides the first known evidence of the sympatric distribution of indigenous P. ovale wallikeri and P. ovale curtisi in Ethiopia. Therefore, further studies assessing the prevalence of the rare species P. ovale and P. malariae are urgently needed to better understand the species distribution and to adapt malaria control strategies.
Background: Despite the availability of effective drugs, tuberculosis remains to be a major publi... more Background: Despite the availability of effective drugs, tuberculosis remains to be a major public health problem in the world. This study sought to determine treatment outcomes and to investigate associated factors for poor treatment outcomes among TB patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of TB patients who registered and treated at Metema hospital. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to determine predictors of unsuccessful outcomes. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Of the total 2970 patients, 2657 (89.5%) were newly diagnosed TB cases; whereas 167 (5.7%) and 146 (4.9%) were re-treatment and transfer cases, respectively. About sixty percent of the patients were male. The median age (SD) of the patients were 28 years (14.38) and 30.7% of patients were within the age group of 25-34 years. Five hundred eight (20.1%) TB patients were co-infected with HIV. With respect to the treatment outcomes, 65.3% were successfully treated, 88 (3.0%) died, 107 (3.3%) defaulted, 22 (0.7%) failed and 814 (27.4%) were transferred out. A declining trend of treatment success rate (TSR) was observed, from 73.1% in 2009 to 54.5% in 2011/12. Co-infection with HIV (P=0.00) and being male (P=0.02) were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Treatment success rate (TSR) of TB patients was still low and a declining trend of TSR was observed over the study period. Co-infection with HIV and being male were found to be correlated with poor treatment outcomes. Thus, we recommend targeted medical interventions of the patients at high risk for the unfavorable treatment outcomes.
BackgroundConventional wisdom wrongly holds that the microbiological ofM. tuberculosiscomplex in ... more BackgroundConventional wisdom wrongly holds that the microbiological ofM. tuberculosiscomplex in clinical specimens via culture and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing allows people to be correctly diagnosed and ensures an effective treatment regimen to be selected. This study was aimed to characterize first-and second-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance profiles among new pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Addis Ababa metropolitan area, Ethiopia.MethodsA prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2019 and June 2021 among bacteriologically confirmed new presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis cases. GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay was utilized for initial testing and early detection of rifampicin resistance. Mycobacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing were performed against FOUR first-line and ELEVEN second-line anti-TB drugs using BD BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960 automated liquid culture system.ResultsA total of 156M. tuberculosiscomplex isolates were successfully recovere...
BackgroundGlobally, TB is the leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality with ma... more BackgroundGlobally, TB is the leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality with many diagnostic uncertainties. Access to affordable and rapid diagnostics remained a major challenge for many developing countries which bear the greatest burden of TB delaying the initiation time to treatment.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the GeneXpert MTB RIF assay probe utility for the detection of pulmonary TB and Rifampicin-resistant TB cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed from October 2019 to July 2020 in Saint Peter TB Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa metropolitan area, Ethiopia. This study enrolled 216 clinically suspected new presumptive pulmonary TB cases confirmed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were captured using a structured tool. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2019, checked for inconsistency, cleaned promptly, and exported to IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, ...
Foodborne infections are widespread and growing public health problems in the world. Shiga toxin-... more Foodborne infections are widespread and growing public health problems in the world. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 is one of the most significant foodborne pathogens. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and antibiogram of E. coli O157 : H7 from raw beef as well as hygienic and sanitary practices of meat handling in abattoir and retailer shops. Systematic random sampling technique and census methods were used to collect samples from abattoir and retailer shops, respectively. All tryptone soya broth preenriched carcass samples were subcultured onto MacConkey agar. Then, the bacterium confirmed as Escherichia coli using biochemical tests was streaked onto Sorbitol-MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Escherichia coli O157 : H7 was confirmed by latex agglutination kit. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates was done against 13 antimicrobials. Hygiene and sanitation data were collected using a pretest...
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